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106-473: Research at the university contributed to the creation of canola oil in the 1970s. Likewise, University of Manitoba alumni include Nobel Prize recipients, Academy Award winners, Order of Merit recipients, and Olympic medalists . As of 2019, there have been 99 Rhodes Scholarship recipients from the University of Manitoba, more than that of any other university in western Canada. The University of Manitoba

212-510: A bitter taste, and glucosinolates , which made many parts of the plant less nutritious in animal feed. Rapeseed oil from standard cultivars can contain up to 54% erucic acid. Canola oil is a food-grade version derived from rapeseed cultivars specifically bred for low acid content. It is also known as low erucic acid rapeseed (LEAR) oil and is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration . Canola oil

318-750: A bonus difficult question at the oral examination. In Italy, 110 e lode (at institutions using a 110-point system) is the highest rank that can be achieved during the academic studies, and corresponds usually to a final score greater than 110/110 (the specific threshold varies from university to university). Up to 3 bonus points can be awarded for merits, e.g. having an average exams score greater than 28.5/30 (95% equivalent), excellent final project or for graduating on time. More notations include: bacio e abbraccio accademico ("academic kiss and embrace"), menzione d'onore ("honor mention"), and dignità di stampa ("dignity of printing"), and were given based on various university-specific requirements, but without

424-575: A day. One serving of this product contains [x] grams of canola oil." A 2013 review, sponsored by the Canola Council of Canada and the U.S. Canola Association, concluded there was a substantial reduction in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and an increase in tocopherol levels and improved insulin sensitivity, compared with other sources of dietary fat. A 2014 review of health effects from consuming plant oils rich in alpha-linolenic acid , including canola, stated that there

530-711: A final exam. A silver medal is awarded to high school students who have one or two grades of 4 ( Russian : хорошо horosho , "good", being second highest grade) on their final exams or other subjects as listed in the high school diploma ( аттестат о (полном) среднем образовании attestat o (polnom) srednem obrazovanii ). In Singapore , the Latin honors, cum laude , magna cum laude and summa cum laude are used by Singapore Management University . Graduates from Singapore Management University have to achieve GPAs of 3.4, 3.6 and 3.8 out of 4.3 (SMU awards 4.3 for A+ grades) respectively and without any exceptions to qualify for

636-781: A health risk. The low-erucic trait was due to two mutations changing the activity of LEA1 and KCS17 . The erucic acid content in canola oil has been reduced over the years. In western Canada, a reduction occurred from the average content of 0.5% between 1987 and 1996 to a current content of 0.01% from 2008 to 2015. Other reports also show a content lower than 0.1% in Australia and Brazil. To date, no health effects have been associated with dietary consumption of erucic acid by humans; but tests of erucic acid metabolism in other species imply that higher levels may be detrimental. Canola oil produced using genetically modified plants has also not been shown to explicitly produce adverse effects. It

742-591: A healthy incentive to the best work without exciting an excessive spirit of emulation. The new system of administration, of which the above is a part, is so original and peculiar that it is known as the Amherst System. In the UK , the Latin cum laude is used in commemorative Latin versions of degree certificates sold by a few universities (e.g. the University of Edinburgh ) to denote a bachelor's degree with honours , but

848-447: A high minimum grade point average. Sometimes it is lost, despite a high average mark, when the student gets a mark of 6 or lower for one of the many exams (on a scale of 1–10, where 10 is the highest). It may also be awarded based on the weighted average of first achieved grades for each subject only. Generally, less than 2% receive the cum laude distinction. It is also possible to receive a PhD degree cum laude , although this honor

954-753: A legal value. In Malta , for Bachelor Honours degrees summa cum laude refers to first class honours, magna cum laude refers to second class honours (upper division), cum laude refers to second class honours (lower division), whilst bene probatus refers to third class honours. Professional degrees lasting longer than the standard three years such as the five year Bachelor of Pharmacy are awarded egregia cum laude . Postgraduate diplomas and master's degrees may be awarded as pass with distinction ( summa cum laude ), pass with merit ( magna cum laude ), or pass ( bene probatus ). In Mexico , cum laude (also known as mención honorífica in Spanish)

1060-560: A number of colleges to its corporate and associative body since. In 1882, the Manitoba Medical College , privately founded by physicians and surgeons, became a part of the university. Six years later, in 1888, Wesley College ( Methodist ) became affiliated with the university as well. The Bacteriological Research Building of the Manitoba Medical College would be designed by architect Charles Henry Wheeler in 1897, while

