88-524: Manolo Sanlúcar (born Manuel Muñoz Alcón , 24 November 1943 – 27 August 2022) was a Spanish flamenco composer and guitarist. He was considered one of the most important Spanish composers of recent times, and together with Paco de Lucía , Tomatito , and Vicente Amigo , one of the main figures in the evolution of the flamenco guitar. Sanlúcar's teacher was his father, Isidro Sanlúcar, a baker and old-style guitarist, who frequently came home with people who were fond of cante and playing; from his childhood he
176-576: A Manchu translation of the Bible completed, Borrow returned to Norwich in September 1835. In his report to the Bible Society he wrote: I quitted that country, and am compelled to acknowledge, with regret. I went thither prejudiced against that country, the government and the people; the first is much more agreeable than is generally supposed; the second is seemingly the best adapted for so vast an empire; and
264-400: A branch of music in flamenco that allows very profound musical analysis and has extraordinary poetic and musical quality". Discussing it further, he later declared, "Flamenco is a philosophy, the way of thinking and feeling of a whole people and its historical tradition. That is why I feel the need to tell more things about flamenco with other sounds and I take to the orchestra and try to get
352-445: A central place. Also the recording company Nuevos Medios released many musicians under the label nuevo flamenco and this denomination has grouped musicians very different from each other like Rosario Flores , daughter of Lola Flores , or the renowned singer Malú , niece of Paco de Lucía and daughter of Pepe de Lucía, who despite sympathizing with flamenco and keeping it in her discography has continued with her personal style. However,
440-633: A change in its music and new rhythms are re-emerging together with new artists who are experimenting to cover a wider audience that wants to maintain the closeness that flamenco has transmitted for decades. The state of New Mexico, located in the southwest of the United States maintains a strong identity with Flamenco culture. The University of New Mexico located in Albuquerque offers a graduate degree program in Flamenco. Flamenco performances are widespread in
528-425: A creative impulse to flamenco that would mean its definitive break with Mairena's conservatism. When both artists undertook their solo careers, Camarón became a mythical cantaor for his art and personality, with a legion of followers, while Paco de Lucía reconfigured the entire musical world of flamenco, opening up to new influences, such as Brazilian music, Arabic and jazz and introducing new musical instruments such as
616-553: A crucible where flamenco art was configured. Locals learned the cantes, while reinterpreting the Andalusian folk songs in their own style, expanding the repertoire. Likewise, the taste of the public contributed to configure the flamenco genre, unifying its technique and its theme. Flamenquismo , defined by the Royal Spanish Academy as a "fondness for flamenco art and customs", is a conceptual catch-all where flamenco singing and
704-403: A dance belongs to the Flamenco genre are the presence of a Flamenco mode (musical tonality), compas , and a Flamenco performer (Martinez, 2003). These three elements contribute to the authenticity of a Flamenco performance also known as flamencura (Martinez, 2003). There is also no such thing as a passive audience during Flamenco performances [ participatory music ]. The audience joins in
792-456: A fondness for bullfighting, among other traditional Spanish elements, fit. These customs were strongly attacked by the generation of 98, all of its members being "anti-flamenco", with the exception of the Machado brothers, Manuel and Antonio. Being Sevillians and sons of the folklorist Demófilo Machado, the brothers had a more complex view of the matter. The greatest standard bearer of anti-flamenquism
880-601: A kindness." Borrow had a lifelong empathy with nomadic people such as the Romany (or Gypsy) people, especially Romany music , dance and customs. He became so familiar with the Romany language as to publish a dictionary of it. In the summer of 1835, he visited Russian Roma camped outside Moscow. His impressions formed part of the opening chapter of his The Zincali : or an account of the Gypsies of Spain (1841). With his mission of supervising
968-415: A major 3rd degree ), in addition to the major and minor scales commonly used in modern Western music. The Phrygian mode occurs in palos such as soleá , most bulerías , siguiriyas , tangos and tientos . A typical chord sequence , usually called the " Andalusian cadence " may be viewed as in a modified Phrygian: in E the sequence is Am–G–F–E ( Manuel 2006 , 96). According to Manolo Sanlúcar E
