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77-660: The Manzana Jesuítica contains the University of Córdoba , one of the oldest in South America , the Monserrat Secondary School, a church, and residence buildings. To maintain such a project, the Jesuits operated six Estancias (residences) around the province of Córdoba , named Caroya , Jesús María , Santa Catalina, Alta Gracia , Candelaria, and San Ignacio. The farm and the complex, started in 1615, had to be left by

154-623: A Jesuit priest, Father Ignacio Duarte y Quirós, in 1687 and incorporated into the university's aegis in 1907. The College of Monserrat, as well as the original physical plant of the university and the Jesuit church, are part of the Jesuit Block , and were declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2000. At the end of the 18th century, law studies were added (with the creation of the School of Law and Social Sciences), and from this time forward studies at

231-476: A decisive victory . Belmonte was captured after he fled to Bari , while other Austrian troops were able to escape to the sea. To celebrate the victory, Naples was illuminated for three nights, and on 30 May, the Duke of Montemar, Charles's army commander, was named the Duke of Bitonto. Today there is an obelisk in the city of Bitonto commemorating the battle constructed and designed by Giovanni Antonio Medrano . After

308-569: A few days before the coronation of Charles, the Pope chose to accept the traditional offering of a Hackney horse from the Holy Roman Emperor rather than from Charles. The Hackney was a white mare and a sum of money which the King of Naples offered the Pope as feudal homage every 29 June, at the feast of Saints Peter and Paul. The reason for this choice was that Charles had not yet been recognized as ruler of

385-635: A fête in honor of the Patron Saint of Florence, St. John the Baptist , on 24 June. At this fête Gian Gastone named Charles his heir, giving him the traditional Tuscan title of Hereditary Prince of Tuscany , and Charles paid homage to the Florentine senate, as was the tradition for heirs to the Tuscan throne. When Emperor Charles VI heard about the ceremony, he was enraged that Gian Gastone had not informed him, since he

462-409: A hundred pretty things; one would not credit the things that she says unless one heard them. She has the mind of an angel, and my son is only too happy to possess her . . . She has charged me to tell you that she loves you with all her heart and that she is quite content with her husband." And to the duchesse d'Orléans she writes: "I find her the most beautiful and most lovable child in the world. It

539-776: A more spacious campus, the "University City" (Spanish: Ciudad Universitaria ) was established in the southern part of Córdoba city. The university also owns other campuses, notably, an experimental agricultural station located 20 km southeast of Córdoba city, and an astronomic observatory, among others. In 2017, Times Higher Education ranked the university within the 801-1000 band globally. image = Camila Sosa Villada en "LLórame un río".jpg 31°26′15″S 64°11′16″W  /  31.43750°S 64.18778°W  / -31.43750; -64.18778 Carlos III of Spain Charles III ( Spanish : Carlos Sebastián de Borbón y Farnesio ; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788)

616-458: A review. Charles had his triumphant entrance to Naples on 10 May 1734, through the old city gate at Capuana surrounded by the city councilors along with a group of people who threw money to the locals. The procession went on through the streets and ended up at the Naples Cathedral , where Charles received a blessing from the local archbishop , Cardinal Pignatelli. Charles took up residence at

693-536: A situation of disorganization and chaos across the nation. Around the middle of the 19th century, a new national constitution was ratified, which outlined the new framework for the political organization of Argentina. At this time there were two provincial universities in the country: one in Córdoba and one in Buenos Aires (founded in 1821). The former was nationalized in 1856, the latter in 1881, leaving both under control of

770-577: Is a public university located in the city of Córdoba , Argentina . Founded in 1613, the university is the oldest in Argentina , the third oldest university of the Americas , with the first university being the National University of San Marcos (Peru, 1551) and the second one, Saint Thomas Aquinas University (Colombia, 1580). Since the early 20th century it has been the second largest university in

847-539: Is autonomous. This means it has the autonomy to manage its own budgets, elect its own administration, and dictate its own regulations. Similar to that of most public universities in Argentina, admission to undergraduate study at the University of Córdoba is not selective. The only requirement is that applicants pass a leveling course test with a score higher than 4, which is equivalent to getting 60% of correct answers. In 1610

