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45-499: Basotho prophet 'Mantsopa Makhetha was a cousin to King Moshoeshoe I , who banished her from the Kingdom when he suspected that her powers were greater than his. When she arrived at Modderpoort there were no houses and, according to legend, she stayed in a cave. In 1886 a group of men called The Brotherhood of St Augustine arrived at Modderpoort, and 'Mantsopa accommodated them in her cave. The missionaries decided to stay and they turned

90-462: A eulogy of Trajan considered fulsome by some scholars. Towards the end of the 3rd and during the 4th century, as a result of the orientalizing of the Imperial court by Diocletian , it became customary to celebrate as a matter of course the superhuman virtues and achievements of the reigning emperor , in a formally staged literary event. In 336, Eusebius of Caesarea gave a panegyric of Constantine

135-500: A Basotho-Taung army at the Battle of Viervoet . In October Moshoeshoe wrote to both Smith and Warden, explaining that he had acted in self-defense and intended to maintain cordial relations with the British. In February 1852, the British agreed to redraw the boundaries in the south-west and to cease colonial interference into inter-tribal conflicts in exchange for the restoration of the cattle

180-400: A central role in their lives and a man's wealth was measured by the number of cattle he possessed. In 1804, Mokhachane convened the initiation ceremony for Lepoqo and his agemates. The initiation school lasted for six months, during which Lepoqo was circumcised, learned the customs of his people, military tactics and ancient songs. He also composed praise poetry about himself and received

225-525: A compound of Ancient Greek : παν - 'all' (the form taken by the word πᾶν, neuter of πᾶς 'all', when that is used as a prefix) and the word Ancient Greek : ἄγυρις , romanized :  ágyris 'assembly' (an Aeolic dialect form, corresponding to the Attic or Ionic form Ancient Greek : ἀγορά , romanized :  agorá ). Compounded, these gave Ancient Greek : πανήγυρις , romanized :  panḗgyris 'general or national assembly, especially

270-445: A festival in honour of a god' and the derived adjective Ancient Greek : πανηγυρικός , romanized :  panēgyrikós 'of or for a public assembly or festival'. In Hellenistic Greek the noun came also to mean 'a festal oration, laudatory speech', and the adjective 'of or relating to a eulogy, flattering'. The noun Ancient Greek : πανήγυρις , romanized :  panḗgyris had been borrowed into Classical Latin by around

315-486: A leader. While it deprived him of some lands he had laid claim to, it also recognized his rule over various ethnic groups living in the region. In 1848, Cape governor Sir Harry Smith pressured Moshoeshoe into signing an agreement whereby he recognized British paramount authority over the lands north of the Orange River ; while retaining his traditional rights. The agreement also envisioned the creation of an alliance between

360-706: A minor chief of the Bamokoteli sub-clan of the Basotho people and his first wife Kholu. Kholu was the daughter of the Bafokeng clan chief Ntsukunyane and came from the area of the Butha-Buthe further north. The Bamokoteli numbered at most 4,000 people, they were an offshoot of the Koena tribe to whom they regularly paid tribute. Lepoqo's family lived in a small kraal near the Tlotsi stream,

405-610: A new name; Letlama, meaning "the Binder". As the chief's son Letlama became the leader of the other boys who underwent initiation with him, forming a strong personal bond with each one of them. Shortly after his graduation, Letlama led his band on a successful cattle raid against chief RaMonaheng's village. To commemorate the raid he composed another praise poem where he likened himself to "a razor which has shaved Ramonaheng's beard". Thereafter he became known as Moshoeshoe, meaning "the Shaver", after

450-500: A panegyric; he became court poet to Stilicho . Cassiodorus , magister officiorum of Theodoric the Great , left a book of panegyrics, the Laudes . One of his biographers, James O'Donnell, has described the genre thus: "It was to be expected that the praise contained in the speech would be excessive; the intellectual point of the exercise (and very likely an important criterion in judging it)

495-561: A temporary British retreat from the area. Fearing that a second British assault would result in his military defeat, Moshoeshoe sued for peace attaining favorable terms and restoring amicable relations with the British. In 1853, Moshoeshoe grew tired of Sekonyela's raiding, deciding to decisively deal with the Batlokoa. In November 1853, the Basotho army defeated the Batlakoa and their Koranna allies at

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540-546: A tributary of the Caledon River . Little is known about his childhood; however, he remained on good terms with his parents until their death. Around the age of six he began tending to the family's sheep and goats. Lepoqo had an older sister named MaTsouenyane as well as younger brothers named Makhabane and Posholi, and a younger sister named 'MaNtoetse. Mokhachane went on to marry over four other women and father other children. The Sotho people were keen pastoralists ; cattle played