1166-425: A perfect grade on all final examinations. Usually less than 2% of all graduating students accomplish this (depending on the university and year). In military schools, a "red diploma" may be accompanied by a gold medal ( summa cum laude ) for outstanding performance. Russian high schools also award a gold medal to the student who achieves a perfect score in all final examinations and in all other subjects not requiring

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1272-508: A period not exceeding the standard period of study by more than one year. Other distinctions such as magna cum laude or cum laude are not used. Alternatively, the phrase s vyznamenáním , which means "with honours", is substituted for the usual summa cum laude . The Czech universities usually do not award any Latin honours to its graduates in rigorosum and doctoral study programmes. In Estonia , up until 2010 both summa cum laude and cum laude were used. Summa cum laude

1378-537: A price penalty compared to non-GM canola; in Western Australia , it is estimated to be 7.2% on average. In 2019, world production of rapeseed oil was 24 million tonnes , led by Canada, China, and India as the largest producers, accounting together for 40% of the world total. Canada was the world's largest exporter of rapeseed oil in 2019, shipping 3.2 million tonnes or approximately 76% of its total production. The benchmark price for worldwide canola trade

1484-619: A series of plain English grading honors based on class standing. Some colleges and universities, notably including the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) , Reed College , and Yale Law School , do not use honors at all. These honors, when they are used, are almost always awarded to undergraduate students earning their bachelor's degree, and, with the exception of law school graduates, much more rarely to graduate students receiving their master's or doctorate degree. The honor

1590-518: A total of 2,500 doctoral graduates per year (i.e. 0.8%) achieve a sub auspiciis degree. In Belgium , the university degree awarded is limited to: In Brazil , most universities do not provide honors to their students. Among the few universities that do so, the Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA—Technological Institute of Aeronautics) awards the cum laude honor for graduates with every individual grade above 8.5 (out of 10.0),

1696-525: A total of seven students, all from Manitoba College. Two years later, the University of Manitoba conferred its first degree, the recipient being Reginald William Gunn, a Métis student of Manitoba College who graduated with honours in Natural Sciences . In 1885, the university is approved by the federal government for up to 150,000 acres (610 km) of crown land in Manitoba as an endowment. In 1886,

1802-692: A training ground. Between 1914 and 1915, the University Council established a Committee on Military Instruction, authorizing the teaching of military science and tactics , and a university corps is also organized. In 1915, the Western Universities Battalion (the 196th) of the Canadian Expeditionary Forces (CEF) was formed. On the first of March that year, the appointment of the Canadian Officers' Training Corps of

1908-612: A variety of courses to aid in the war, with auto mechanics particularly proving to be a preferred course among the women. During this time, the Dean of Women was Ursulla Macdonnell . In 1943, the first degrees for Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy were conferred, replacing the diploma course for pharmacy. Also that year, the Senate established two new honorary degrees: Doctor of Science (D.Sc.) and Doctor of Letters (D.Litt.). Also, around this time,

2014-559: Is a key ingredient in many foods. Its reputation as a healthful oil has created high demand in markets around the world, and overall it is the third-most widely consumed vegetable oil, after soybean oil and palm oil . The oil has many non-food uses and, like soybean oil, is often used interchangeably with non-renewable petroleum-based oils in products, including industrial lubricants , biodiesel , candles, lipsticks, and newspaper inks. Canola vegetable oils certified as organic are required to be from non- GMO rapeseed. Canola oil

2120-625: Is a member of the U15 group of research-intensive universities in Canada and of Universities Canada , while its global affiliations include the International Association of Universities and the Association of Commonwealth Universities . The Manitoba Bisons compete in U Sports and Canada West Universities Athletic Association (CWUAA). The University of Manitoba, founded by Alexander Morris ,

2226-543: Is awarded after a secret vote of the jury members, using envelopes that must be opened in a session separate from the defense session. Obtaining the qualification of doctorate cum laude requires the unanimity of the members of the examining board (between 3 and 5 experts, depending on the university). In Spain, the cum laude mention is regulated by RD 534/2013. In Switzerland , the degrees rite , cum laude , magna cum laude , insigni cum laude ("distinguished with praise"), and summa cum laude are used, but

