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91-625: The Māori King movement , called the Kīngitanga in Māori , is a Māori movement that arose among some of the Māori iwi (tribes) of New Zealand in the central North Island in the 1850s, to establish a role similar in status to that of the monarchy of the United Kingdom as a way of halting the alienation of Māori land. The first Māori king, Pōtatau Te Wherowhero , was crowned in 1858. The monarchy

182-524: A ʉ p ɔː ] ), sometimes written Taupo , is a town located in the central North Island of New Zealand. It is situated on the edge of Lake Taupō , which is the largest freshwater lake in New Zealand. Taupō was constituted as a borough in 1953. It has been the seat of Taupō District Council since the council was formed in 1989. Taupō is the largest urban area of the Taupō District , and

273-665: A north–south railway link through the centre of the North Island and open up the King Country to more settlers—made approaches to Tāwhiao to offer peace terms. Grey, by now Premier of New Zealand, visited the King in May 1878 to offer him "lands on the left bank of the Waipa , 500 acres at Ngāruawāhia, land in all the townships" as well as economic aid and rights over roads and land dealings. Tāwhiao refused

364-579: A European visitor as blind and decrepit, "on the very brink of his grave"—Te Wherowhero agreed in September 1857 to accept the kingship and in June 1858 he was crowned at Ngāruawāhia , later adopting the name Pōtatau Te Wherowhero or simply Pōtatau. In his acceptance speech Pōtatau stressed the spirit of unity symbolised by the kingship and called on his people to "hold fast to love, to the law, and to faith in God." Over time

455-614: A battle with politicians to keep King Country free of liquor licences. He hosted a brief visit by Queen Elizabeth II to Tūrangawaewae on 30 December 1953; the government refused him permission to deliver a speech in which he was to make the historic step of declaring loyalty to the British Crown, but a copy of the speech was later sent to the Queen. From the late 1950s his health began to deteriorate and he died at Ngāruawāhia on 18 May 1966. Te Atairangikaahu, daughter of Māori King Korokī Mahuta ,

546-661: A conjoint administration in which he ruled in territory still under Māori customary title while the Governor ruled in areas acquired by the Crown . Governor Thomas Gore Browne had been watching developments with concern. In June 1857 he wrote to London that "I apprehend no sort of danger from the present movement, but it is evident that the establishment of a separate nationality by the Māoris in any form or shape if persevered in would end sooner or later in collision." Though there were still no signs

637-559: A few weeks after a key intertribal meeting in Taupō , Wiremu Tamihana , a chief of the Ngāti Hauā iwi in eastern Waikato, circulated a proposal to appoint as king the elderly and high-ranking Waikato chief Te Wherowhero, and a major meeting to deal with it was organised to be held at Rangiriri in April. After initially declining—he was unwilling to undertake new ventures at his age and was described by

728-412: A full-time professional army with almost unlimited manpower and firepower. Tāwhiao and his close followers fled into the bush and steep limestone valleys of Maniapoto territory, which was subsequently known as the King Country, declaring that Europeans risked death if they crossed the aukati or boundary of the confiscated land. Governor Grey, meanwhile, began steering through Parliament legislation for

819-437: A number of surrounding plantation pine forests including the large Kaingaroa Forest and related industry. A large sawmill is sited approximated 3 km to the north east of the town on Centennial Drive. Taupō is surrounded by seven geothermal power stations including the historic Wairakei geothermal power station a few kilometres north of the town. Taupō has a McDonald's with a decommissioned Douglas DC-3 attached to

910-525: A political party, a political organization seeks to influence or control government policy through conventional methods, usually by nominating their candidates and seating candidates in politics and governmental offices. However, political parties and movements both aim to influence government in one way or another and both are often related to a certain ideology. Parties also participate in electoral campaigns and educational outreach or protest actions aiming to convince citizens or governments to take action on

1001-412: A sauna, two hydroslides and four private thermal mineral pools. Taupō has four high schools: Tauhara College , Taupo-nui-a-Tia College , Māori immersion Te Kura Kaupapa Maori o Whakarewa i Te Reo ki Tuwharetoa and state integrated Lake Taupo Christian School . It also has Wairakei, St Patrick's, Waipahihi, Hilltop, Mount View, Taupō and Tauhara primary schools, and Taupo Intermediate School . Taupō