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924-462: Is the most pleasing thing imaginable to see her with her little husband: how they caress one another and how they love one another already. They have a thousand little secrets to tell one another, and they cannot part for an instant." Out of these proposed marriages, only Louis and Louise Élisabeth would wed. Elisabeth Farnese looked for other potential brides for her eldest son. For this, she looked to Austria, Spain's principal opponent for influence on

1001-604: The Bay of Naples . A week later they defeated the Austrians at sea. On 31 March, his army closed in on the Austrians in Naples. The Spanish flanked the defensive position of the Austrians under general Traun and forced them to withdraw to Capua . This allowed Charles and his troops to advance on to the city of Naples itself. The Austrian viceroy, Giulio Borromeo Visconti, and the commander of his army, Giovanni Carafa , left some garrisons holding

1078-693: The Duchy of Lorraine to the deposed Polish King Stanislaus I . The treaty included the transfer to Naples of all the inherited goods of the House of Farnese . He took with him the collection of artwork, the archives and the ducal library, the cannons of the fort, and even the marble stairway of the ducal palace. The peace between Charles and Austria was signed in Vienna in 1740. That year, Emperor Charles died leaving his Kingdoms of Bohemia and Hungary (along with many other lands) to his daughter Maria Theresa ; he had hoped

1155-556: The Duchy of Parma and Piacenza for Charles, since he was unlikely to be king of Spain. She also sought for him the Grand Duchy of Tuscany , because Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (1671–1737) was also childless. He was a distant cousin of hers, related via her great-grandmother Margherita de' Medici , giving Charles a claim to the title through that lineage. The birth of Charles encouraged Prime Minister Alberoni to start laying out grand plans for Europe. In 1717 he ordered

1232-543: The Duke of Orléans , the French regent, to arrange three Franco-Spanish marriages that could potentially ease tense relations. The young Louis XV of France would marry the three-year-old Infanta Mariana Victoria and thus she would become Queen of France; Charles's half-brother Louis would marry the fourth surviving daughter of the regent, Louise Élisabeth d'Orléans . Charles himself would be engaged to Philippine Élisabeth d'Orléans , who

1309-740: The Infante Charles of Spain at the Royal Alcázar of Madrid . He was fourth in line to the Spanish throne, after three elder half-brothers: the Infante Luis, Prince of Asturias (who ruled briefly as Louis I of Spain before dying in 1724); the Infante Felipe (who died in 1719); and Ferdinand (the future Ferdinand VI). Because the Duke Francesco of Parma and his heir were childless, Elisabeth sought

1386-702: The Italian Peninsula . She proposed to Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor , that the Infante Charles marry the eight-year-old Archduchess Maria Theresa and that her second surviving son, the Infante Philip , marry the seven-year-old Archduchess Maria Anna . The alliance of Spain and Austria was signed on 30 April 1725 and included Spanish support for the Pragmatic Sanction , a document drafted by Emperor Charles in 1713 to assure support for Maria Theresa in

1463-500: The Kingdom of Sicily , and the Kingdom of Great Britain gained the island of Menorca and the fortress at Gibraltar . In 1700, Charles's father, originally a French Bourbon prince, Philip of Anjou, became King of Spain as Philip V. For the remainder of his reign (1700–46), he continually attempted to regain the ceded territories in Europe. In 1714, after the death of the king's first wife,

1540-593: The Royal Palace of Naples , which had been built by his ancestor, Philip III of Spain . Two chroniclers of the era, the Florentine Bartolomeo Intrieri, and the Venetian Cesare Vignola made conflicting reports on the view of the situation by Neapolitans. Intrieri writes that the arrival was a historic event and that the crowd cried out that "His Royal Highness is beautiful, that his face is as

1617-558: The Society of Jesus founded the Collegium Maximum in Córdoba, which was attended by students of the order. An institution of the highest intellectual caliber for the time, this was the precursor of the university. While still under the control of the Jesuits, and during the administration of the Bishop of Tucumán , Juan Fernando de Trejo y Sanabria, advanced studies began to be offered at what

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1694-762: The War of the Spanish Succession (1701–14) and reduced the political and military power of Spain , which the House of Bourbon had ruled since 1700. Under the terms of the treaty, the Spanish Empire retained its American territories and the Philippines, but ceded the Spanish Netherlands , the kingdoms of Naples and Sardinia , the Duchy of Milan , and the State of Presidi to Habsburg Austria . The House of Savoy gained