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2332-631: Is awarded to students who have achieved an average grade of 75% or higher throughout the degree. Cum laude in South Africa can be considered broadly equivalent to a first class degree in the United Kingdom or a GPA of 3.7–4.0 in the United States . In Spain , the Latin honors cum laude is used for PhD degrees only and is the highest possible qualification. It is only applicable to doctoral degrees that achieve an outstanding mark (10/10) and it

2438-485: Is considered safe for human consumption, and has a relatively low amount of saturated fat , a substantial amount of monounsaturated fat , with roughly a 2:1 mono- to polyunsaturated fats ratio. In 2006, canola oil was given a qualified health claim by the United States Food and Drug Administration for lowering the risk of coronary heart disease , resulting from its significant content of unsaturated fats;

2544-450: Is documented to have started since the 13th century. Rapeseed oil extracts were first put on the market in 1956–1957 as food products, but these suffered from several unacceptable characteristics. That form of rapeseed oil had a distinctive taste and a greenish colour due to the presence of chlorophyll and still contained a higher concentration of erucic acid. Canola was bred from rapeseed cultivars of B. napus and B. rapa at

2650-524: Is even rarer than for master's graduates. In view of the difficulty and subjectivity of determining this, some universities and fields of study very seldom award doctorates cum laude . At Dutch university colleges cum laude , magna cum laude and, exceptionally, summa cum laude may be awarded. In the Philippines , junior high school and senior high school students under the new K–12 curriculum use an honor system using Filipino translations of

2756-420: Is frequently combined with fossil-fuel diesel in ratios varying from 2% to 20% biodiesel. Owing to the costs of growing, crushing, and refining rapeseed biodiesel, rapeseed-derived biodiesel from new oil costs more to produce than standard diesel fuel, so diesel fuels are commonly made from the used oil. Rapeseed oil is the preferred oil stock for biodiesel production in most of Europe, accounting for about 80% of

2862-741: Is limited by government regulation to a maximum of 2% erucic acid by weight in the US and the EU, with special regulations for infant food. These low levels of erucic acid do not cause harm in humans. In commerce, non-food varieties are typically called colza oil . Rapeseed is extensively cultivated in Canada, France, Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom, the United States, the Netherlands, Germany, Denmark, Poland, Japan and Slovenia. In France and Denmark especially,

2968-404: Is low in saturated fat and contains both omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids in a ratio of 2:1. It is high in monounsaturated fats, which may decrease the risk of heart disease. Although wild rapeseed oil contains significant amounts of erucic acid, the cultivars used to produce commercial, food-grade canola oil were bred to contain less than 2% erucic acid, an amount deemed not significant as

3074-401: Is one of the oldest known vegetable oils . There are both edible and industrial forms produced from rapeseed , the seed of several cultivars of the plant family Brassicaceae . Historically, it was restricted as a food oil due to its content of erucic acid . Laboratory studies about this acid have shown damage to the cardiac muscle of laboratory animals in high quantities. It also imparts

3180-429: Is the calming of choppy seas , where the oil modifies the surface tension of the water and rapidly smooths the surface. For this purpose, rapeseed oil was carried in ship's lifeboats. Rapeseed oil is used as diesel fuel, either as biodiesel , straight in heated fuel systems, or blended with petroleum distillates for powering motor vehicles. Biodiesel may be used in pure form in newer engines without engine damage and

3286-479: Is the ICE Futures Canada (formerly Winnipeg Commodity Exchange ) canola futures contract . In China, rapeseed meal is mostly used as a soil fertilizer rather than for animal feed, while canola is used mainly for frying food. In the words of one observer, "China has a vegetable oil supply shortage of 20 million tonnes per year. It covers a large percentage of that shortage with soybean imports from Brazil,

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3392-454: Is typically indicated on the diploma . Latin honors are often conferred upon law school students graduating as a Juris Doctor or J.D., in which case they are generally based upon class rank or grade point average . Most American colleges and universities use Latin honors for bachelor's degrees and for the Juris Doctor law degree, but not for other degrees such as master's degrees or

3498-688: Is used, by the major universities, to recognize an outstanding dissertation for bachelor's, master's and PhD degrees. Also different awards on public and private universities are given to the student with the highest final grade average (i.e. Presea Lázaro Cárdenas  [ es ] or Gabino Barreda Medal) and a diploma is given as a form of cum laude . In the Netherlands , two classes of honors may be used for bachelor's, master's and PhD degree programs: cum laude (with honor) and summa cum laude (with highest honor). Typically these distinctions are reserved to mark exceptional achievement above