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1092-740: A second meeting at Peria six weeks later that attracted a large group of supporters from the lower Waikato, centered on hostilities in Taranaki and the question of whether the King movement should intervene. A faction of moderates within the movement swung the decision against direct involvement, but news of the meetings led to panic in Auckland over the possibility of a Māori attack on the capital, in turn prompting what Dalton described as "a mood of savage vindictiveness towards all Māori". In late June 1860 large numbers of Waikato Māori travelled to Taranaki to reinforce Te Āti Awa chief Wiremu Kīngi 's forces and joined in

1183-653: A series of conflicts that became known as the New Zealand Wars . Tamihana, a strategist revered as the "kingmaker", expressed the Kīngitanga movement's key concern in a letter to Browne at the close of the First Taranaki War in 1861. He said Waikato iwi had never signed the Treaty of Waitangi and that Māori were a separate nation. "I do not desire to cast the Queen from this island, but from own piece (of land). I am to be

1274-480: A sex ratio of 0.95 males per female, with 4,740 people (20.1%) aged under 15 years, 3,849 (16.3%) aged 15 to 29, 10,164 (43.0%) aged 30 to 64, and 4,875 (20.6%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 79.8% European/ Pākehā , 24.5% Māori , 3.3% Pacific peoples , 5.7% Asian , and 2.0% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 18.5, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer

1365-406: A system of annual poukais—visits by the King to Kīngitanga marae, which he devised as a means of drawing people back to their marae on a fixed day each year. The poukais later evolved into regular consultation meetings between Kīngitanga leadership and its followers where funds were also raised to cover the movement's expenses and the upkeep of local marae. Tāwhiao died suddenly on 26 August 1894 and

1456-402: A time of rapid population growth by European colonists. The movement sought to establish a monarch who could claim status similar to that of Queen Victoria and thus provide a way for Māori to deal with Pākehā (Europeans) on equal footing. It took on the appearance of an alternative government with its own flag, newspaper, bank, councillors, magistrates and law enforcement. It was viewed by

1547-490: Is a golf course designed by Jack Nicklaus , is 20 kilometres west along the lake. Taupō suburbs include: Taupō has an oceanic climate ( Cfb ). The town is located inland, which results in the accumulation of dry air causing severe frost during winter. However snowfall in Taupō is rare. The summer climate in Taupō is mild with maximum average temperature reaching 23 degrees and a minimum average temperature of 10 degrees. Taupō

1638-407: Is defined by Statistics New Zealand as a medium urban area and covers 42.05 km (16.24 sq mi), which stretches from Acacia Bay in the west to Centennial Park in the east and to Taupō Airport in the south. The Taupō urban area had an estimated population of 27,000 as of June 2024, with a population density of 642.09 people per km . It is the 26th-largest urban area in New Zealand, and

1729-631: Is entitled to appoint one of the 11 members on the Te Arataura , the executive board of the Kauhanganui. Although the monarchs of the Kīngitanga are not recognised by New Zealand law or by many Māori iwi, they hold the distinction of being paramount chiefs of a number of important Māori iwi and wield some power on a local level, especially within the Tainui iwi. The use of the title of "Māori King" has been challenged by various Māori leaders, namely by those of

1820-570: Is non-hereditary in principle, although every monarch since Pōtatau Te Wherowhero has been a child of the previous monarch. The eighth monarch is Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō , who was elected and crowned in September 2024. The Māori monarch operates in a non-constitutional capacity outside the New Zealand government , without explicit legal or judicial power. Reigning monarchs retain the position of paramount chief of several iwi , and wield some power over these, especially within Tainui . The influence of

1911-444: Is not hereditary. Thus far however, the monarchy has been hereditary in effect, as every new Māori monarch has been the child of the previous monarch, descending in seven generations from Pōtatau Te Wherowhero to the present Māori queen. With each successive monarch, the role of Pōtatau's family has been entrenched, although after any reign ends there is the potential for the mantle to be passed to someone from another whanau or iwi if

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2002-537: Is served by State Highway 1 and State Highway 5 , and is on the Thermal Explorer Highway touring route. All three highways run concurrently along the Eastern Taupō Arterial, which was built in 2010. Taupō is one of the few large towns in New Zealand that have never had a link to the national rail network, although there have been proposals in the past. Taupō Airport is located south of

2093-455: The 1918 influenza epidemic , helped Waikato Māori turn previously unused land into farms and developed the movement's new spiritual and cultural home, the Tūrangawaewae marae at Ngāruawāhia. The first hui was held there on 25 December 1921. Te Rata died on 1 October 1933. Te Puea rejected a proposal to make her the Māori monarch, believing that 21-year-old Koroki , Te Rata's eldest son,

