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68-585: The Kunsthalle Mannheim is a museum of modern and contemporary art, built in 1907, established in 1909 and located in Mannheim , Germany. Since then it has housed the city's art collections as well as temporary exhibitions – and up to 1927 those of the local Mannheimer Kunstverein  [ de ] as well as its administration. The Kunsthalle's own collection comprises around 1,500 works by artists including Édouard Manet , Paul Cézanne , George Grosz and Wassily Kandinsky . The extension building from 2018 shows

136-616: A 22m-high glass-roofed atrium designed by the Hamburg-based architects Gerkan, Marg and Partners opened in 2018. The concrete, glass and steel structure is enveloped in a bronze mesh. Fritz Wichert (1909–1923) Fritz Wichert, who completed his doctorate in 1907 in Freiburg, became director of the Kunsthalle in Mannheim as early as 1909, where he expanded the collection to include paintings from

204-550: A generous donation from the H. W. & J. Hector Foundation, he was able to expand the exhibition space with the converted adjoining former bunker and received a generous financial endowment for the exhibition budgets through Kunsthallen Ausstellungs GmbH. Rolf Lauter (2002–2007) From 2002, new director Rolf Lauter abolished the chronological presentation and developed constellations and groups of works from various media (painting, sculpture, object, drawing, photography, installation, video), historical times and cultural origins on

272-410: A higher humidity in summer which causes a higher heat index. Snow is rare, even in the cold months. Precipitation occurs mostly during afternoon thunderstorms during the warmer period (average days of thunderstorms in a year is 40–50). The climate in this area has mild differences between highs and lows, and there is adequate rainfall year-round. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate

340-509: A key role in Germany's war economy. This contributed to the fact that, on 27 May 1915, Ludwigshafen was the world's first civilian settlement behind the battle lines to be bombed from the air. French aircraft attacked the BASF plants, thereby killing twelve people. The precedent was set for this attack by Germany's repeated air raids against British civilian populations throughout southeastern Britain during

408-409: A major collection of works by Anselm Kiefer , 38 pieces on long-term loan from the businessman Hans Grothe. Designed by Hermann Billing , the building was erected as a temporary structure to serve an "International Art Exhibition" of 1907, commemorating the 300th anniversary of the foundation of the city. Originally meant to be torn down after this exhibition, the building was later transformed into

476-416: A municipal art gallery. In 1909 the museum and the collection were opened under the first director Fritz Wichert . In 1983 Heinz Fuchs, Director of the Kunsthalle from 1959, handed over an extension building, designed especially for the sculpture collection by architect Hans Mitzlaff, to his successor Manfred Fath. A new building, 13,000 sq ft (1,200 m) in size with seven exhibition halls and

544-629: A new location. At the old location, there is a monument to Friedrich Schiller and the Zum Zwischen-Akt pub. The housing shortage led to the development of many new residential areas. In 1964, the City Hospital ( Städtisches Krankenhaus ) became part of the Heidelberg University for Clinical Medicine in Mannheim . In 1967, the University of Mannheim was established in the city. In 1975,

612-474: A presence in two states other than its own. Central Mannheim's streets and avenues are laid out in a grid pattern unusual for German cities, leading to its nickname Quadratestadt ( Square City ) and tourism slogan " Leben im Quadrat " (" Life in the Square "). Within a ring of avenues surrounding the city centre, there are squares, numbered from A1 to U6, instead of street names. At the southern base of that system

680-558: A result of the invention of the pre-combustion chamber by Prosper L'Orange , Benz & Cie. developed the world's first compact diesel-powered car at its motor works in Mannheim in 1923. In 1922, the Grosskraftwerk Mannheim (Mannheim large power station) was opened. By 1930, the city, along with its sister city of Ludwigshafen, which had developed out of the old Mannheim Rheinschanze, had a population of 385,000. During World War II , air raids on Mannheim completely destroyed