3604-539: Is usually accepted that canola oil poses no unusual health risks for humans. Canola oil is generally recognized as safe by the United States Food and Drug Administration . Another chemical change in canola is the reduction of glucosinolates . As the oil is extracted, most of the glucosinolates are concentrated into the seed meal, an otherwise rich source of protein. Livestock have varying levels of tolerance to glucosinolates intake, with some being poisoned relatively easily. A small amount of glucosinolates also enters

3710-410: The magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 8.5 and more than 50% of individual grades above 9.5, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade above 9.5. As of 2009, only 22 graduates have received the summa cum laude honor at ITA. The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro awards the cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 8.0 to 8.9,

3816-430: The magna cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.0 to 9.4, and the summa cum laude honor for graduates with average grade from 9.5 to 10.0. The Federal University of Ceará awards the magna cum laude honor for undergraduates who have never failed a course, achieved an average grade from 8.5 (out of 10.0) and have received a fellowship of both Academic Extension and Teaching Initiation . In

3922-567: The Anglican Church . St. Andrew's College today remains a home to a large Ukrainian cultural and religious library. In 1993/94, the University of Manitoba became the first university in Canada to offer a master's degree in interior design . In 1999, the university launched Smartpark, a 100-acre research and technology park at the Fort Garry Campus. On 28 February 2002, Canada Post issued 'University of Manitoba, 1877–2002' as part of

4028-530: The British undergraduate degree classification (usually used in Commonwealth countries) which is more widely used with varying criteria and nomenclature depending on country, including Australia , Bangladesh , Barbados , Brazil , Colombia , Georgia , Hong Kong , India , Ireland , Jamaica , Kenya , New Zealand , Nigeria , Pakistan , Singapore , Sri Lanka , South Africa , Trinidad and Tobago , Uganda ,

4134-540: The Czech Republic , universities usually award the summa cum laude distinction to its best graduates in bachelors and masters study programmes. The criteria required by Czech universities are usually the following: a) an overall study results average up to 1.5 out of 4.0 (while "1" is the best, "excellent" grade and "4" is the failing grade), b) completion of the final state exam with the overall classification of 1 ("excellent") and also c) proper completion of studies in

4240-642: The French Resistance Movement addressed the student body. In the 1944/45 academic year, the University's new Department of Music began providing arts and science students with elective courses in theory and history at the Broadway location. The University saw an influx of 3,125 War veterans in 1946, increasing registration to 9,514. The nondenominational University College—created by historian W.L. Morton —was completed in 1963. The following year, St. Andrew's College became an associated college of

4346-646: The Institut d'études politiques de Paris , HEC Paris , use the Latin and English titles "summa cum laude" / "graduated with highest honors" for the top 2% and "cum laude" / "graduated with honors" for the next 5% of a year. From 2016, honorifics ceased to be used for the completion of a PhD . Before this date, the French PhD diploma could be awarded with increasing honors: mention bien , mention très honorable , mention très honorable avec félicitations du jury . While these honors grades have been revoked for

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4452-630: The Ph.D. and M.D. degrees. There are three standard levels of Latin honors: In 1869, Harvard College became the first college in the United States to award final honors to its graduates. From 1872 to 1879, cum laude and summa cum laude were the two Latin honors awarded to graduates. Beginning in 1880, magna cum laude was also awarded. In his 1895 history of Amherst College , college historian William Seymour Tyler traced Amherst's system of Latin honors to 1881, and attributed it to Amherst College president Julius Hawley Seelye : Instead of attempting to fix

4558-641: The Spanish flu epidemic and the subsequent ban on public meetings closed the university for several weeks from October 11 to December 2. By the end of World War I on 11 November 1918, a total of 1160 students and 14 faculty/staff from the University of Manitoba enlisted; 123 were killed or died during the war; and 142 received military honors . Following the War, the university saw a large increase in enrolment, with 2,013 students enrolling in various degree and special courses in 1919. The University of Manitoba Students’ Union

4664-526: The United Kingdom , Zimbabwe and many other countries. Malta shows the Latin honors on the degree certificates, but the UK model is shown on the transcript. In Austria , the only Latin honor in use is sub auspiciis Praesidentis rei publicae ("under the auspices of the president of the republic") for doctoral degrees. Candidates must have consistently excellent grades throughout high school and university, making it very difficult to attain: only about 20 out of