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#17328697055291056-490: A modern art form from the convergence of the urban subaltern groups, Gitano communities, and journeyman of Andalusia that formed the marginalized Flamenco artistic working class who established Flamenco as a singular art form, marked from the beginning by the Gitano brand. Andalusia was the origin and cradle of the early Flamenco cantaores and of the three or four dozen Gitano families who created and cultivated Flamenco. During
1144-475: A purity that never existed in an art that was characterized by mixture and the personal innovation of its creators. Apart from this failure, with the Generation of '27 , whose most eminent members were Andalusians and therefore knew the genre first-hand, the recognition of flamenco by intellectuals began. At that time, there were already flamenco recordings related to Christmas, which can be divided into two groups:
1232-434: A scenic artistic genre; for this reason, they were concerned, since they believed that the massive triumph of flamenco would end its purest and deepest roots. To remedy this, they organized a cante jondo contest in which only amateurs could participate and in which festive cantes (such as cantiñas) were excluded, which Falla and Lorca did not consider jondos, but flamencos. The jury was chaired by Antonio Chacón, who at that time
1320-507: A sprinkling of foreigners... is strictly Spanish, though a considerable portion are not natives of the place. Here are no colonies of Germans , as at Saint Petersburg; no English factories, as at Lisbon; no multitudes of insolent Yankees lounging through the streets, as at the Havannah , with an air which seems to say, the land is our own whenever we choose to take it; but a population which, however strange or wild, and composed of various elements,
1408-495: A wedge of purity in her cante make her part of this select group of established artists. Other singers with their own style include Cancanilla de Marbella . In 2011 this style became known in India thanks to María del Mar Fernández , who acts in the video clip of the film You Live Once, entitled Señorita. The film was seen by more than 73 million viewers. In the 1980s a new generation of flamenco artists emerged who had been influenced by
1496-450: A widow with a grown-up daughter called Henrietta, and a small estate at Oulton, Suffolk near Lowestoft . There Borrow began to write his books. The Zincali (1841) was moderately successful and The Bible in Spain (1843) was a huge success, making Borrow a celebrity overnight, but the eagerly awaited Lavengro (1851) and The Romany Rye (1857) puzzled many readers, who were not sure how much
1584-472: A year prior to Borrow's account, there already existed a Gitano party in Madrid that was clearly identified as Flamenco. This equivalency between Gitano and Flamenco is also noted by Manuel Fernández y González , Demófilo , and the scholar Irving Brown who stated in 1938 that "Flamenco is simply another term for Gitano, with special connotations." The origins of the term lie in the sociological prejudice towards
1672-546: Is Spanish, and will remain so as long as the city itself shall exist. Borrow translated the Gospel of Luke into the Romani and Basque languages. These were published in 1838, but both translations were banned for personal sale, with only public libraries being permitted copies. In 1840 Borrow's career with the British and Foreign Bible Society came to an end, and he married Mary Clarke,
1760-448: Is actually synonymous with Cantador (professional singer) in reference to the group of Flemish singers brought by Spanish King Carlos I in 1516. Another hypothesis that is not widely accepted is the Arabist theory of Blas Infante , which presents in his book Orígenes de lo flamenco (Origins of flamenco) , Flamenco as a phonetic deformation of Arabic fellah-mengu (runaway laborer) or
1848-669: Is buried with his wife in Brompton Cemetery , London. Borrow was said to be a man of striking appearance and deeply original character. Although he failed to find critical acclaim in his lifetime, modern reviewers often praise his eccentric and cheerful style – "one of the most unusual people to have written in English in the last two hundred years" according to one. In 1913, the Lord Mayor of Norwich bought Borrow's house in Willow Lane. It
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#17328697055291936-548: Is here the tonic , F has the harmonic function of dominant while Am and G assume the functions of subdominant and mediant respectively ( Torres Cortés 2001 ). George Borrow George Henry Borrow (5 July 1803 – 26 July 1881) was an English writer of novels and of travel based on personal experiences in Europe. His travels gave him a close affinity with the Romani people of Europe, who figure strongly in his work. His best-known books are The Bible in Spain and
2024-527: Is not the only successful case, the Granada-born Dellafuente , C. Tangana , MAKA , RVFV, Demarco Flamenco, Maria Àrnal and Marcel Bagés, El Niño de Elche, Sílvia Pérez Cruz ; Califato 3/4, Juanito Makandé, Soledad Morente, María José Llergo o Fuel Fandango are only a few of the new spanish musical scene that includes flamenco in their music. It seems that the Spanish music scene is experiencing