748-451: A temporary transport system. A number of major projects were completed in the 1980s and 1990s: a planetarium, an extension to the art gallery, the new Reiß Museum, Stadthaus, a new May Market ground, synagogue, mosque, State Museum for Technology and Work , Carl-Benz stadium and the Fahrlach tunnel were opened. Mannheim has lost many industrial jobs, although in the recent past, the city

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816-545: Is Mannheim Palace , one of the largest palace complexes in the world. It was the former home of the Prince-elector of the Electoral Palatinate, and now houses the University of Mannheim , which repeatedly receives top marks in business administration and is sometimes known as the " Harvard of Germany". The Mannheim May Market is the largest regional consumer exhibition of Germany. The civic symbol of Mannheim

884-518: Is " Cfb " (Marine West Coast Climate/ Oceanic climate ), bordering closely on a humid subtropical climate (Cfa), with summer months often averaging above 21 degrees (71 F). Mannheim, population 315,000, is the 2nd largest city in Baden-Württemberg . Its location near the Rhine and Neckar rivers spurred Mannheim's industrialization and transition into a major city in the early 19th century. The city

952-502: Is Germany's leading university in the fields of business and economics and attracts students from around the world. Described by Die Zeit as the ' Harvard of Germany', it is seen as the training grounds of German business leaders. More than 12,000 students were enrolled in the 2013/14 semester. The university town also houses one of the medical schools of Heidelberg University (at the University Hospital Mannheim ),

1020-507: Is a cathedral, a theatre which is considered good, an observatory, a gallery of pictures at the château, and some private collections. About two kilometres (one point two miles) below the town the Russian Army crossed the Rhine in 1813. Population 18,300. During the eighteenth century, Mannheim was the home of the " Mannheim School " of classical music composers . Mannheim was said to have one of

1088-522: Is a large château here belonging to the Grand Duke and a very good garden; part of the château was destroyed when the town was bombarded and has never since been repaired, the other part is occupied by the Grand Duchess, widow of the late Grand Duke who was succeeded by his uncle having left only three daughters. She is the sister of Eugene Beauharnais [sic; in fact, she was his second cousin]. There

1156-510: Is home to many factories, offices and headquarters of several major corporations such as Roche , ABB , IBM , Siemens , Unilever and more. Mannheim's SAP Arena is home to German ice hockey record champions Adler Mannheim as well as the popular handball team Rhein-Neckar Löwen . Since 2014, Mannheim has been a member of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network and holds the title of " UNESCO City of Music ". In 2020, Mannheim

1224-556: Is the second-largest city in Baden-Württemberg after Stuttgart , the state capital, and Germany 's 21st-largest city , with a population of around 317,000. The city is the cultural and economic centre of the Rhine-Neckar , Germany's seventh-largest metropolitan region , with nearly 2.4 million inhabitants. Mannheim is located at the confluence of the Upper Rhine and the Neckar in

1292-580: Is the Romanesque Mannheim Water Tower , completed in 1886 and rising to 60 metres (200 feet) above the highest point of the art nouveau area Friedrichsplatz . Mannheim is well-known for its inventions, including the automobile , the bicycle , and the tractor , which is why the city is often called the "city of inventions". The city is the starting and finishing point of the Bertha Benz Memorial Route , which follows

1360-622: The Bundesgartenschau ( Federal horticulture show ) was celebrated in Luisen and Herzogenried parks. A number of pieces of infrastructure were developed for the show: the telecommunications tower and a second bridge across the Rhine (the Kurt Schumacher Bridge ) were built, the pedestrian zone was established, the new Rosengarten conference centre was opened and the Aerobus was installed as

1428-675: The FEI European Jumping Championships in 2007 14–19 August, in the MVV-riding stadium. In 2002, Hobby Horse Polo was invented in Mannheim, evoking the classical rivalry towards "polite society" in Heidelberg. The Maimarkt-Turnier Mannheim is an annual international horse show held during the Mannheimer Maimarkt since 1964. According to Forbes magazine, Mannheim is known for its exceptional inventive power and