4770-578: The University of Manitoba , Canada, by Keith Downey and Baldur R. Stefansson in the early 1970s, having then a different nutritional profile than present-day oil in addition to much less erucic acid . Canola was originally a trademark name of the Rapeseed Association of Canada; the name is a portmanteau of "can" from Canada and "ola" from "oil". Canola is now a generic term for edible varieties of rapeseed oil in North America and Australasia;

4876-534: The University of Winnipeg ; and Brandon College would become Brandon University . In 1968, the Manitoba Theatre Centre and the University of Manitoba English Department combined to offer theatre courses at the university. In 1970, the Faculty of Arts and Science separated to form the individual Faculties of Arts and of Science. St. Boniface College and St. John's College , two of the founding colleges of

4982-470: The 1930s, the university moved its administrative offices to its Fort Garry campus, where the Arts Building is completed in 1931. Also that year, St. Paul's College became affiliated with the university. The Faculty of Education was established by the university in 1934. The university established an Evening Institute in 1936. In 1937, the university offers a Bachelor of Commerce , to be awarded through

5088-621: The Canadian Universities series. The stamp was based on a design by Steven Slipp, based on photographs by Mike Grandmaison and on an illustration by Bonnie Ross. The 48¢ stamps are perforated 13.5 and were printed by Ashton-Potter Canada Limited. The administrative position of "Vice-President (Indigenous)" was established at the university in October 2019 to lead the development and implementation of Indigenous-focused initiatives, engagement, research, etc. Canola oil Rapeseed oil

5194-549: The Canadian crop was herbicide-tolerant. In 2005, 87% of the canola grown in the US was genetically modified. In 2011, out of the 31 million hectares of canola grown worldwide, 8.2 million (26%) were genetically modified. A 2010 study conducted in North Dakota found glyphosate- or glufosinate -resistance transgenes in 80% of wild natural rapeseed plants, and a few plants that were resistant to both herbicides. This may reduce

5300-535: The Faculty of Arts and Science, for the first time. The Second World War affected the university considerably. Between 1940 and 1941, the Canadian Army took over the Fort Garry residence; all fit 18-year-old male students were required to take 6 hours per week in military training; and students above 21 years old receive two weeks of practical military training in a camp. Moreover, 90% of women students enrolled in

5406-411: The Latin honors. It is also used by Yale-NUS College, with the top 5% of a graduating class receiving summa cum laude , the next 10% magna cum laude , and the next 20% cum laude . There are no credit (CAP) requirements to achieve the Latin honors at Yale-NUS College. In South Africa , the Latin honors cum laude is used for bachelor's degrees, honour's degrees and master's degrees, and

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5512-453: The Latin original. Students who achieve a final grade average of 90-94 are awarded the title May Karangalan ( with honors ) and will receive a bronze medal with the DepEd seal. Those who have a final grade average of 95–97 receive the title of May Mataas na Karangalan ( with high honors ) and a silver medal with the same seal. Students with a final grade average of 98-100 shall be awarded

5618-421: The Latin originals. The honors distinction should not be confused with the honors degrees offered in some countries, or with honorary degrees . The system usually has three levels of honor (listed in order of increasing merit): cum laude , magna cum laude , and summa cum laude . Generally, a college or university's regulations set out definite criteria a student must meet to obtain a given honor. For example,

5724-640: The Madrid area. With honors (academic) Latin honors are a system of Latin phrases used in some colleges and universities to indicate the level of distinction with which an academic degree has been earned. The system is primarily used in the United States . It is also used in some Southeastern Asian countries with European colonial history, such as Indonesia and the Philippines , and African countries such as Zambia and South Africa , although sometimes translations of these phrases are used instead of

5830-551: The PhD diploma, they are still in use for doctors of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Dental Medicine. In Germany , the range of degrees is: These degrees are mostly used when a doctorate is conferred, not for diplomas, bachelor's or master's degrees, for which numerical grades between 1.0 ("very good") and 4.0 ("pass"), and 5.0 ("fail"), are given. In Hungary , the range of degrees—similar to the German system—is: rite ("duly" conferred, that is,