1771-401: The apostolic nuncio , the Pope let Charles know he did not consider valid the nomination received by him from Charles's father, Philip V, King of Spain. In response, a committee headed by the Tuscan lawyer Bernardo Tanucci in Naples concluded that papal investiture was not necessary because the crowning of a king could not be considered a sacrament. The situation worsened when, in 1735, just

1848-768: The Block. The Jesuit Block and the Estancias can be visited by tourists; the Road of the Jesuit Estancias is approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) in length. Jorge Mario Bergoglio, who would later become Pope Francis , lived there. This article about a place in Córdoba Province , Argentina is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . National University of C%C3%B3rdoba The National University of Córdoba ( Spanish : Universidad Nacional de Córdoba ),

1925-519: The Bourbon conquest of the island was not complete, he was crowned King of the Two Sicilies ("utriusque Siciliae rex") on 3 July in the ancient Palermo Cathedral , after having traveled overland to Palmi , and by sea from Palmi to Palermo . The coronation bypassed the authority of the Pope thanks to the apostolic legation of Sicily, a medieval privilege which ensured the island a special legal autonomy from

2002-524: The Church. Thus, the papal legate did not attend the ceremony as Charles would have wanted. In March 1735 a new discord developed between Rome and Naples. In Rome, it was discovered that the Bourbons had confined Roman citizens in the basement of Palazzo Farnese , which was the personal property of King Charles; people were brought there to impress them into the newborn Neapolitan army. Thousands of inhabitants in

2079-527: The Franciscans were replaced by the secular clergy as leaders of the university. Monsignor Funes was the architect of profound reforms in studies and introduced new subjects. On May 25, 1810, the May Revolution began, and the new regime took control of the University of Córdoba, although Monsignor Funes remained in his post. In 1820 the university was relocated in other parts of the province of Córdoba, due to

2156-460: The Jesuits, following the 1767 decree by King Charles III of Spain that expelled them from the continent. They were then run by the Franciscans until 1853, when the Jesuits returned to The Americas . Nevertheless, the university and the high-school were nationalized a year later. Each Estancia has its own church and set of buildings, around which towns grew, such as Alta Gracia, the closest to

2233-665: The Kingdom of Naples by a peace treaty, and so the Emperor was considered still de jure King of Naples. Receiving the Hackney from the Holy Roman Empire was common while receiving it from a Bourbon was unusual. The Pope, therefore, considered the first option a less dramatic gesture, and in doing so provoked the wrath of the religious Spanish infante. Meanwhile, Charles had landed in Sicily. Although

2310-626: The Kingdom of Naples, claiming he would free it of "excessive violence by the Austrian Viceroy of Naples, oppression, and tyranny". Charles, now "Charles I of Parma", was to be in charge. Charles inspected the Spanish troops at Perugia , and marched toward Naples on 5 March. The army passed through the Papal States then ruled by Clement XII . The Austrians, already fighting the French and Savoyard armies to retain Milan , had only limited resources for

2387-509: The Pope, after long negotiations, through the mediation of its ambassador in Rome, Cardinal Acquaviva , the archbishop Giuseppe Spinelli and the chaplain Celestino Galiani. The agreement was achieved on 12 May 1738. After the death of Pope Clement in 1740, he was replaced by Pope Benedict XIV , who the following year allowed the creation of a concordat with the Kingdom of Naples. This allowed

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2464-628: The Princess Maria Luisa Gabriella of Savoy , the Piacenza Cardinal Giulio Alberoni successfully arranged the swift marriage between Philip and the ambitious Elisabeth Farnese , niece and stepdaughter of Francesco Farnese, Duke of Parma . Elisabeth and Philip married on 24 December 1714; she quickly proved a domineering consort and influenced King Philip to make Cardinal Giulio Alberoni the prime minister of Spain in 1715. On 20 January 1716, Elisabeth gave birth to

2541-508: The Rector's Office of the University, and the academic offer was expanded with professorships and translation programs in German, French, English and Italian. In 1943, it changed its name first to School of Higher Education on Languages and then to School of Higher Education on Classic and Modern Languages, at the same time that the academic offerings were expanded, and the curricula were modified. Since