2184-472: The Koroneihana , is held annually at Tūrangawaewae marae at Ngāruawāhia . A Bible is traditionally used during the crowning of a monarch. The poukai is an annual circuit of visits by the Māori monarch to marae that support the King movement. The tradition was started in the 1880s by Tāwhiao, the second Māori king. The gatherings include feasting and cultural performances. Three honours were created by

2275-469: The Tongariro National Park . The name Taupō is from the Māori language and is a shortened version of Taupō-nui-a-Tia . The longer name was first given to the cliff at Pākā Bay , on the eastern shore of the lake, and means the "great cloak of Tia". It was named for Tia , the Māori explorer who discovered the lake. Māori later applied the name to the lake itself. In 2019 the official name of

2366-508: The Wairakei geothermal power station , expansion of the timber industry, and farm development between 1949 and 1953. The population of Taupō was 1,358 in 1951, later increasing to 2,849 people in 1956 and 5,251 people in 1961. Taupō is located on the northeastern shore of Lake Taupō , New Zealand's largest lake, which is itself in the caldera of the Taupō Volcano . The Waikato River drains

2457-695: The animal rights movement , or the inclusive human rights movement. Some have represented class interests, such as the labour movement , socialism , and communism , while others have expressed national aspirations, including both anticolonialist movements, such as Rātana and Sinn Féin , as well as colonialist movements such as Manifest destiny . Political movements can also involve struggles to decentralize or centralize state control, as in anarchism , fascism , and Nazism . Famous recent social movements can be classified as political movements as they have influenced policy changes at all levels of government. Political movements that have recently emerged within

2548-407: The ecology movement , alter-globalization and the anti-globalization movement . With globalization , global citizens movements may have also emerged. Many political movements have aimed to establish or broaden the rights of subordinate groups, such as abolitionism , the women's suffrage movement, the civil rights movement , feminism , gay rights movement , the disability rights movement ,

2639-527: The 1840s (culminating in the 1843 Wairau Affray ), and the view became more widespread in the following decade, when the Pākehā (European) population grew to outnumber Māori and the colonial government's Native Land Purchase Department adopted unscrupulous methods to take ownership, which included offers to chiefs or small groups of owners. Deals with individual Māori or groups that did not represent majority interests also dragged Māori into disputes with one another. As

2730-691: The Centennial course. Other golf courses located near Taupō include Wairakei Golf + Sanctuary, the Kinloch Club Golf Course and the Reporoa Golf Club. Taupō is home to the Taupo International Motorsport Park . It has a full international-standard racing circuit. The AC Baths is a swimming pool complex located at 26 AC Baths Avenue. Facilities include two 25-metre lane pools, an outdoor leisure pool with two toddler areas,

2821-544: The Crown about Māori land grievances but was refused an audience with the Queen. Back in New Zealand in 1886 and seeking Māori solutions to Māori problems through Māori institutions, he petitioned Native Minister John Ballance for the establishment of a Māori Council "for all the chiefs of this Island". When this proposal, too, was ignored, he set up his own Kauhanganui , a Kīngitanga parliament, at Maungakawa in 1892. Though all North Island iwi were invited to attend, participation

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2912-498: The Frankfurt School and Theodor Adorno, ultimately leading to a major American study of the authoritarian personality (1950), as a basis for xenophobia and anti-Semitism. Another early theme was the relationship between masses and elites, both outside and within such movements (Gaetano Mosca, Vilfredo Pareto, Robert Michels, Moisey Ostrogorski). Taup%C5%8D Taupō ( Māori pronunciation:  [ ˈ t

3003-399: The King discouraged Waikato enlistment—both because of Tawhaio's 1881 declaration that Waikato Māori would never again fight and continued resentment over the injustice of confiscation. Te Puea explained: "They tell us to fight for king and country. We've got a King, but we haven't got a country. That's been taken off us." The war was viewed as a Pākehā fight among Pākehā nations. From June 1917

3094-407: The King movement came to have a flag, a council of state, a code of laws, a "King's Resident Magistrate", police, a surveyor and a newspaper, Te Hokioi , all of which gave the movement the appearance of an alternative government. The lives of his followers were given new purpose with the lawmaking, trials, and lengthy meetings and debates. Historian Michael King noted: "In the eyes of his supporters,

3185-533: The King movement was bad and should be abandoned. On 9 July 1863 Grey issued an ultimatum that all Māori living between Auckland and the Waikato take an oath of allegiance to Queen Victoria or be expelled south of the Waikato River. Troops invaded Waikato territory three days later. Kīngitanga forces were forced to fight a defensive war based on frustrating and slowing down their enemy but were unable to prevail over