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1496-828: The Hochschule Mannheim , a branch of the Duale Hochschule of the State of Baden-Württemberg and several musical and theatrical academies, including the Pop Academy Mannheim, the Musikhochschule and the Theaterakademie. These institutions draw a large and diverse student body. Rolf Lauter Lauter already worked during high school at Johann-Sebastian-Bach Gymnasium (1963–1970) as Assistant Curator and from 1972 to 1984 during his studies as Curator of Exhibitions in

1564-755: The Kurpfalz ( Electoral Palatinate ) region of northwestern Baden-Württemberg. The city lies in the Upper Rhine Plain , Germany's warmest region, between the Palatine Forest and the Oden Forest . Mannheim forms a continuous urban zone of around 500,000 inhabitants with Ludwigshafen am Rhein in the Rhineland-Palatinate , while some northern suburbs lie in Hesse . Hamburg is the only other German city with such

1632-667: The Nine Years' War . After the rebuilding of Mannheim that began in 1698, the capital of the Electorate of the Palatinate was moved from Heidelberg to Mannheim in 1720 when Karl III Philip, Elector Palatine began construction of Mannheim Palace and the Jesuit Church ; they were completed in 1760. In 1819, Norwich Duff wrote of Mannheim: Mannheim is in the Duchy of Baden and situated at

1700-506: The " Rhine shift ". In summer, temperatures sometimes rise up to 35 °C (95 °F) and higher. The highest recorded temperature was 39.8 °C (104 °F) on 7 August 2015. The daily lows during heat waves can be very high for the latitude (around 25 °C / 77 °F). In September 2016, the average temperature in Mannheim was 18.6 °C, highest in Baden-Württemberg. In comparison to other regions of Germany, Mannheim has

1768-695: The 19th century with a focus on French Modernism. In the First World War Wichert belonged to the diplomatic service. After the war, he returned to the Mannheim Kunsthalle and now put the collection focus on the Expressionists. In 1923, Wichert was appointed as director of the Städelschule in Frankfurt. Gustav Friedrich Hartlaub (1923–1933) Fritz Wichert brought Hartlaub 1913 as an employee to

1836-451: The 2010s, partially due to its large university population. The following list shows the most significant groups of foreigners in the city of Mannheim by nationalities. In total 44,7% of all Mannheim inhabitants are from foreign descent. The Neckarstadt-West district has the biggest foreign population with 68,9%, while the Wallstadt district has the smallest one with 23,1%. A large part of

1904-710: The Concert and Congress Center Jahrhunderthalle. Exhibitions curated by Lauter were among others: Charlotte Posenenske , 1990; Das MMK in der Galerie Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst: Silvia Bächli , Heiner Blum, Walter Dahn, Peter Rösel, Manfred Stumpf, 1993. Zeitgenössische Kunst aus Frankfurter Banken, 1994; Das Museum für Moderne Kunst und die Sammlung Ströher, 1994/1995; Querpass I. MMK und Städel im Dialog, 1997; Bill Viola – Video, Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst, Mitgliederversammlung 1997; Querpass II. MMK und Städel im Dialog, 1997–98; Alighiero Boetti: Mettere al Mondo il Mondo, 1998; horizontal – vertikal (1998). Dieter Hasselbach, Chairman of

1972-756: The Department of Culture Frankfurt 1970–1990) appointed Lauter in 1984 as the first Curator of the Museum für Moderne Kunst in Frankfurt. 1984-1991 Lauter was coordinator for architecture of the new building in cooperation with the Museum Architect Hans Hollein and Roland Burgard Head of the Frankfurt Building Department. With the Directorate of Jean-Christophe Ammann at the MMK (1989–2001) Lauter

2040-681: The Friends of the Kunsthalle Mannheim (2002–2016) and Peter Kurz, Head of the Department of Culture and Mayor of Mannheim (2007–present) appointed Lauter in 2002 as Director of the Kunsthalle Mannheim (2002–2007). From 2003, Lauter canceled the chronological presentation of the collection and expanded with new media and permanent private loans to individually unique cross-over constellations. Establishment of “Hector Creativity Center” and “Hector Research Center” as well as of “Metzler Salon” in