2618-592: The School of Exact, Physical, and Natural Sciences. This period also saw the birth of the Academy of Exact Sciences and the Astronomical Observatory. In 1877 the School of Medicine was opened. In 1885 the Law of Avellaneda, the first law pertaining to universities, was passed, laying out the ways in which the bylaws of the national universities could be amended, and their administrative framework, leaving other matters under

2695-567: The Spanish invasion of Sardinia . In 1718, Alberoni also ordered the invasion of Sicily , which was also ruled by the House of Savoy . In the same year Charles's first sister, Infanta Mariana Victoria was born on 31 March. In reaction to the Quadruple Alliance of 1718 , the Duke of Savoy then joined the Alliance and went to war with Spain. This war led to the dismissal of Alberoni by Philip in 1719. The Treaty of The Hague of 1720 included

2772-580: The Spanish throne. He strengthened the Spanish Army and the Spanish Navy . Although he did not achieve complete control over Spain's finances, and was sometimes obliged to borrow to meet expenses, most of his reforms proved successful in providing increased revenue to the crown and expanding state power, leaving a lasting legacy. In the Spanish Empire his regime enacted a series of sweeping reforms with

2849-591: The aim of bringing the overseas territories under firmer control by the central government, reversing the trend toward local autonomy, and gaining more control over the Church. Reforms including the establishment of two new viceroyalties , realignment of administration into intendancies, creating a standing military, establishing new monopolies, revitalizing silver mining , excluding American-born Spaniards ( criollos ) from high civil and ecclesiastical offices, and eliminating many privileges ( fueros ) of clergy. Historian Stanley Payne writes that Charles "was probably

2926-528: The beginning of the history of higher education in Argentina. The Jesuits remained in control of the university until 1767, when they were expelled by order of King Carlos III . Leadership then passed to the Franciscan order. For the first 150 years after its founding, the university maintained an exclusive focus on philosophy and theology. The first secondary school in Cordoba was Our Lady of Monserrat , founded by

3003-463: The city's fortresses and withdrew to Apulia . There they awaited reinforcements sufficient to defeat the Spanish. The Spanish entered Naples and laid siege to the Austrian-held fortresses. During that interval, Charles received the compliments of the local nobility, and the city keys and the privilege book from a delegation of the city's elected officials. Chronicles of the time reported that Naples

3080-416: The conflict, but his father wanted him to join in and gather troops to aid the French. Charles arranged for 10,000 Spanish soldiers that were to be sent to Italy under the command of the Duke of Castropignano , but they were obliged to retreat when a Royal Navy squadron under Commodore William Martin threatened to bombard Naples if they did not stay out of the conflict. The decision to remain neutral

3157-599: The control of the universities themselves. In 1886 the bylaws of the university in Córdoba were modified to conform to the new law. In 1918, the UNC was the scene of a historic milestone known as the University Reform. Students, inspired by the ideas of autonomy, co-governance and democratization of education, led a movement that spread throughout Latin America. This academic revolution had a lasting impact on higher education and laid

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3234-418: The country (after the University of Buenos Aires ) in terms of the number of students, faculty, and academic programs. As the location of the first university founded in the land that is now Argentina, Córdoba has earned the nickname La Docta (roughly translated, "The Wise"). The National University of Córdoba is financially supported by Argentinian taxpayers, but - like all Argentine national universities - it

3311-738: The death of his childless grand-uncle Antonio Farnese . In 1734, at the age of 18, he led Spanish troops in a bold and almost entirely bloodless march down Italy to seize the Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of Sicily and enforce the Spanish claim to their thrones. In 1738, he married the Princess Maria Amalia of Saxony , daughter of Augustus III of Poland , who was an educated, cultured woman. The couple had 13 children, eight of whom reached adulthood. They resided in Naples for 19 years. Charles gained valuable experience in his 25-year rule in Italy, so that he

3388-431: The defense of Naples and were divided on how best to oppose the Spanish. The Emperor wanted to keep Naples, but most of the Neapolitan nobility was against him, and some conspired against his viceroy. They hoped that Philip would give the kingdom to Charles, who would be more likely to live and rule there, rather than having a viceroy and serve a foreign power. On 9 March the Spanish took Procida and Ischia , two islands in