2112-481: The Calé Romani people of Jerez during the 19th century, originally as a fast, upbeat ending to soleares or alegrias . It is among the most popular and dramatic of the flamenco forms and often ends any flamenco gathering, often accompanied by vigorous dancing and tapping. There are three fundamental elements which can help define whether or not something really is flameco: A flamenco mode -or musical tonality-;
2200-459: The Farruca , for example, once a male dance, is now commonly performed by women too. There are many ways to categorize Palos but they traditionally fall into three classes: the most serious is known as cante jondo (or cante grande ), while lighter, frivolous forms are called Cante Chico . Forms that do not fit either category are classed as Cante Intermedio ( Pohren 2005 , 68). These are
2288-504: The Faust legend, entitled Faustus, his Life, Death and Descent into Hell , first published in St Petersburg in 1791. In his translation, Borrow altered the name of one city, so making one passage of the legend read: They found the people of the place modelled after so unsightly a pattern, with such ugly figures and flat features that the devil owned he had never seen them equalled, except by
2376-462: The Romani people . The Indo-Pakistani scales of Flamenco were introduced to Andalusia by the Romani migrations from Northern India . These Roma migrants also brought bells, and an extensive repertoire of songs and dances. Upon arrival to Andalusia in the 15th century, they were exposed to the rich Arab-Andalusian music culture, itself a hybrid of Spanish music tradition going back to the 8th century with
2464-460: The Spanish War of Independence (1808–1812), a feeling of racial pride developed in the Spanish conscience, in opposition to the "gallified" "Afrancesados" - Spaniards who were influenced by French culture and the idea of the enlightenment. In this context, gitanos were seen as an ideal embodiment of Spanish culture and the emergence of the bullfighting schools of Ronda and Seville , the rise of
2552-438: The compás -rhythm- and the performer. .. who should be a Flamenco! All three of these elements: tonality, compás , a flamenco performer and then something less easily identifiable- Flamencura - must be present together if we are to wend up with a piece of music which can be labelled 'flamenco'. By themselves, these elements won't turn a piece of music into flamenco. Three fundamental elements that help define whether or not
2640-569: The 1850s, moving to London in the 1860s. Borrow visited the Romanichal encampments in Wandsworth and Battersea , and wrote one more book, Romano Lavo-Lil, a wordbook of the Anglo-Romany dialect (1874). Mary Borrow died in 1869, and in 1874 he returned to Lowestoft, where he was later joined by his stepdaughter Henrietta and her husband, who looked after him until his death there on 26 July 1881. He
2728-464: The 1860s-70s this versatility was exemplified through its use to refer to a musical style and a certain aesthetic, manners, and way of life that were perceived to be Gitano. At that time, Flamenco was not a strict genre but a way of performing music in a Gitano-Andalusian style. There are hypotheses that point to the influence on flamenco of types of dance from the Indian subcontinent; the place of origin of
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2816-1207: The Albuquerque and Santa Fe communities, with the National institute of Flamenco sponsoring an annual festival, as well as a variety of professional flamenco performances offered at various locales. Emmy Grimm, known by her stage name La Emi is a professional Flamenco dancer and native to New Mexico who performs as well as teaches Flamenco in Santa Fe. She continues studying her art by traveling to Spain to work intensively with Carmela Greco and La Popi, as well as José Galván, Juana Amaya, Yolanda Heredia, Ivan Vargas Heredia, Torombo and Rocio Alcaide Ruiz. Palos (formerly known as cantes ) are flamenco styles, classified by criteria such as rhythmic pattern, mode , chord progression , stanzaic form and geographic origin. There are over 50 different palos , some are sung unaccompanied while others have guitar or other accompaniment. Some forms are danced while others are not. Some are reserved for men and others for women while some may be performed by either, though these traditional distinctions are breaking down:
2904-534: The Bandidos and Vaqueros led to a taste for Andalusian romantic culture which triumphed in the Madrid court. At this time there is evidence of disagreements due to the introduction of innovations in art. In 1881 Silverio Franconetti opened the first flamenco singer café in Seville. In Silverio's café the cantaores were in a very competitive environment, which allowed the emergence of the professional cantaor and served as