2108-608: The Galerie Margarete Lauter in Mannheim. From 1972 he studied art history, classical archeology, Christian archeology, Romance languages, and literature and philosophy at the Heidelberg University and University of Göttingen . With Prof. Peter Anselm Riedl in Heidelberg, he received his Ph.D. in 1984 on “Variable Sculpture in 20th Century”. Peter Iden Founding Director of the MMK Museum für Moderne Kunst Frankfurt (1978–1988) and Hilmar Hoffmann (Councillor and Head of

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2176-523: The Kunsthalle due to budget overdrafts. From 2008 to 2009 Lauter was conceptualizing of numerous approaches to the cultural development of the City of Mannheim. Realization of "artscoutone” (2009/2010), a comprehensive overview exhibition with site-specific works and installations of 100 contemporary artists of the Rhine-Neckar Metropol Region presented at 17 off site locations in order to create

2244-483: The Kunsthalle Mannheim is the Danish curator Johan Holten. The artworks under investigation were listed on its website. In 2018 the Kunsthalle Mannheim found Nazi-looted art within its collection of 2,253 works. The art historian Mathias Listl explained that Wilhelm Leibl's "The Drinker" from 1874 – was acquired from a Nazi agency and that twenty-five other artworks were suspected to have been looted or obtained under duress by

2312-506: The Kunsthalle Mannheim. In 1923 he became its director. He was particularly committed to promoting contemporary art and expressionism. With the exhibition "Neue Sachlichkeit – Deutsche Malerei seit dem Expressionismus" (New Objectivity – German Painting since Expressionism), which opened on 14 June 1925, he coined the term New Objectivity. On 20 March 1933, he was dismissed in the course of National Socialist cultural policy. Walter Passarge (1933–1959) From 1 July 1936 until his death Passarge

2380-558: The MMK in cooperation with Karl-Ströher-Stiftung Darmstadt in 1987. Between 1991 and 2001 XX Change of Scene exhibitions took place, a concept developed by Ammann. In 1999 establishment of new “Project Space Old Customs Building” for exhibitions, Film and Video Program “Screenings”. In October 2002 Lauter left to become Director of Kunsthalle Mannheim . Since 1987 appointed Curator of MMK exhibitions at Galerie Jahrhunderthalle Hoechst in Frankfurt (1987–2002) in collaboration with Michael Hocks, Director and authorised representative for

2448-489: The Museum's Old Library 2004–2006. Concept for new Museum building with the British Architect David Adjaye. With “Full House: Faces of a Collection” exhibition in 2006 and “100 Years Kunsthalle Mannheim” in 2007 Lauter completed his new museum concept with an international crossover presentation of the entire collection. In the fall of 2007, Lauter was released from the municipal council by the management of

2516-530: The Nazis. The museum published a list of artworks under investigation on its website. 49°28′58″N 8°28′31″E  /  49.48278°N 8.47528°E  / 49.48278; 8.47528 Mannheim Mannheim ( German pronunciation: [ˈmanhaɪm] ; Palatine German : Mannem or Monnem ), officially the University City of Mannheim ( German : Universitätsstadt Mannheim ),

2584-937: The Oststadt-Theater, the TIG7 (Theater im Quadrat G7), the Theater Oliv, the Freilichtbühne, the Theater31, the Theater ImPuls, the Theater Felina-Areal, the Mannheimer Puppenspiele, the Kleinkunstbühne Klapsmühl', Schatzkistl, and zeitraumexit . There are two nationally renowned football clubs in Mannheim, SV Waldhof Mannheim , who currently are playing in the third tier 3. Liga , but who have played in