3465-454: The early 1980s, there were plans to establish it as a faculty, a project that became a reality in 2000. Its current Dean is Graciela Ferrero. This School has undergraduate degrees in six languages (German, Spanish, French, English, Italian and Portuguese) and graduate degrees such as conferences, Master´s degrees, and PhDs. The main campus is located in the center of the city, made up of 23 buildings for classes and cultural activities. In 1952,

3542-407: The early years of Charles's reign, the Neapolitan court was engaged in a dispute with the Holy See over jurisdiction, clerical appointments, and revenues. The Kingdom of Naples was an ancient fief of the Papal States. For this reason, Pope Clement XII considered himself the only one entitled to invest the king of Naples, and so he did not recognize Charles of Bourbon as a legitimate sovereign. Through

3619-432: The empire. He facilitated trade and commerce, modernized agriculture and land tenure , and promoted science and university research. He implemented regalist policies to increase the power of the state regarding the church. During his reign, he expelled the Jesuits from the Spanish Empire and fostered the Enlightenment in Spain . Charles launched enquiries into the Iberian Peninsula 's Muslim past, even after succeeding to

3696-464: The fall of Reggio Calabria on 20 June, Charles also conquered the towns of L'Aquila (27 June) and Pescara (28 July). The last two Austrian fortresses were Gaeta and Capua . The Siege of Gaeta , which Charles observed, ended on 6 August. Three weeks later, the Duke of Montemar left the mainland for Sicily where they arrived in Palermo on 2 September 1734, beginning a conquest of the island's Austrian-held fortresses that ended in early 1735. Capua,

3773-547: The groundwork for a more inclusive and participatory approach to university decision-making. The School of Languages is one of the faculties of the National University of Córdoba , located in the University Campus, in the southern area of Córdoba, Argentina . Its origin dates back to 1920 when the Department of Languages was created, under the Faculty of Law and Social Sciences. The first languages studied were French, Italian and basic notions of legal Latin. In 1926, it changed its name to Language Institute, which depended on

3850-463: The many signatories to the Pragmatic Sanction would not interfere with this succession. However, this was not the case, and the War of the Austrian Succession broke out. France was allied with Spain and Prussia , all of whom were against Maria Theresa. Maria Theresa was supported by Great Britain , ruled by George II , and the Kingdom of Sardinia , which was then ruled by Charles Emmanuel III of Sardinia . Charles had wanted to stay neutral during

3927-399: The most successful European ruler of his generation. He had provided firm, consistent, intelligent leadership. He had chosen capable ministers   ... [his] personal life had won the respect of the people." John Lynch 's assessment is that in Bourbon Spain "Spaniards had to wait half a century before their government was rescued by Charles III." In 1713, the Treaty of Utrecht concluded

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4004-401: The national government. Between 1860 and 1880, many academic reforms were instituted, similar to those occurring at other universities around the world. In 1864 theological studies were finally eliminated. During the presidency of Faustino Sarmiento the sciences gained momentum through the recruitment of foreign lecturers specializing in Mathematical-Physical Science, leading to the opening of

4081-468: The occupation. Ostia was sacked, while Palestrina avoided the same fate by the payment of a ransom of 16,000 crowns. The commission of cardinals to whom the case was assigned decided to send a delegation of prisoners of Trastevere and Velletri to Naples as reparations. The papal subjects were punished with just a few days in jail and then, after seeking royal pardon, were granted it. The Neapolitan king subsequently managed to iron out his differences with

4158-442: The one of San Gennaro on the statue that the representative". Vignola wrote in contrast that "there were only some acclamations", and that the crowd applauded with "a lot of languors" and only "to incite those that threw the money to throw it in more abundance". Charles's father, King Philip V of Spain, wrote the following letter to Charles. The letter began with the words "To the King of Naples, My Son, and My Brother". Charles

4235-422: The only remaining Austrian stronghold in Naples, was held by von Traun until 24 November 1734. In the kingdom, independence from the Austrians was popular. In 1735, pursuant to the treaty ending the war, Charles formally ceded Parma to Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in exchange for his recognition as King of Naples and Sicily. Following the loss of Parma, Charles removed the Farnese Collection to Naples. During

4312-418: The opportunity to regain the Kingdoms of Naples and Sicily, which Spain had lost in the Treaty of Utrecht . On 20 January 1734, Charles, now 18, reached his majority, and was "free to govern and to manage in a manner independent its states". He was also named commander of all Spanish troops in Italy, a position he shared with the Duke of Montemar . On 27 February, King Philip declared his intention to capture