3276-525: The King that they had little chance of success and risked annihilation by becoming involved in Te Kooti's actions. Tāwhiao remained in exile for 20 years, wandering through Maniapoto and Taranaki settlements, adopting an Old Testament view of himself as an anointed leader of a chosen people wandering in the wilderness awaiting a deliverance into their inheritance. From the 1870s the Government—keen to push

3367-757: The Kīngitanga as a solely Waikato movement. Throughout 1859 emissaries of the King movement travelled through the North Island, including Taranaki, Wanganui and Hawkes Bay, seeking further adherents, with iwi sometimes divided in their support. Even within the movement there was said to be deep division: historian Keith Sinclair claimed "moderates" aligned themselves with Wiremu Tamihana, and "anti-European extremists" followed Ngāti Maniapoto chief and warlord Rewi Maniapoto , although Belich and historian Vincent O'Malley dispute this, saying both factions were driven by shared objectives and concerns and that divisions had been exaggerated by historians. Tribal rivalries may also have weakened unity. Historian B.J. Dalton observed: "Outside

3458-677: The Kīngitanga in 2014, namely: Political movement An organization in a political movement that is led by a communist party is termed a mass organization by the party and a "Communist front" by detractors. Some of the theories behind social movements have also been applied to the emergence of political movements in specific, like the political opportunity theory and the resource mobilization theory. The political opportunity theory asserts that political movements occur through chance or certain opportunities and have little to do with resources, connections or grievances in society. Political opportunities can be created by possible changes in

3549-517: The Mangatawhiri pā and revived the recitation of tribal history, the singing of Waikato songs and other cultural traditions. In 1913 Taingakawa convinced Te Rata to head another delegation to England to petition the Crown to revoke the land confiscations as a breach of the Treaty of Waitangi. An intertribal meeting at Raglan decided all King movement adherents would contribute a shilling a head to cover

3640-584: The Military Services Act was amended to apply conscription to all Māori, though the Minister of Defence advised officials it was to apply only to Waikato Māori. On 11 July 1918 police arrived at Te Paina, the King movement's pā at Mangatawhiri, and began arresting males who had failed to report for military duty. The men were transported to Narrow Neck army training camp in Auckland, where they were repeatedly punished for refusing to dress in military uniform. At

3731-465: The Māori monarch is widespread in Māoridom despite the movement not being adhered to by several major iwi, notably Tūhoe , Ngāti Porou , and the largest of all, Ngāpuhi . The headquarters for the King movement is Tūrangawaewae Marae in the town of Ngāruawāhia . The movement arose among a group of central North Island iwi in the 1850s as a means of attaining Māori unity to halt the alienation of land at

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3822-771: The US are the Black Lives Matter Movement , and the Me Too Movement . While political movements that have happened in recent years within the Middle East is the Arab Spring . While in some cases these political movements remained movements, in others they escalated into revolutions and changed the state of government. Movements may also be named by outsiders, as with the Levellers political movement in 17th century England, which

3913-532: The Waikato, the King Movement appealed most to the younger generation who could see no other way of gaining the mana their fathers had won in battle." On 10 April 1860, three weeks after the start of the Taranaki wars , deputations from west coast iwi Te Āti Awa and Ngā Ruanui attended a gathering of Waikato Māori at Ngāruawāhia and tendered their formal allegiance to the king. Discussions at that meeting, and at

4004-482: The census's question about religious affiliation, 51.7% had no religion, 34.9% were Christian , 2.7% had Māori religious beliefs , 1.1% were Hindu , 0.2% were Muslim , 0.6% were Buddhist and 1.9% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 2,991 (15.8%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 3,510 (18.6%) people had no formal qualifications. 2,835 people (15.0%) earned over $ 70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15

4095-410: The central North Island. Hot water pools around Taupō began to attract tourists to Taupō in the late 1870s and early 1880s and hotels were developed to take advantage of this. In the 1890s, rainbow trout were introduced to Lake Taupō and Taupō became a popular town to stay and fish. A road board was established in 1922 and it was made a borough in 1953. Taupō grew quickly due to the development of

4186-516: The chiefs of the various iwi are in agreement. The Kīngitanga has been a parliamentary elected monarchy since 1890. Power is divided between the Kauhanganui , the Kīngitanga and Waikato Tainui parliament, and the standing Māori monarch. The position of the Māori king is mainly a highly respected ceremonial role within the Waikato Tainui iwi with limited powers. Nevertheless, the standing monarch