2652-655: The URBAN SPACE AS CULTURAL SPACE. 2010 Lauter became Curator and managing director of Swiss Art Institution Karlsruhe. From his father, Harro Lauter, who was a representative in the management of the Mannheim Building Department since the 1950s, Lauter learned the theory and practice of architecture. His mother, Margarete Lauter, accompanied Lauter in her gallery for contemporary art from 1963 to 1984. During his studies in Heidelberg he married to Caterina Maderna, Professor of Classical Archeology at

2720-474: The Visual Arts of the City of Mannheim (2008–2009). Ulrike Lorenz (2008–2019) In 2008, the art historian Ulrike Lorenz became director of the Kunsthalle. In 2009, after a renewal in the juvenile-style building (1907) of the Kunsthalle, the collection was reopened. For this purpose, the collection was subdivided into twelve thematic spaces of different epochs of the art layer, from Romantik to Realism. By 2018,

2788-432: The basis of a cross-over structure. With Full House : Faces of a Collection (2006) and 100 Years Kunsthalle Mannheim (2007) two comprehensive new presentations of the Mannheim museum collection took place. In the autumn of 2007, Lauter was released from the municipal council for alleged financial irregularities by the management of the Kunsthalle and simultaneously entrusted with the position of Cultural Representative for

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2856-548: The best court orchestras in Europe under the leadership of the conductor Carlo Grua . The royal court of the Palatinate left Mannheim in 1778, as Charles Theodore had become Elector of Bavaria and moved to Munich . Two decades later, in 1802, Mannheim was removed from the Palatinate and given to the Grand Duchy of Baden . In 1819, August von Kotzebue was assassinated in Mannheim. The climate crisis of 1816–17 caused famine and

2924-545: The city centre. Mannheim was heavily damaged during aerial bombing by the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF). Allied bombing raids razed the city centre of Mannheim at night-time area bombing , killing thousands of civilians. In the meantime, 2,262 of Mannheim's Jews were sent to Nazi concentration camps . Some sources state that the first deliberate strategic bombing of

2992-524: The city was a centre for political and revolutionary activity. In 1865, Friedrich Engelhorn founded the Badische Anilin- und Soda-Fabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory, BASF ) in Mannheim, but the factory was constructed across the Rhine in Ludwigshafen because Mannheim residents feared air pollution from its operations. From this dye factory, BASF has developed into the largest chemical company in

3060-517: The city was first recorded as Mannenheim in a legal transaction in 766, surviving in a twelfth-century copy in the Codex Laureshamensis from Lorsch Abbey . The name is interpreted as "the home of Manno", a short form of a Germanic name such as Hartmann or Hermann . Mannheim remained a mere village throughout the Middle Ages. In 1606, Frederick IV, Elector Palatine started building

3128-403: The confluence of the Rhine and Neckar over both of which there is a bridge of boats. This is the third town of this name having been twice burnt. The houses are large, and the streets are broad and at right angles to each other, and is one of the most airy clean towns I have seen in Germany. It was formerly fortified, but the fortifications were razed in 1806 and gardens fill their places. There

3196-467: The death of many horses in Mannheim. That year Karl Drais invented the first bicycle. Infrastructure improvements included the establishment of Rhine Harbour in 1828 and the construction of the first Baden railway , which opened from Mannheim to Heidelberg in 1840. Influenced by the economic rise of the middle class, another golden age of Mannheim gradually began. In the March Revolution of 1848 ,

3264-436: The director Walter Passarge. From 1959 to 1984 he was director of the Kunsthalle. During this time he was able to substantially expand the remarkable collection of sculptures as well as paintings of the 20th century – often without the support of political bodies. During his tenure, the extension building of the Kunsthalle was opened in 1983. Manfred Fath (1984–2002) In 1984 Manfred Fath became directort. From 1999, thanks to

3332-426: The effects of National Socialism and the World War, paying special attention to German and modern art as well as the collections of the 19th and 20th centuries. Only from 1949 parts of the collection could be shown again after the repair of the heavily damaged main building. Heinz Fuchs (1959–1983) Fuchs received his doctorate in art history in 1939 and worked as a curator since 1947 at the Kunsthalle Mannheim under