4389-464: The recognition of Charles as heir to the Italian Duchies of Parma and Piacenza. Charles's half-brother, Infante Philip Peter, died on 29 December 1719, putting Charles third in line to the throne after Luis and Ferdinand. He would retain his position behind these two until they died and he succeeded to the Spanish throne. His second full brother, Infante Philip of Spain , was born on 15 March 1720. Beginning in 1721, King Philip had been negotiating with

4466-427: The right to occupy Parma, Piacenza, and Tuscany by force if necessary. After the Treaty of Seville, Philip V disregarded its provisions and formed an alliance with France and the Kingdom of Great Britain . Antonio Farnese , the Duke of Parma, died on 26 February 1731 without naming an heir. This was because the widow of Antonio, Enrichetta d'Este was thought to have been pregnant at the time of his death. The Duchess

4543-413: The suburb of Trastevere stormed the palace to liberate them. The riot then degenerated into pillage. Next, the crowd directed itself toward the embassy of Spain in Piazza di Spagna . During the clashes that followed, several Bourbon soldiers were killed, including an officer. The disturbances spread to the town of Velletri , where the population attacked Spanish troops on the road to Naples. The episode

4620-413: The succession to the throne of the Habsburgs . The emperor also relinquished all claims to the Spanish throne and promised to support Spain in its attempts to regain Gibraltar . The ensuing Anglo-Spanish War stopped the ambitions of Elisabeth Farnese, and the marriage plans were abandoned with the signing of the Treaty of Seville on 9 November 1729. Provisions of the treaty did allow the Infante Charles

4697-412: The taxation of certain property of the clergy, the reduction of the number of the ecclesiastical, and the limitation of their immunity and autonomy of justice via the creation of a mixed tribunal. Charles was the seventh king of that name to rule Naples, but he never styled himself Charles VII. He was known simply as Charles of Bourbon (Italian: Carlo di Borbone ). This was intended to emphasize that he

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4774-434: The university were no longer exclusively theological. Following a conflict between the Franciscans and the secular clergy over the direction of the university, the house of study was renamed (by royal decree) to Royal University of Saint Charles and Our Lady of Monserrat. With this new name the university acquired the double title of Royal and Pontifical, and Monsignor Gregorio Funes was appointed president. With these changes,

4851-458: Was King of Spain in the years 1759 to 1788. He was also Duke of Parma and Piacenza , as Charles I (1731–1735); King of Naples , as Charles VII ; and King of Sicily , as Charles III (1735–1759). He was the fourth son of Philip V of Spain and the eldest son of Philip's second wife, Elisabeth Farnese . He was a proponent of enlightened absolutism and regalism . In 1731, the 15-year-old Charles became Duke of Parma and Piacenza following

4928-416: Was again revived and was poorly received by the French and his father in Spain. Charles's parents encouraged him to take arms as his brother Infante Felipe had done. After publishing a proclamation on 25 March 1744 reassuring its subjects, Charles took the command of an army against the Austrian armies of the prince of Lobkowitz , who were at that point marching for the Neapolitan border. In order to oppose

5005-495: Was captured "with humanity" and that the combat was only due to a general climate of courtesy between the two armies, often under the eyes of the Neapolitans that approached with curiosity The Spanish took the Carmine Castle on 10 April; Castel Sant'Elmo fell on 27 April; the Castel dell'Ovo on 4 May, and finally the Castel Nuovo on 6 May. This all occurred even though Charles had no military experience, seldom wore uniforms, and could only with difficulty be persuaded to witness

5082-433: Was concluded on 3 October 1735. However, the peace was not finalized until three years later with the Treaty of Vienna (1738) , ending the War of the Polish Succession . Naples and Sicily were ceded by Austria to Charles, who gave up Parma and Tuscany in return. (Charles had inherited Tuscany in 1737 on the death of Gian Gastone.) Tuscany went to Emperor Charles VI's son-in-law Francis Stephen , as compensation for ceding