4277-519: The chiefs who had raised him up had made him a repository for their own mana and tapu and for that of their lands. Pōtatau was now a man of intensified prestige and sacredness. This belief was to impel people to go to heroic lengths to uphold the kingship and, subsequently, to fight for it." Pōtatau proclaimed the boundary separating his authority from that of the Governor, saying: "Let Maungatautari be our boundary. Do not encroach on this side. Likewise I am not to set foot on that side." The King envisaged

4368-575: The colonial government as a challenge to the supremacy of the monarchy of the United Kingdom , leading in turn to the 1863 invasion of the Waikato , which was partly motivated by a drive to neutralise the Kīngitanga's power and influence. Following their defeat at Ōrākau in 1864, the Kingites withdrew into the Ngāti Maniapoto tribal region of the North Island that became known as the King Country . From

4459-401: The confiscated land. Tawhiao, however, had renounced war and declared 1867–68 as the "year of the lamb" and "year of peace"; in April 1869 he had issued another proclamation that "the slaying of man by man is to cease". Though there were radical elements in the Kīngitanga movement who favoured a resumption of war, including Rewi Maniapoto and possibly Tāwhiao himself, moderates continued to warn

4550-568: The cost and the four-man delegation sailed from Auckland on 11 April 1914. After initially being rebuffed, they gained an audience with King George V and Queen Mary on 4 June on condition that nothing embarrassing would be raised. They departed England on 10 August, having gained nothing but the assurance their claims would be referred back to the New Zealand Government. With New Zealand already involved in World War I on Te Rata's return,

4641-767: The creation of mass movements as a means to overthrow a government and create their own government, the mass movement then being used afterwards to protect the government from being overthrown itself; whereas liberals seek mass participation in the system of representative democracy. The social scientific study of mass movements focuses on such elements as charisma, leadership, active minorities, cults and sects, followers, mass man and mass society, alienation, brainwashing and indoctrination, authoritarianism and totalitarianism. The field emerged from crowd or mass psychology (Le Bon, Tarde a.o.), which had gradually widened its scope from mobs to social movements and opinion currents, and then to mass and media society. One influential early text

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4732-406: The early 1850s, North Island Māori came under increasing pressure to satisfy the demand of European settler farmers for arable land. While Māori cultivated small areas, relying on extensive forests for berry, birds and roots, settlers expanded their production capacity by burning forest and fern and planting grass seed in the ashes. Some influential chiefs including Te Rauparaha opposed land sales in

4823-525: The electricity distribution network in Taupō. Natural gas arrived in Taupō in 1987. First Gas operates the gas distribution network in the town. Taupō's fresh water supply is drawn from Lake Taupō. Prior to 2013, there were two separate fresh water systems serving the town: the Lake Terrace system serving the town north of Napier Road, and the Rainbow Point system serving the southern suburbs. In 2013,

4914-465: The end of the war 111 remained in confinement; they were released in May 1919. The anti-conscription stance led to the Kīngitanga movement being widely regarded by Pākehā as seditious traitors and German sympathisers and also drove a wedge between Te Puea and Pomare, who throughout the war urged all Māori to fight for empire forces. Te Puea continued to strengthen her position as an organiser and spiritual leader. She pioneered efforts to care for victims of

5005-710: The established parties may have neglected this issue in the past. Political scientists Santos and Mercea argue that, in recent years, "the rise of movement parties across Europe has disrupted traditional notions of party politics and opened up new avenues for citizen engagement and political mobilisation. Movement parties are the reflection of a wider socio-political transformation of increasing interconnection between electoral and non-electoral politics". They identify four types of movement parties: green / left-libertarian , far-right , eclectic , and centrist . For groups seeking to influence policy, social movements can provide an alternative to formal electoral politics. For example,

5096-447: The establishment in order to fully develop. Thus, at the beginning and core of a political movement there lies a strategic mobilization of individuals. Political movements are different from political parties since movements are usually focused on a single issue and they have no interest in attaining office in government. A political movement is generally an informal organization and uses unconventional methods to achieve their goals. In

5187-698: The formation of a Māori Parliament at Waipatu Marae in Heretaunga . This parliament, which consisted of 96 members from the North and South Islands under Prime Minister Hāmiora Mangakāhia , was formed as part of the Kotahitanga (unification) movement, which Tāwhiao refused to join. From about 1886 until about 1905 it also had a bank, the Bank of Aotearoa, which operated in Parawera, Maungatautari and Maungakawa. Tāwhiao also instituted