2992-671: The Cordovan poet Ricardo Molina and the Sevillian cantaor Antonio Mairena published Alalimón Mundo y Formas del Cante flamenco , which has become a must-have reference work. For a long time the Mairenistas postulates were considered practically unquestionable, until they found an answer in other authors who elaborated the "Andalusian thesis", which defended that flamenco was a genuinely Andalusian product, since it had been developed entirely in this region and because its styles basic ones derived from
3080-494: The Peruvian cajon, the transverse flute, etc. Other leading performers in this process of formal flamenco renewal were Juan Peña El Lebrijano , who married flamenco with Andalusian music, and Enrique Morente , who throughout his long artistic career has oscillated between the purism of his first recordings and the crossbreeding with rock, or Remedios Amaya from Triana , cultivator of a unique style of tangos from Extremadura, and
3168-570: The Roma who were seen as ruffians and cocky troublemakers by the Spaniards and were thus associated with the 18th century German colonists of the Sierra Morena who formed groups of urban Bohemians that lived outside the law and were seen as idle and lazy. Other less successful hypotheses include those of Felipe Pedrell and Carlos Alemendros who state that while the term Flamenco is Spanish for Flemish, it
3256-641: The United Kingdom. Having a military father, Borrow grew up at various army posts. In the autumn of 1815, he accompanied the regiment to Clonmel in Ireland, where he attended the Protestant Academy and learned to read Latin and Greek "from a nice old clergyman". He was also introduced to the Irish language by a fellow student named Murtagh, who tutored him in return for a pack of playing cards . In keeping with
3344-516: The academic methodology of musicology to it and served as the basis for subsequent studies on this genre. As a result, in 1956 the National Contest of Cante Jondo de Córdoba was organized and in 1958 the first flamencology chair was founded in Jerez de la Frontera, the oldest academic institution dedicated to the study, research, conservation, promotion and defense of the flamenco art. Likewise, in 1963
3432-693: The barracks there. He was educated at the Royal High School of Edinburgh and Norwich Grammar School . Borrow studied law, but languages and literature became his main interests. In 1825, he began his first major European journey, walking in France and Germany. Over the next few years he visited Russia, Portugal, Spain and Morocco , acquainting himself with the people and languages of countries he visited. After his marriage on 23 April 1840, he settled in Lowestoft , Suffolk, but continued to travel inside and outside
3520-461: The bata de cola with evening dresses. Her facet in the "Fandangos de Huelva" and in the Alegrías was recognized internationally for her perfect voice tessitura in these genres. She used to be accompanied in her concerts by guitarists Enrique de Melchor and Tomatito , not only at the national level but in countries like Colombia, Venezuela and Puerto Rico. The musical representative José Antonio Pulpón
3608-752: The best known palos ( Anon. 2019 ; Anon. 2012 ): The alegrías are thought to derive from the Aragonese jota, which took root in Cadiz during the Peninsular war and the establishment of the Cortes de Cadiz. That is why its classic lyrics contain so many references to the Virgen del Pilar, the Ebro River and Navarra. Enrique Butrón is considered to have formalized the current flamenco style of alegrías and Ignacio Espeleta who introduced
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3696-424: The book Las Cartas Marruecas (The Moroccan Letters) by José Cadalso . The development of flamenco over the past two centuries is well documented: "the theatre movement of sainetes (one-act plays) and tonadillas , popular song books and song sheets, customs, studies of dances, and toques , perfection, newspapers, graphic documents in paintings and engravings. ... in continuous evolution together with rhythm,
3784-422: The cante ( Manuel 2006 , 98). In some palos, these falsetas are played with a specific structure too; for example, the typical sevillanas is played in an AAB pattern, where A and B are the same falseta with only a slight difference in the ending ( Martin 2002 , 48). Flamenco uses the flamenco mode (which can also be described as the modern Phrygian mode ( modo frigio ), or a harmonic version of that scale with
3872-498: The characteristic "tiriti, tran, tran...". Some of the best known interpreters of alegrías are Enrique el Mellizo, Chato de la Isla, Pinini, Pericón de Cádiz, Aurelio Sellés, La Perla de Cádiz, Chano Lobato and El Folli. One of the structurally strictest forms of flamenco, a traditional dance in alegrías must contain each of the following sections: a salida (entrance), paseo (walkaround), silencio (similar to an adagio in ballet), castellana (upbeat section) zapateado (Literally "a tap of