585-529: Is named in his honour. South African-made shweshwe fabric is named for King Moshoeshoe I who once received a gift of it and then popularized it throughout his realm. Praise poetry A panegyric ( US : / ˌ p æ n ɪ ˈ dʒ ɪ r ɪ k / or UK : / ˌ p æ n ɪ ˈ dʒ aɪ r ɪ k / ) is a formal public speech or written verse, delivered in high praise of a person or thing . The original panegyrics were speeches delivered at public events in ancient Athens. The word originated as

630-633: The Bafokeng chief, Seephephe, who was chosen for him by his father. She became his senior wife assuming the name ’MaMohato with whom he had four sons and Letsie , Molapo, Masopha and Majara as well as a daughter named Mathe. Their relationship was described by visiting missionaries as deeply affectionate. ’MaMohato died in 1834 either due to complications during childbirth or due to a violent domestic argument stemming from an act of infidelity she had committed with one of Moshoeshoe's main councilors. Moshoeshoe practiced polygamy , he had 30 wives in 1833, with

675-546: The Paris Evangelical Missionary Society led by French missionaries Eugène Casalis and Thomas Arbousset  [ fr ] began setting their outposts in Basotho lands following Moshoeshoe's invitation. They promoted a combination of Christianity, Western civilization, and commerce. They saw Basotho customs linked to obligatory labor and the dependence of the population on their chiefs as evil. They sought to undermine them by promoting private property,

720-508: The famous speech of Pericles in Thucydides , also partook of the nature of panegyrics. The Romans generally confined the panegyric to the living—with the deceased receiving funeral orations instead. The most celebrated example of a Latin panegyric, however, is that delivered by the younger Pliny (AD 100) in the Senate on the occasion of his assumption of the consulship , which contained

765-541: The onomatopoeic Sesotho word for the sound made by the razor shaving. As a young man Moshoeshoe continued to lead his band into cattle raids, becoming notable for his skill in seizing cattle. He was ambitious but also known for his short temper, once killing a follower for milking one of his cows without his approval. Moshoeshoe and his followers, mostly the Bakoena Bamokoteli, some Bafokeng from his maternal side and other relations as well as some clans including

810-540: The Amazizi, established his village at Butha-Buthe, where his settlement and reign coincided with the growth in power of the well-known Zulu King, Shaka and what is now known as the 'time of troubles' (previously known as ' Difaqane '). During the early 19th century Shaka raided many smaller chiefdoms along the eastern coast of Southern Africa (modern day Kwa-Zulu Natal ), incorporating parts of them into his steadily growing Zulu chiefdom. Various small clans were forced to flee

855-500: The Basotho caused a defeat in the two wars that followed, which lasted until 1868. In 1866, the two sides signed the Treaty of Thaba Bosiu , whereby Moshoeshoe ceded most of his kingdom's arable land to the Boers. Hostilities resumed soon afterwards and the Boers began employing a scorched earth policy, leading to starvation among the Basotho. Fearing that the destruction of the Basotho people

900-487: The Basotho had stolen since September 1850. Negotiations fell through and Smith's replacement Major-General Sir George Cathcart was waiting for the hostilities with the Xhosa to wane before launching a punitive expedition against the Basotho. On 20 December 1852, a British expeditionary forced clashed with the Basotho in the Battle of Berea . A combination of poor British planning and determined Basotho resistance resulted in

945-529: The Basotho managed to either capture or acquire horses and guns of their own, and began stockpiling gunpowder. By 1843, Moshoeshoe had accumulated more horses and guns than any other chieftain in South Africa. Nevertheless, most of the guns in Basotho possession were outdated flintlocks , which had flooded the South African market after the introduction of percussion lock muskets. In 1833, missionaries from

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990-413: The Basotho were more to blame for the continuous inter tribal warfare in the region. Warden began delineating borders between the various tribes in the north-east frontier, ignoring Moshoeshoe's long standing claims to several territories in the process. Moshoeshoe believed that the British had failed to protect him against Batlakoa and Boer encroachment, while many of his subjects accused him of cowardice in

1035-718: The British and the Basotho. A series of similar ambiguously worded treaties with local African tribes effectively established the Orange River Sovereignty . In the north-east, the Basotho and their Taung allies regularly engaged in tit for tat cattle raids against their old enemies the Batlokoa of Kgosi Sekonyela and the Koranna of Gert Taaibosch. The British Resident in the Orange River Sovereignty Major Henry Douglas Warden believed that