5936-538: The School of Social Work was established within the Faculty of Arts and Science. Some time from 1943 to 1944, the president of the University of Manitoba Students' Union , Albert Hamilton, was called before the Board of Governors for an anti-war poem—“Atrocities”—that he provided for The Manitoban ’s Literary Supplement, and his graduating year marks would be held up until he joined active service . In March 1945, four members of

6042-459: The Science Building, between 1899 and 1900 by architect George Creeford Browne. In 1895, the University of Manitoba Act was amended to give the denominational colleges the power to confer degrees in divinity. It would be amended again two years later in order to allow the Manitoba government to grant up to $ 60,000 for the university and a normal school (i.e., a teaching college). In 1900,

6148-468: The U.S. and Argentina." There are several forms of genetic modification, such as herbicide ( glyphosate and glufosinate , for example) tolerance and different qualities in canola oil. Regulation varies from country to country; for example, glyphosate-resistant canola has been approved in Australia, Canada, China, Korea, Mexico, Philippines, and the US, while Laurical, a product with a different oil composition, has been approved for growing only in Canada and

6254-405: The US. In 2003, Australia's gene technology regulator approved the release of canola genetically modified to make it resistant to glufosinate ammonium , a herbicide. The introduction of the genetically modified crop to Australia generated considerable controversy. Canola is Australia's third biggest crop, and is used often by wheat farmers as a break crop to improve soil quality . As of 2008,

6360-449: The University of Manitoba admitted its first woman student, Jessie Holmes, and in 1889, Holmes also became the university's first female graduate. In 1892, the Manitoba Medical College saw its first female graduate, Hattie Foxton, who passed her exams with first-class standing for Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery. In 1897, the University of Manitoba Act was amended in order to allow the Manitoba government to grant up to $ 60,000 for

6466-443: The University of Manitoba, though operating independently on its own campus in the St. Boniface area of Winnipeg. Moreover, St. John's, St. Paul's, and St. Andrew's College have continued their affiliated relationship with the University of Manitoba into the present day, and are housed on the university's Fort Garry campus. The university would hold its first exams on 27 May 1878, taken by

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6572-687: The University of Manitoba. (It would gain special affiliation status 2 decades later.) Also at this time, the University recognized the Canadian Mennonite Bible College (now Canadian Mennonite University ), the Catherine Booth Bible College (now Booth University College ), and the Prairie Theatre Exchange , as "approved teaching centres." In 1966, the Manitoba Law School would be fully incorporated into

6678-493: The advent of coal (city) gas or kerosene . It was the preferred oil for train pot lamps, and was used for lighting railway coaches in the United Kingdom before gas lighting , and later electric lighting , were adopted. Burned in a Carcel lamp , it was part of the definition of the French standard measure for illumination , the carcel , for most of the nineteenth century. In lighthouses , for example in early Canada, rapeseed oil

6784-425: The allowed claim for food labels states: "Limited and not conclusive scientific evidence suggests that eating about 1 1 ⁄ 2 tablespoons (19 grams) of canola oil daily may reduce the risk of coronary heart disease due to the unsaturated fat content in canola oil. To achieve this possible benefit, canola oil is to replace a similar amount of saturated fat and not increase the total number of calories you eat in

6890-636: The campus’ first buildings: Tache Hall, the Administration Building, and the Home Economics Building (now the Human Ecology Building), all completed in 1912. Between 1911 and 1912, the university conferred its first honorary degrees , received by President of the University of Toronto Robert Alexander Falconer and by Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba Daniel Hunter Macmillan . On 1 January 1913, James Alexander Maclean became

6996-423: The change in name also serves to distinguish it from natural rapeseed oil, which has much higher erucic acid content. A genetically engineered rapeseed that is tolerant to the herbicide Roundup (glyphosate) was first introduced to Canada in 1995 ( Roundup Ready ). A genetically modified variety developed in 1998 is considered to be the most disease- and drought-resistant canola variety to date. In 2009, 90% of

7102-501: The clean-up costs of the contamination, which came to a total of C$ 660. In Western Australia , in the Marsh v Baxter case, a GM canola farmer was sued by his organic neighbour because GM canola contamination led to the loss of organic certification . Although the facts of the case and the losses to the organic farmer were agreed between the parties, the judge did not find the GM farmer liable for

7208-481: The effectiveness of the herbicide tolerance trait for weed control over time, as the weed species could also become tolerant to the herbicide. However, one of the researchers agrees that "feral populations could have become established after trucks carrying cultivated GM seeds spilled some of their load during transportation". She also notes that the GM canola results they found may have been biased as they only sampled along roadsides. Genetically modified canola attracts