3960-427: The discussion between the difference of flamenco and new flamenco in Spain has just gained strength during since 2019 due to the success of new flamenco attracting the taste of the youngest Spanish fans but also in the international musical scene emphasizing the problem of how should we call this new musical genre mixed with flamenco. One of these artist who has reinvented flamenco is Rosalía , an indisputable name on
4048-499: The end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century, a number of factors led to rise in Spain of a phenomenon known as "Costumbrismo Andaluz" or "Andalusian Mannerism". In 1783 Carlos III promulgated a pragmatics that regulated the social situation of the Gitanos . This was a momentous event in the history of Spanish gitanos who, after centuries of marginalization and persecution, saw their legal situation improve substantially. After
4136-512: The establishment of Al-Andalus , which brought in traditions and music from the Arabian peninsula , Northern Africa and Sephardic features. Some of the instruments associated with Flamenco and Spanish folklore in different regions today, are the wooden castanets and tambourines , both believed to originate during the Al Andalus period. This centuries-long period of cultural intermingling, formed
4224-530: The fact that many of the interpreters of this new music are also renowned cantaores, in the case of José Mercé , El Cigala , and others, has led to labeling everything they perform as flamenco, although the genre of their songs differs quite a bit from the classic flamenco. This has generated very different feelings, both for and against. Other contemporary artists of that moment were O'Funkillo and Ojos de Brujo , Arcángel, Miguel Poveda , Mayte Martín , Marina Heredia, Estrella Morente or Manuel Lombo, etc. But
4312-464: The first Antología del Cante Flamenco, a sound recording that was a great shock to its time, dominated by orchestrated cante and, consequently, mystified. In 1955, the Argentine intellectual Anselmo González Climent published an essay called "Flamencología", whose title he baptized the "set of knowledge, techniques, etc., on flamenco singing and dancing." This book dignified the study of flamenco by applying
4400-583: The folklore of Andalusia. They also maintained that the Andalusian Gitanos had contributed decisively to their formation, highlighting the exceptional nature of flamenco among gypsy music and dances from other parts of Spain and Europe. The unification of the Gitanos and Andalusian thesis has ended up being the most accepted today. In short, between the 1950s and 1970s, flamenco went from being a mere show to also becoming an object of study. Flamenco became one of
4488-483: The foot") and bulerías . This structure though, is not followed when alegrías are sung as a standalone song (with no dancing). In that case, the stanzas are combined freely, sometimes together with other types of cantiñas . Alegrías has a rhythm consisting of 12 beats. It is similar to Soleares . Its beat emphasis is as follows: 1 2 [3] 4 5 [6] 7 [8] 9 [10] 11 [12] . Alegrías originated in Cádiz . Alegrías belongs to
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#17328697055294576-506: The former museum in Willow Lane, Norwich. In December 2011, a plaque was unveiled on a house, 16, Calle Santiago, Madrid, where he lived from 1836 to 1840. George Borrow Road, a residential crescent in the west of Norwich, is named after him. There is a George Borrow Hotel in Ponterwyd near Aberystwyth . A pub in Dereham is named The Romany Rye after one of his principal works. A ketch ,
4664-416: The great composers of our time include: Fantasía para guitarra y orquesta, Trebujena, Medea and Soleá , showing his attempts to merge his primary focus in music, and which toured the world as a ballet; Tauromagia or Aljibe . Some of them were recorded. "I wish the experts in universal music to understand that they may approach flamenco, so they do not consider it something tribal and topical, so they see
4752-436: The group of palos called Cantiñas and it is usually played in a lively rhythm (120–170 beats per minute). The livelier speeds are chosen for dancing, while quieter rhythms are preferred for the song alone. Bulerías a fast flamenco rhythm made up of a 12 beat cycle with emphasis in two general forms as follows: [12] 1 2 [3] 4 5 [6] 7 [8] 9 [10] 11 or [12] 1 2 [3] 4 5 6 [7] [8] 9 [10] 11. It originated among
4840-551: The humiliations to which they were being subjected by the National Party: Bando Nacional : Corruco de Algeciras , Chaconcito , El Carbonerillo , El Chato De Las Ventas , Vallejito , Rita la Cantaora , Angelillo , Guerrita are some of them. In the postwar period and the first years of the Franco regime , the world of flamenco was viewed with suspicion, as the authorities were not clear that this genre contributed to