3400-417: The extension building from 1983 was demolished and replaced by the larger Hector building. On 1 June 2018, the reopening of the Kunsthalle took place with a "Grand Opening" and a screening of photographs by Canadian artist Jeff Wall. In October 2018, Lorenz was elected president of the Klassik Stiftung Weimar. She took new office in August 2019. Johan Holten (2019–) Successor of Ulrike Lorenz as director of

3468-422: The first German Football League which is called GFL1. As of 2018, between 500 and 900 people watch each game. Rhein-Neckar Löwen are a handball team playing in the professional German Handball League . The WWE visited Mannheim in 2008. Around 10,000 fans attended the event. UFC fighter Dennis Siver lives and trains in Mannheim. Mannheim hosted the European Show Jumping Championships in 1997, and

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3536-412: The first half of 1915. When Germany lost the war in 1918, according to the peace terms, the left bank of the Rhine was occupied by French troops. The French occupation lasted until 1930, and some of Ludwigshafen's most elegant houses were erected for the officers of the French garrison. After the First World War , the Heinrich Lanz Company built the Bulldog, an advanced tractor, powered by heavy oil. As

3604-443: The former highest German ice hockey league known as Bundesliga ). The city is home to the Mannheim Tornados , the oldest operational baseball and softball club in Germany. The Tornados play in the first division of the Baseball Bundesliga and have won the championship 11 times, more than any other club. In 2003, the American football club Mannheim Bandits  [ de ] was founded. The Mannheim Bandits are playing in

3672-404: The fortress of Friedrichsburg and the adjacent city centre with its grid of streets and avenues. On 24 January 1607, Frederick IV gave Mannheim the status of a "city", whether it really was one by then or not. Mannheim was mostly levelled during the Thirty Years' War around 1622 by the forces of Johan Tilly . After being rebuilt, it was again severely damaged by the French Army in 1689 during

3740-449: The immigrants are from the Balkans and European countries. The distribution of Mannheim's population by religious affiliation (as of December 31, 2020) is Roman Catholic 25.4%, Protestant 20.0%, and other/ none 54.6%. The National Theatre Mannheim was founded in 1779 and is the oldest "Stage" in Germany. In 1782 the premiere of Die Räuber , written by Friedrich Schiller , was shown. Recently, smaller stages have opened, such as

3808-439: The old fairground, and the new Schafweide tram line. The concept of the anniversary of the city is aimed at a diverse range of events without a dominant central event. In 2001, the City hospital was officially and legally awarded with the title University Hospital Mannheim . In 2023, Mannheim hosted the Bundesgartenschau 2023 (National Garden Show); the second time after 1975. Mannheim is located in Germany's warmest summer region,

3876-406: The top tier, the Bundesliga ; and VfR Mannheim , winner of the German championship in 1949 , now playing in the sixth tier Verbandsliga Baden . The Adler Mannheim (formerly MERC, Mannheimer Eis- und Rollsport-Club) is an ice hockey team playing in the professional Deutsche Eishockey Liga , having won the German championship a total of eight times (7 times Deutsche Eishockey Liga and one time

3944-503: The tracks of the first long-distance automobile trip in history. A Großstadt (major city with more than 100,000 inhabitants) since 1896, Mannheim is now an important industrial and commercial city, a university town , and a major transportation hub between Frankfurt and Stuttgart, including an ICE interchange (the Mannheim Hauptbahnhof ), Germany's second-largest marshalling yard (the Mannheim Rangierbahnhof ), and Germany's largest inland port (the Mannheim Harbour ). The city

4012-424: The war occurred at Mannheim during a Royal Air Force night raid on 16 December 1940. Today around one third of the city consists of buildings from before 1950. In late March 1945, the Allied ground advance into Germany reached Mannheim, which was potentially well-defended by German forces. However, the German forces abandoned the city and the U.S. 44th Infantry Division entered unopposed on 29 March 1945. There