5278-528: The government for compensation for the 1860s land confiscations, sponsored a relative, Henare Kaihau , for the Western Maori electorate and from the late 1890s made frequent contact with Prime Minister Richard Seddon and Native Affairs Minister James Carroll , the first Māori to hold a cabinet position. Mahuta was an advocate of conciliation between Māori and Pākehā; according to historian Michael King, Seddon took advantage of his goodwill and naivety to secure

5369-619: The issues and concerns which are the focus of the movement. Some political movements have turned into or launched political parties. For example, the 15-M Movement against austerity in Spain led to the creation of the populist party Podemos and the labor movements in Brazil helped form the Brazilian Workers' Party . These types of movement parties serve to raise awareness on the main issue of their initial political movement in government, since

5460-743: The kingship on 21 May 1910, disillusioned with the political process in dealing with Māori confiscation claims. Throughout Mahuta's years as king, Waikato was mired in economic and social depression. Many Māori were landless and destitute because of confiscations, while those who did still own land were unable to make it productive. The area had severe health problems, with constant bouts of typhoid epidemics, influenza , measles and whooping cough . Sanitary conditions were generally poor, unemployment high, drunkenness widespread and child schooling rates very low. In 1911 Mahuta withdrew his backing for Kaihau in Western Maori after discovering he had presided over

5551-646: The lake and runs through the town, separating the CBD and the northern suburbs. The river flows over the spectacular Huka Falls , a short distance north of the town, Taupō is a centre of volcanic and geothermal activity, and hot springs suitable for bathing are located at several places in the vicinity. The volcanic Mount Tauhara lies six kilometres (4 mi) to the east. Somewhat to the northeast are significant hot springs. These springs contain extremophile micro-organisms that live in extremely hot environments. The small but growing satellite town of Kinloch , where there

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5642-563: The loss of £50,000 of Kīngitanga moneys and used his niece, Te Puea Herangi , to swing support to doctor and former Health Department medical officer Maui Pomare in that year's general election . Pomare won the seat by 565 votes. Te Puea's involvement in campaigning for Mahuta's preferred candidate marked her elevation to a position of chief organiser for the King movement, a role she held until her death in 1952. Mahuta's health declined throughout 1912 and he died on 9 November, aged 57. Mahuta's eldest son Te Rata , then aged between 30 and 33,

5733-546: The movement was developing an aggressive spirit, Browne soon began expressing his fear that "it will resolve into a conflict of race and become the greatest political difficulty we have had to contend with". Recognition of the new King, however, was not immediate: though there was widespread respect for the movement's efforts in establishing a "land league" to slow land sales, Pōtatau's role was strongly embraced only by Waikato Māori, with iwi of North Auckland and south of Waikato showing him scant recognition. Some opponents dismissed

5824-491: The north. In his discourse, David Rankin, a leader of the Ngāpuhi iwi of Northland , explains that the monarch is not the king of all Māori. The argument states that by the kīngitanga claiming ownership of such a title, the rangatiratanga and mana of iwi not associated (or strongly associated) with the movement is thereby diminished, infringing therefore upon their identity and autonomy as Māori and iwi. A coronation celebration,

5915-454: The offer. Three years later, in July 1881, he summoned Resident Magistrate William Gilbert Mair to a meeting at Alexandra (today known as Pirongia ) where he and 70 followers laid down their guns, then laid alongside them 70 roasted pigeons and a fantail , explaining, "This means peace." He travelled to London in 1884 with Western Maori MP Wiremu Te Wheoro to lead a deputation with a petition to

6006-515: The person to overlook my own piece," he wrote. But Browne regarded the Kīngitanga stance as an act of disloyalty; his plans for the invasion of Waikato were fuelled in large part by his desire to uphold "the Queen's supremacy" in the face of the Kīngitanga challenge. Browne's successor, Sir George Grey , told a large Māori gathering at Taupari near the mouth of the Waikato River in December 1861 that

6097-590: The plunder of abandoned farms, but the intervention was unorganised and on a limited scale, relieving Taranaki settlers of some fear of full-scale Kingite involvement. Pōtatau died of influenza on 25 June 1860 and was succeeded by his son, Matutaera Tāwhiao . Tāwhiao's succession to the position of King coincided with a period of increasing friction between Māori and the Auckland-based settler government over issues of land ownership and sovereignty. Hostilities surrounding land purchases in Taranaki spread, erupting into

6188-419: The political scientist S. Laurel Weldon has shown that women's movements and women's policy agencies have tended to be more effective in reducing violence against women than the presence of women in the legislatures. High barriers to entry to the political competition can disenfranchise political movements. Some political movements have aimed to change government policy, such as the anti-war movement ,