4928-636: The inhabitants of an English town, called Norwich, when dressed in their Sunday's best. For this lampooning of Norwich society, the Norwich public subscription library burned his first publication. As a linguist adept at acquiring new languages, Borrow informed the British and Foreign Bible Society , "I possess some acquaintance with the Russian, being able to read without much difficulty any printed Russian book." He left Norwich for St Petersburg on 13 August 1833. Borrow
5016-628: The international music scene. "Pienso en tu mirá", "Di mi nombre" or the song that catapulted her to fame, "Malamente", are a combination of styles that includes a flamenco/south Spain traditional musical base. Rosalía has broken the limits of this musical genre by embracing other urban rhythms, but has also created a lot of controversy about which genre is she using. The Catalan artist has been awarded several Latin Grammy Awards and MTV Video Music Awards , which also, at just 30 years old, garners more than 40 million monthly listeners on Spotify . But it
5104-483: The merits of German literature, including Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 's The Sorrows of Young Werther . Taylor confessed himself to be no admirer of either The Sorrows of Young Werther or its author, but he stated, "It is good to be a German [for] the Germans are the most philosophical people in the world." With Taylor's encouragement, Borrow embarked on his first translation, Friedrich Maximilian Klinger 's version of
5192-449: The mythical cantaor Camarón, Paco de Lucía, Morente, etc. These artists were interested in popular urban music, which in those years was renewing the Spanish music scene, it was the time of the Movida madrileña . Among them are " Pata Negra ", who fused flamenco with blues and rock, Ketama , of pop and Cuban inspiration and Ray Heredia, creator of his own musical universe where flamenco occupies
5280-411: The national conscience. However, the regime soon ended up adopting flamenco as one of the quintessential Spanish cultural manifestations. The singers who have survived the war go from stars to almost outcasts, singing for the young men in the private rooms of the brothels in the center of Seville where they have to adapt to the whims of aristocrats, soldiers and businessmen who have become rich. In short,
5368-590: The novels Lavengro and The Romany Rye , set in his time with the English Romanichal (Gypsies). Borrow was born at East Dereham , Norfolk, the son of Thomas Borrow (1758–1824), an army recruiting officer, and Ann Perfrement (1772–1858), a farmer's daughter. His father, a lieutenant with the West Norfolk Militia , was quartered at the prisoner-of-war camp at Norman Cross from July 1811 to April 1813, and George spent his ninth and tenth years in
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#17328697055295456-510: The oldest and most sober styles from the stage, in favor of lighter airs, such as cantiñas , los cantes de ida y vuelta and fandangos , of which many personal versions were created. The purist critics attacked this lightness of the cantes, as well as the use of falsete and the gaitero style. In the line of purism, the poet Federico García Lorca and the composer Manuel de Falla had the idea of concurso de cante jondo en Granada en 1922. Both artists conceived of flamenco as folklore, not as
5544-557: The orchestra to play siguiriyas , but take note, not for the orchestra to accompany siguiriyas and a singer, but for the orchestra to take on the feeling of the flamenco and, as if it were a sole instrument, to tell that spirit and magic sound of flamenco". Sanlúcar also composed a sort of flamenco opera on an idea by Lebrijano , to be played on the stage, although it was produced: Ven y Sígueme . Two of his most critically acclaimed records are Tauromagia (1988), and Locura de Brisa y Trino . (2000) He performed in some films. Sanlúcar
5632-446: The performance by clapping their hands and even sometimes singing along (Totton, 2003). A typical flamenco recital with voice and guitar accompaniment comprises a series of pieces (not exactly "songs") in different palos. Each song is a set of verses (called copla , tercio , or letras ), punctuated by guitar interludes ( falsetas ). The guitarist also provides a short introduction setting the tonality, compás (see below) and tempo of
5720-530: The period of the flamenco opera was a time open to creativity and that definitely made up most of the flamenco repertoire. It was the Golden Age of this genre, with figures such as Antonio Chacón , Manuel Vallejo Manuel Vallejo [ es ; fr ] , Manuel Torre , La Niña de los Peines , Pepe Marchena and Manolo Caracol . Starting in the 1950s, abundant anthropological and musicological studies on flamenco began to be published. In 1954 Hispavox published