1080-613: The Byzantine Empire. Persian language panegyric poems from the Middle Ages contain details on the life of court poets and their patrons, and shed light on contemporary attitudes and matters of political and military interest such as Farrukhi Sistani 's qasida on Ghaznavid ruler Mahmud of Ghazni 's incursion against the Somnath temple . Poems were composed for festivals like Eid al-Fitr , Nowruz and Mihragan . Some poems depicted

1125-618: The French word, but no doubt with cognisance of its Latin and Greek origins. In Athens such speeches were delivered at national festivals or games , with the object of rousing the citizens to emulate the glorious deeds of their ancestors . The most famous are the Olympiacus of Gorgias , the Olympiacus of Lysias , and the Panegyricus and Panathenaicus (neither of them, however, actually delivered) of Isocrates . Funeral orations, such as

1170-418: The Great on the 30th year of his reign, in which he broke from tradition by celebrating the piety of the emperor, rather than his secular achievements. A well-delivered, elegant and witty panegyric became a vehicle for an educated but inexperienced young man to attract desirable attention in a competitive sphere. The poet Claudian came to Rome from Alexandria before about 395 and made his first reputation with

1215-563: The Natal administration and believing that the Cape Colony was not yet ready to absorb the new territory, Wodehouse disregarded those instructions. He blocked the supply of ammunition to the Free State and on 12 March 1868 proclaimed Basotho land to be a royal dominion. Moshoeshoe died on 11 March 1870 and was succeeded by his oldest son Letsie I . In 1810, Moshoeshoe married ’Mamabela, daughter of

1260-617: The Zulu chief. An era of great wars of calamity followed, known as the time of troubles/ Difaqane . It was marked by aggression against the Sotho people by the invading Nguni clans . The attacks also forced Moshoeshoe to move his settlement to the Qiloane plateau . The name was later changed to Thaba Bosiu or "mountain at night" because it was believed to grow during the night and shrink during day. It proved to be an impassable stronghold against enemies. By

1305-554: The battle of Khoro-e-Betloa, subsequently seizing their stronghold of Jwalaboholo. The bulk of the Batlakoa either scattered or joined the Basotho. The British pulled out of the region in 1854, causing the formation of the Boer Orange Free State . In 1858, hostilities broke out between the Basotho and the Orange Free State. Initially achieving a victory in the first war, inferiority in both marksmanship and materiel of

1350-458: The cave into a chapel. 'Mantsopa later joined the church and was baptised and given the name Anna. 'Mantsopa's grave continues to be visited and offerings are still placed on or near it. The 2001 census divided the municipality into the following main places : The municipal council consists of eighteen members elected by mixed-member proportional representation . Nine councillors are elected by first-past-the-post voting in nine wards , while

1395-495: The children produced from such encounters were considered to be his. Moshoeshoe Day is an annual national holiday in Lesotho celebrated on 11 March, the date of Moshoeshoe's death. Celebrations include the laying of wreaths on Moshoeshoe's grave at Thaba Bosiu by a delegation led by Lesotho's monarch, a celebratory parade and other entertainment activities. The Moshoeshoe I International Airport , Lesotho's only international airport

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1440-704: The commodization of production and closer economic ties with European settlers. In 1843, Moshoeshoe signed a treaty with the governor of the British Cape Colony Sir George Napier , whereby the British recognized the Basuto as their allies. The Basotho were tasked with countering Boer incursions into the Cape during the course of the Great Trek , receiving an annual grant of 75 £ in money or ammunition. The Napier Treaty greatly increased Moshoeshoe's status as

1485-786: The continent's numerous ethnic groups, and are usually also tied to tribal spirituality . Examples include Oriki amongst the Yoruba people , Isibongo amongst the Zulu people , and Iziduko amongst the Xhosa people . The custom of panegyrics addressed to monarchs was revived in the Baroque period , though there do exist Renaissance examples such as Bruni's Laudatio florentinae urbis to Florence of 1403, and Erasmus 's Panegyricus , first published in 1504. Thus, in 1660 , several panegyrics were published by English poets in honour of Charles II of England coming to power. Another significant work includes

1530-449: The face of British oppression. On 25 June 1851, Warden demanded that the Basuto restore cattle and horses to the victims of their past cattle raids. Warden had assembled a mixed force of British, Boer and African troops numbering approximately 2,500 men at Platberg. On 28 June, Warden moved his force against the Taung in an effort to seize stolen cattle. On 30 June, Warden's force was defeated by