6279-416: The political system, structure or by other developments in the political sphere and they are the driving force for political movements to be established. The resource mobilization theory states that political movements are the result of careful planning, organizing and fundraising rather than spontaneous uprisings or societal grievances . This theory postulates that movements rely on resources and contact to

6370-612: The sale of more Māori land. Seddon invited Mahuta to Wellington as a member of the Legislative Council (Upper House) and to sit on the Executive Council as "Minister representing the Maori race". Despite widespread opposition from Waikato Māori, who feared it was an attempt to neutralise the King movement, Mahuta accepted and he was sworn in in May 1903. He entrusted the kingship to his younger brother Te Wherowhero Tawhiao, but resumed

6461-534: The second-largest in the Waikato Region behind Hamilton . Before the 2023 census, the town had a larger boundary, covering 42.94 km (16.58 sq mi). Using that boundary, the Taupō urban area had a population of 23,631 at the 2018 New Zealand census , an increase of 2,508 people (11.9%) since the 2013 census , and an increase of 2,937 people (14.2%) since the 2006 census . There were 9,000 households, comprising 11,520 males and 12,096 females, giving

6552-524: The second-largest urban area in the Waikato region , behind Hamilton . It has a population of approximately 27,000 (June 2024). Taupō is known for its natural beauty, with the surrounding area offering a range of outdoor recreational activities such as hiking, fishing, skiing, and water sports. Visitors can also enjoy a variety of attractions, including the Wairakei Power Station , Huka Falls , and

6643-490: The store. The fast food outlet has seating inside the plane's structure. The Taupō district council provides local government services for Taupō. Taupō is part of the Taupō electorate and the current member of parliament (as of 2023) is Louise Upston . The Taupō museum is located in the centre of the town on Story Place. It has displays including about the Ngāti Tūwharetoa , a Wharenui (Māori Meeting House) which

6734-475: The town was changed from Taupo to Taupō . Although the English pronunciation "tow-po" ( / ˈ t aʊ p oʊ / , NZE /ˈtæʊpaʉ/ ) is widespread, it is often regarded as incorrect, and the Māori pronunciation, "toe-paw" ( / ˈ t oʊ p ɔː / , NZE /ˈtaʉpoː/ ) is generally preferred in formal use. In 1868, an armed constabulary post was established in Taupō in order to strengthen communication lines in

6825-476: The township. Scheduled services to Auckland and Wellington operate from the airport. Taupō first received a public electricity supply in 1952, with the commissioning of the Hinemaiaia A hydroelectric power station south of the town. The town was connected to the national grid in 1958, coinciding with the commissioning of Wairakei geothermal power station north of the town. Today, Unison Networks owns and operates

6916-557: The white frontier encroached further on their land, many became concerned that their land, and race, would soon be overrun. Around 1853 Māori revived the ancient tribal runanga or chiefly war councils where land issues were raised and in May 1854 a large meeting—attracting as many as 2000 Māori leaders—was held at Manawapou in south Taranaki where speakers urged concerted opposition to selling land. The meetings provided an important forum for Te Rauparaha's son, Christian convert Tamihana Te Rauparaha , who in 1851 had visited England where he

7007-401: The widespread seizure of the land of "rebel" Māori. The confiscation of 486,500 hectares of land, including fertile areas under cultivation, burial sites and areas that had been inhabited for centuries, was a bitter blow for Waikato Māori. In 1869 and 1870 Tāwhiao was challenged by Ringatū prophet and guerrilla leader Te Kooti to resume hostilities against the government to try to wrest back

7098-621: Was also the location of the off-road motorcycle event FIM International Six Day Enduro . The International Mountain Bicycling Association has designated the mountain biking trails at Bike Taupō as a silver-level IMBA Ride Center. Ride Centers are the IMBA's strongest endorsement of a trail experience. Taupō is home to the Taupo Golf Club which has two courses: the Tauhara golf course and

7189-515: Was announced by the Tekau-ma-Rua as the next monarch on 5 September 2024, the last day of his tangi . She is the second queen of the Kīngitanga, after her grandmother Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu. The monarch is appointed by the leaders of the iwi involved in the Kīngitanga movement on the day of the previous monarch's funeral and before the burial. In principle the position of Māori monarch

7280-455: Was believed that by having a monarch who could claim status similar to that of Queen Victoria, Māori would be able to deal with Pākehā on equal footing. It was also intended to establish a system of law and order in Māori communities to which the Auckland government had so far shown little interest. Several North Island candidates who were asked to put themselves forward declined; in February 1857,