5808-647: The poetic stanzas, and the ambiance." On 16 November 2010, UNESCO declared flamenco one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity . Historically, the term Flamenco was used to identify the Romani people ( Gitanos ) of Spain. The English traveller George Borrow who travelled through Spain during the 1830s stated that the Gitanos were also called Flemish (in Spanish, 'flamenco') due to German and Flemish being erroneously considered synonymous. According to flamencologist Cristina Cruces-Roldán,
5896-421: The political friction of the time, he learned to sing "the glorious tune ' Croppies Lie Down '" at the military barracks. He was introduced to horsemanship and learned to ride without a saddle. The regiment moved to Templemore early in 1816, and Borrow began ranging around the country on foot and later on horseback. After less than a year in Ireland, the regiment returned to Norwich. As the threat of war receded,
5984-506: The political transition progressed, the demands were deflated as flamenco inserted itself within the flows of globalized art. At the same time, this art was institutionalized until it reached the point that the Junta de Andalucía was attributed in 2007 "exclusive competence in matters of knowledge, conservation, research, training, promotion and dissemination". In the 1970s, there were airs of social and political change in Spain, and Spanish society
6072-463: The repression of the regime when university students came into contact with this art in the recitals that were held, for example, at the Colegio Mayor de San Juan Evangelista: "flamenco amateurs and professionals got involved with performances of a manifestly political nature. It was a kind of flamenco protest charged with protest, which meant censorship and repression for the flamenco activists ". As
6160-422: The roots of Flamenco song and dance genres. It is believed that the flamenco genre emerged at the end of the 18th century in cities and agrarian towns of Baja Andalusia, highlighting Jerez de la Frontera as the first written vestige of this art, although there is practically no data related to those dates and the manifestations of this time are more typical of the bolero school than of flamenco. It appeared as
6248-458: The strength of the unit was greatly reduced. Borrow's precocious linguistic skills as a youth made him a protégé of the Norwich-born scholar William Taylor , whom he depicted in his autobiographical novel Lavengro (1851) as an advocate of German Romantic literature . Recalling his youth in Norwich some 30 years earlier, Borrow depicted an old man (Taylor) and a young man (Borrow) discussing
6336-429: The symbols of Spanish national identity during the Franco regime , since the regime knew how to appropriate a folklore traditionally associated with Andalusia to promote national unity and attract tourism, constituting what was called national-flamenquismo. Hence, flamenco had long been seen as a reactionary or retrograde element. In the mid-60s and until the transition, cantaores who opposed the regime began to appear with
6424-469: The term is used to refer to a variety of both contemporary and traditional musical styles typical of southern Spain. Flamenco is closely associated to the gitanos of the Romani ethnicity who have contributed significantly to its origination and professionalization . However, its style is uniquely Andalusian and flamenco artists have historically included Spaniards of both gitano and non-gitano heritage. The oldest record of flamenco music dates to 1774 in
6512-413: The third, even the lowest classes, are in general kind, hospitable, and benevolent. Such was Borrow's success that on 11 November 1835 he set off for Spain, once more as a Bible Society agent. Borrow said that he stayed in Spain for nearly five years. His reminiscences of Spain were the basis of his travelogue The Bible in Spain (1843). He wrote: [T]he huge population of Madrid , with the exception of
6600-422: The time. Between 1920 and 1955, flamenco shows began to be held in bullrings and theaters, under the name "flamenco opera". This denomination was an economic strategy of the promoters, since opera only paid 3% while variety shows paid 10%. At this time, flamenco shows spread throughout Spain and the main cities of the world. The great social and commercial success achieved by flamenco at this time eliminated some of
6688-721: The traditional flamenco carol and flamenco songs that adapt their lyrics to the Christmas theme. These cantes have been maintained to this day, the Zambomba Jerezana being spatially representative, declared an Asset of Intangible Cultural Interest by the Junta de Andalucía in December 2015. During the Spanish Civil War , a large number of singers were exiled or died defending the Republic and
6776-448: The use of protest lyrics. These include: José Menese and lyricist Francisco Moreno Galván, Enrique Morente , Manuel Gerena, El Lebrijano , El Cabrero , Lole y Manuel , el Piki or Luis Marín, among many others. In contrast to this conservatism with which it was associated during the Franco regime, flamenco suffered the influence of the wave of activism that also shook the university against