4080-419: The world. After opening a workshop in Mannheim in 1871 and patenting engines from 1878, Karl Benz patented the first motor car in 1886. He was born in Mühlburg (now part of Karlsruhe). The Schütte-Lanz company , founded by Karl Lanz and Johann Schütte in 1909, built 22 airships. The company's main competitor was the Zeppelin works. When World War I broke out in 1914, Mannheim's industrial plants played

4148-907: Was appointed Chief Curator and deputy director responsible for the central organisation and special exhibitions. Between 1985 and 2002 Lauter curated amongst others the exhibitions: Carl Andre : Extraneous roots, Frankfurt (1991); Neo Rauch , Jürgen Ponto-Stiftung / Dresdner Bank AG, Frankfurt am Main (1993); Kunst in Frankfurt 1945 bis heute (1994–1995; Views from Abroad: European Perspectives on American Art, Whitney Museum , New York & Museum für Moderne Kunst , Frankfurt (1996/97); Alighiero Boetti : Mettere al Mondo il Mondo, Frankfurt (1998); Bill Viola : A 25 Year Survey Exhibition, Frankfurt (1999); Dan Flavin : Two Primary Series and one Secondary, Frankfurt (1999); Eric Fischl : A Travel of Romance, Frankfurt (2000); Lucian Freud : Naked Portraits, Frankfurt 2000/2001); Jeff Wall : Figures and Places, Frankfurt (2001). Establishment of Karl-Ströher-Prize in

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4216-411: Was classified as a global city with ' Sufficiency ' status by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Mannheim is a smart city ; the city's electrical grid is installed with a power-line communication network. A brick kiln excavated in 1929 in the Seckenheim district, which operated from 74 AD to the early second century, attests to settlement in Roman times. The name of

4284-434: Was director of the Kunsthalle Mannheim. From 1937 until 1945 he dealt mainly with the second wave of seizures by the National Socialists and he saw himself exposed to the "purification of the museums of degenerate art." At that time he shifted the focus of the Kunsthalle on the politically less tangible arts and crafts. After World War II, it was up to him to rebuild the Kunsthalle's holdings, which had been severely curtailed by

4352-468: Was economically dominated by manufacturing. The city tried in the past to prevent the establishment of service providers by designating some locations as industrial areas. A prime example of the current trend is the construction of the Victoria Tower (Victoria-Turm) in 2001, one of the tallest buildings in the city, on railway land. Mannheim celebrated its 400th anniversary with a series of cultural and other events throughout 2007. The 400th anniversary proper

4420-410: Was heavily damaged during WWII but soon regained prominence as an industrial centre, causing rapid population growth in the 1950s. Many motor, electronic and power plant companies came to Mannheim and other cities in the Rhine-Neckar Region, including Ludwigshafen and Heidelberg , which lies just kilometres up the Neckar. The population of Mannheim started to decline in the 1980s but began to rebound in

4488-405: Was in 2006, since Frederick IV, Elector Palatine laid the foundations of Mannheim citadel on 17 March 1606. In preparation for the anniversary, some urban activities were implemented, beginning in 2000: the building of the SAP Arena with access to the city's new eastern ring road, the rehabilitation of the pedestrian zone in Breite Straße, the arsenal and the palace, the complete transformation of

4556-402: Was later a large American military occupation presence in the Mannheim area with up to 10 barracks. The first one shut down in 2007 and the last was closed in 2013 (see United States military installations below). Rebuilding of the city began industriously. Mannheim Palace and the water tower ( Wasserturm ) eventually were rebuilt and the National Theatre was replaced by a new building at

4624-410: Was ranked 11th among the Top 15 of the most inventive cities worldwide. Many significant inventions were made in Mannheim: The University of Mannheim is one of Germany's younger universities. Although founded in 1967, it has its origins in the Palatine Academy of Sciences , established in 1763, and the former Handelshochschule (Commercial College), founded in 1907. Situated in Mannheim Palace , it

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