5159-447: Was examined by many doctors without any confirmation of her pregnancy. As a result, the Second Treaty of Vienna on 22 July 1731 officially recognized the young Infante Charles as Duke of Parma and Piacenza. The duchy was occupied by Count Carlo Stampa, who served as the lieutenant of Parma for the young Charles. Charles was from then on known as HRH Don Charles of Spain (or Borbón), Duke of Parma and Piacenza, Infante of Spain . Since he

5236-425: Was later performed at the Teatro Farnese in the city. In 1733, the death of Augustus II , King of Poland , sparked a succession crisis in Poland. France supported one pretender, and Austria and Russia another. France and Savoy formed an alliance to acquire territory from Austria. Spain, which had allied with France in late 1733 (the Bourbon Compact ), also entered the conflict. Charles's mother, as regent, saw

5313-413: Was named his co-tutor and despite Charles being the second in line to inherit Tuscany, the Grand Duke still gave him a warm welcome. En route to Florence from Pisa , Charles was taken ill with smallpox . Charles made a grand entrance to the Medici capital of Florence on 9 March 1732 with a retinue of 250 people. He stayed with his host at the ducal residence, the Palazzo Pitti . Gian Gastone staged

5390-455: Was now known as the Colegio Maximo de Córdoba. The school did not yet have authority to confer degrees. This milestone would be soon reached; on August 8, 1621 Pope Gregory XV granted this authority by an official document, which arrived in the city in April 1622. With this authorization, and with the approval of the church hierarchy and the provincial head of the Jesuits, Pedro de Oñate, the university began its official existence. This also marks

5467-413: Was overlord of Tuscany and the nomination should have been his prerogative. Despite the celebrations, Elisabeth Farnese urged her son to go on to Parma, which he did in October 1732, where he was warmly greeted. On the front of the ducal palace in Parma was written Parma Resurget (Parma shall rise again). At the same time the play La Venuta di Ascanio in Italia was created by Carlo Innocenzo Frugoni . It

5544-472: Was perceived as a serious affront to the Bourbon court. Consequently, the Spanish and Neapolitan ambassadors left Rome, the seat of the papacy, while apostolic nuncios were dismissed from Madrid and Naples. The regiments of Bourbon troops invaded the Papal States. The threat was such that some of the gates of Rome were barred and the civil guard was doubled. Velletri was occupied and forced to pay 8000 crowns for

5621-624: Was still a minor, his maternal grandmother, Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg , was named regent. After a solemn ceremony in Seville, Charles was given the épée d'or ("sword of gold") by his father; the sword had been given to Philip V of Spain by his grandfather Louis XIV before his departure to Spain in 1700. Charles left Spain on 20 October 1731 and traveled overland to Antibes ; he then sailed to Tuscany , arriving at Livorno on 27 December 1731. His cousin Gian Gastone de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany ,

5698-490: Was the fifth surviving daughter of the Duke of Orléans. In 1726 Charles met Philippine Élisabeth for the first time; Elisabeth Farnese later wrote to the regent and his wife regarding their meeting: "I believe, that you will not be displeased to learn of her first interview with her little husband. They embraced very affectionately and kissed one another, and it appears to me that he does not displease her. Thus, since this evening they do not like to leave one another. She says

5775-563: Was the first King of Naples to live there, and to mark the discontinuity between him and previous rulers named Charles, specifically his predecessor, the Habsburg Charles VI . In Sicily, he was known as Charles III of Sicily and of Jerusalem , using the ordinal III rather than V . The Sicilian people had not recognized Charles I of Naples ( Charles d'Anjou ) as their sovereign (they rebelled against him), nor Emperor Charles, whom they also disliked. A preliminary peace with Austria

5852-504: Was unique in the fact that he was the first ruler of Naples to actually live there, after two centuries of viceroys. However, Austrian resistance had not yet been completely eliminated. The emperor had sent reinforcements to Naples directed by the Prince of Belmonte , which arrived at Bitonto . Spanish troops led by the Count of Montemar attacked the Austrians on 25 May 1734 at Bitonto, and achieved

5929-401: Was well prepared as the monarch of the Spanish Empire . His policies in Italy prefigured ones he would put in place in his 30-year rule of Spain. Charles succeeded to the Spanish throne in 1759 upon the death of his childless half-brother Ferdinand VI . As king of Spain, Charles III made far-reaching reforms to increase the flow of funds to the crown and defend against foreign incursions on

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