6864-490: The writer Alexander Pushkin , who was out on a social visit. He left two copies of his translations of Pushkin's literary works and later Pushkin expressed regret at not meeting him. Borrow described the Russian people as "the best-natured kindest people in the world, and though they do not know as much as the English, they have not the fiendish, spiteful dispositions, and if you go amongst them and speak their language, however badly, they would go through fire and water to do you
6952-490: Was a decisive character in that fusion, as he urged the cantaor Agujetas to collaborate with the Sevillian Andalusian rock group " Pata Negra ", the most revolutionary couple since Antonio Chacón and Ramón Montoya , initiating a new path for flamenco. It also fostered the artistic union between the virtuoso guitarist from Algeciras Paco de Lucía and the long-standing singer from the island Camarón de la Isla , who gave
7040-402: Was already quite influenced by various musical styles from the rest of Europe and the United States. There were also numerous singers who had grown up listening to Antonio Mairena , Pepe Marchena and Manolo Caracol . The combination of both factors led to a revolutionary period called flamenco fusion. The singer Rocío Jurado internationalized flamenco at the beginning of the 70s, replacing
7128-455: Was awarded Spain's Premio Nacional de Música for interpretation in 2000. Flamenco Flamenco ( Spanish pronunciation: [flaˈmeŋko] ) is an art form based on the various folkloric music traditions of southern Spain , developed within the gitano subculture of the region of Andalusia , and also having historical presence in Extremadura and Murcia . In a wider sense,
7216-598: Was charged by the Bible Society with supervising a translation of the Bible into Manchu . As a traveller, he was overwhelmed by the beauty of St Petersburg: "Notwithstanding I have previously heard and read much of the beauty and magnificence of the Russian capital.... There can be no doubt that it is the finest City in Europe, being pre-eminent for the grandeur of its public edifices and the length and regularity of its streets." During his two-year stay in Russia, Borrow called upon
7304-517: Was derived from the Arabic terms Felah-Mengus, which together mean "wandering peasant". The first use of the term Flamenco to refer to the music genre appears in a 1847 newspaper article of El Espectador where it was referred to as a "Gitano genre." In the early years of Flamenco, the term was versatile and was used to refer to a variety of concepts in the Gitano-Andalusian world. For example, in
7392-422: Was exceptionally skilled to follow in his steps. His brothers also decided on the same vocation, among them Isidro. Sanlúcar soon began to research, aware that the guitar had infinite possibilities that had hardly been explored. The most ambitious of his contributions to the art was his constant striving to integrate flamenco in symphonic music. Several works of the greatest interest which have placed his name among
7480-680: Was fact and how much fiction – a question debated to this day. Borrow made one more overseas journey, across Europe to Istanbul in 1844, but the rest of his travels were in the UK: long walking tours in Scotland, Wales, Ireland, Cornwall and the Isle of Man . Of these, only the Welsh tour yielded a book, Wild Wales (1862). Borrow's restlessness, perhaps, led to the family, which had lived in Great Yarmouth , Norfolk, in
7568-520: Was renamed Borrow House, presented to the City of Norwich, and for many years open to the public as the Borrow Museum. The museum was closed and the house sold in 1994, but the proceeds went to establish a George Borrow Trust that aims to promote his works. There are memorial blue plaques marking his residences at 22 Hereford Square , South Kensington , Fjaerland Hotel, Trafalgar Road, Great Yarmouth, and
7656-458: Was the Madrid writer Eugenio Noel, who, in his youth, had been a militant casticista . Noel attributed to flamenco and bullfighting the origin of the ills of Spain which he saw as manifestations of the country's Oriental character which hindered economic and social development. These considerations caused an insurmountable rift to be established for decades between flamenco and most "intellectuals" of
7744-451: Was the leading figure in cante. The winners were "El Tenazas", a retired professional cantaor from Morón de la Frontera, and Manuel Ortega, an eight-year-old boy from Seville who would go down in flamenco history as Manolo Caracol. The contest turned out to be a failure due to the scant echo it had and because Lorca and Falla did not know how to understand the professional character that flamenco already had at that time, striving in vain to seek
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