7371-611: Was carved locally between 1927 and 1928, a moa skeleton and a caravan filled with local memorabilia from the late 1950s and early 1960s. There are also displays about volcanos and art galleries. Regular sporting events in Taupō include Ironman New Zealand , the Lake Taupō Cycle Challenge and the Great Lake Relay (established in 1995). The Lake Taupō Cycle Challenge has about 5,000 riders. The Oxfam Trailwalker has been held in Taupō several times. In 2006 Taupō

7462-504: Was confined mainly to the Waikato, Maniapoto and Hauraki people who were already part of the King movement. The assembly's discussions included proceedings in the national Parliament, interpretations of the Treaty of Waitangi, the confiscation issue and conditions for land sales, but its deliberations and recommendations were either ignored or derided by the Parliament and public servants. The establishment of Tāwhiao's Kauhanganui coincided with

7553-441: Was crowned on 24 November 1912 by kingmaker Tupu Taingakawa . He was shy and physically weak, having long suffered rheumatism , arthritis and heart disease. With strong support from his cousin and protector Te Puea (later widely referred to as "Princess Te Puea"), he withstood a challenge to his authority by Taingakawa, who established a rival kauhanganui (assembly) at Rukumoana, near Morrinsville . Te Puea built up facilities at

7644-578: Was elected as the first Māori Queen on 23 May 1966 and served until her death on 15 August 2006. In the New Year Honours 1970 Te Atairangikaahu was the first Māori to be appointed a Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire for "...outstanding services to Māori people...". Her 40-year reign was the longest of any Māori monarch. Following the death of his mother, Dame Te Atairangikaahu, Tūheitia

7735-477: Was named so as a term of disparagement . Yet admirers of the movement and its aims later came to use the term, and it is this term by which they are most known to history. A mass movement denotes a political party or movement which is supported by large segments of a population. Political movements that typically advocate the creation of a mass movement include the ideologies of communism , fascism , and liberalism . Both communists and fascists typically support

7826-456: Was presented to Queen Victoria . Tamihana Te Rauparaha had returned to New Zealand with the idea of forming a Māori kingdom, with one king ruling over all iwi (tribes), and used the rūnanga to secure the agreement of influential North Island chiefs to his idea. The kotahitanga or unity movement was aimed at bringing to Māori the unity that was an obvious strength among the Europeans. It

7917-524: Was succeeded by his oldest son, Mahuta Tāwhiao . Mahuta, born about 1854, was raised during the wars of the 1860s and the exile that followed, and received no European education and spoke little English. By the time of his coronation support for the King movement had declined and its followers were limited mainly to the Tainui iwi in Waikato and Ngāti Maniapoto from the King Country. From the beginning of his kingship Mahuta took an interest in politics: he pressed

8008-585: Was sworn in as the Māori king on 21 August 2006. In August 2014, Tūheitia created a Māori Honours System . There are three awards: the Order of King Pootatau Te Wherowhero; the Order of the Taniwhaa; and the Illustrious Order of Te Arikinui Queen Te Atairangikaahu. On 30 August 2024, just over a week after his eighteenth koroneihana , Tūheitia died while recovering from heart surgery. He was 69. King Tuheitia's daughter and youngest child, Ngā Wai Hono i te Pō ,

8099-423: Was that 9,246 (48.9%) people were employed full-time, 3,003 (15.9%) were part-time, and 507 (2.7%) were unemployed. Taupō is a tourist centre, particularly in the summer, as it offers panoramic views over the lake and to the volcanic mountains of Tongariro National Park to the south. It offers a number of tourist activities including sky diving , jetboating , parasailing , and bungy jumping . Taupō services

8190-580: Was the double essay on the herd instinct (1908) by British surgeon Wilfred Trotter. It also influenced the key concepts of the superego and identification in Massenpsychologie (1921) by Sigmund Freud, misleadingly translated as Group psychology. They are linked to ideas on sexual repression leading to rigid personalities, in the original Mass psychology of fascism (1933) by Freudo-Marxist Wilhelm Reich (not to be confused with its totally revised 1946 American version). This then rejoined ideas formulated by

8281-488: Was the rightful heir to the throne. Koroki Te Rata Mahuta Tāwhiao Pōtatau Te Wherowhero was the fifth in the line of Māori kings. Shy and reserved, he was crowned on 8 October 1933 at the age of about 25 and accepted the role reluctantly, protesting that with so many Waikato Māori living in poverty they could not afford a king. Throughout his reign he came under the strong but conflicting influence of several opposing factions which created some controversies; he also notably lost

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