1575-594: The heat of the sun./I have laid the foundations of a high palace of poetry which will not be damaged by wind and rain." This is similar to the grandiose claims of the Roman poet Horace who says, in an address to the Emperor Augustus , that his poetry was more lasting than bronze and grander than the pyramids . African oral tradition includes panegyric customs such as praise names and praise poetry. Often these customs serve mnemonic and genealogical functions within

1620-556: The latter part of the 19th century, Moshoeshoe established the nation of the Basotho , in Basutoland . He was popularly known as Morena e Moholo/morena oa Basotho (Great King/King of the Basotho). In the 1820s, the Basotho faced a number of cattle raids from the Koranna . It was during this time that they first encountered horses and guns in a combat setting. After a number of initial setbacks,

1665-403: The number rising to 140 in 1865. The names of 17 of them have been traced. Polygamy allowed Moshoeshoe to both forge alliances with other chiefs and increase his wealth as his subjects were expected to cultivate his wives' field per Sotho custom. Despite the presence of his other wives, he considered himself a widower following ’MaMohato's death. Only the children from his first marriage constituted

1710-602: The patron as a hero in a battle between Islam and infidels . Wars against Muslims required additional explanations and some poems by Farrukhi and Mu'izzi advocated in favor of Mahmud's capture of Rayy and Ahmad Sanjar 's attacks against the Ghaznavid ruler Arslan-Shah in 1117. These poems are important sources for the Great Seljuq period from which few records survive. In a panegyric poem address to Mahmud of Ghazna, Firdausi said: "Noble buildings are ruined by rain and by

1755-626: The remaining nine are chosen from party lists so that the total number of party representatives is proportional to the number of votes received. In the election of 1 November 2021 the African National Congress (ANC) won a majority of eleven seats on the council. The following table shows the results of the election. 29°11′40″S 27°27′22″E  /  29.19444°S 27.45611°E  / -29.19444; 27.45611 Moshoeshoe I Moshoeshoe I ( / m ʊ ˈ ʃ w ɛ ʃ w ɛ / ) ( c.  1786 – 11 March 1870)

1800-676: The royal line of descent. Apart from ’MaMohato, only ‘Maneko a second ranking wife wielded considerable influence in the household. Similarly to the principal wife second ranking wives were women of power, who had separate houses, herds of cattle, fields and servants. Their sons were expected to take important positions in the kingdom. Moshoeshoe's third ranking wives were assigned to the houses of more senior wives where they acted as servants. Unlike more senior wives they did not cohabit with their husband and their condition bordered on slavery. Foreign visitors and Moshoeshoe's subjects were allowed to have sexual relationships with his third ranking wives, yet

1845-537: The second century CE, as panēgyris 'festival' (in post-Classical usage also 'general assembly'). Correspondingly, Classical Latin also included the adjective panēgyricus , which appears meaning 'laudatory', but also came to function as a noun, meaning 'public eulogy'. These words inspired similar formations in European languages in the early modern period, such as French panégyrique , attested by 1512. The English noun and adjective panegyric seems to have been borrowed from

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1890-477: Was born under the name Lepoqo in the village of Menkhoaneng in the north of modern day Lesotho . The precise year of his birth remains unknown, estimates range from 1780 to 1794; 1786 being the most commonly agreed upon date. His name's literal translation is Dispute, originated from accusations of witchcraft which were levied on a man in Menkhoaneng around the time of his birth. He was the first son of Mokhachane,

1935-618: Was imminent, Moshoeshoe, his sons and local missionaries began appealing to British High Commissioner for Southern Africa Sir Philip Wodehouse and the Colony of Natal for protection. Although initially reluctant to intervene, the British were worried by the disruption in trade caused by the war and the possibility of Boer expansion to the Pondoland coast. In December 1867, the Colonial Office approved Basotholand's annexation by Natal. Distrusting

1980-554: Was the first king of Lesotho . He was the first son of Mokhachane , a minor chief of the Bamokoteli lineage, a branch of the Koena (crocodile) clan. In his youth, he helped his father gain power over some other smaller clans. At the age of 34 Moshoeshoe formed his own clan and became a chief. He and his followers settled at the Butha-Buthe Mountain. He became the first and longest-serving King of Lesotho in 1822. Moshoeshoe

2025-648: Was to see how excessive the praise could be made while remaining within boundaries of decorum and restraint, how much high praise could be made to seem the grudging testimony of simple honesty". In the Byzantine Empire , the basilikos logos was a formal panegyric for an emperor delivered on an important occasion. Panegyric poems were a major literary form among the Arabs. Writing in the Arabic language, Al-Mutanabbi wrote about Sayf al-Dawla 's celebrated campaign against

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