7314-461: The equivalent in Italian ) is used as an increasing level of the highest grade for both exams (30/30) and degrees (110/110), in all its levels; Passing an exam cum laude ( 30 e lode ) has usually only an honorific meaning, but sometimes it influences the average grade and can be useful to the student so honored (usually weighting 31/30). "30 e lode" is usually awarded after answering correctly

7420-469: The exact GPA corresponding to each varies by institution. In Ukraine , the university education honor system is based on by-law # 161 (2 June 1993) of the Ministry of Education of Ukraine (3.12.3.5). For a student to graduate from a university with a diploma with honors ( cum laude ), students have to receive mark 5 (excellent) at least on 75% of courses, receive mark 4 (good) at max 25% of courses, and pass

7526-660: The extraction of the oil is an important industry. The name for rapeseed comes from the Latin word rapum meaning turnip. Turnip , rutabaga (swede), cabbage , Brussels sprouts , and mustard are related to rapeseed. Rapeseed belongs to the genus Brassica . Brassica oilseed varieties are some of the oldest plants cultivated, with documentation of its use tracing back to India from 4,000 years ago, and use in China and Japan 2,000 years ago. Its use in Northern Europe for oil lamps

7632-432: The feedstock, partly because rapeseed produces more oil per unit of land area compared to other oil sources, such as soybeans, but primarily because canola oil has a significantly lower gel point than most other vegetable oils. Some less-processed versions of rapeseed oil are used for flavor in some countries. Chinese rapeseed oil was originally extracted from the field mustard . In the 19th century, rapeseed ( B. rapa )

7738-645: The final examination. The Finnish Matriculation Examinations at the end of lukio / gymnasium uses the grades of: improbatur (I, failing; "not accepted"), approbatur (A; "accepted"), lubenter approbatur (B; "willingly accepted"), cum laude approbatur (C; "accepted with praise"), magna cum laude approbatur (M; "accepted with great praise"), eximia cum laude approbatur (E; "accepted with excellent praise") and laudatur (L; "praised"). They are roughly equivalent to Finnish school grades ranging from 4 to 10. Some Finnish universities, when grading master's theses and doctoral dissertations, use

7844-601: The first President of the university. Also in 1913, the university officially moved to the site, where it began constructing some of its own buildings, including the Engineering building. That year, the Departments of Architecture, Mechanical Engineering, French, and of German were established as well. Many of the university's students went off to fight in the First World War , for which the University of Manitoba also served as

7950-477: The first time in the university's history. In 1919, the University of Manitoba would found the first school of architecture in all of western Canada. In 1916, the Departments of Arts (including Mathematics) and Architecture, the Library , and the administrative offices of the university were moved into the former Law Courts Building. Also that year, Englishman Frank E. Nuttall became the first trained librarian for

8056-521: The honours classification is stated as in English, e.g. primi ordinis for first class rather than summa cum laude , etc. Official degree certificates use English. For undergraduate degrees, Latin honors are used in only a few countries such as Israel , Indonesia , the Dominican Republic , the Philippines , one university in Singapore and Canada . Most countries use a different scheme, such as

8162-425: The losses. Canola oil is made at a processing facility by slightly heating and then crushing the seed. Almost all commercial canola oil is then extracted using hexane solvent , which is recovered at the end of processing. Finally, the canola oil is refined using water precipitation and organic acid to remove gums and free fatty acids, filtering to remove color, and deodorizing using steam distillation. Sometimes

8268-444: The oil is also bleached for a lighter color. The average density of canola oil is 0.92 g/ml (7.7 lb/US gal; 9.2 lb/imp gal). Cold-pressed and expeller-pressed canola oil are also produced on a more limited basis. About 44% of a seed is oil, with the remainder as a canola meal used for animal feed. About 23 kg (51 lb) of canola seed makes 10 L (2.64 US gal) of canola oil. Canola oil

8374-495: The oil, imparting a pungent odor. Further reduction of glucosinolate levels remains important for the use of rapeseed meal in animal feed. It is not completely clear which genetic changes from plant breeding resulted in the current reduction in this group of chemicals. Apart from its use for human consumption, rapeseed oil is extensively used as a lubricant for machinery. It was widely used in European domestic lighting before

8480-508: The oil. A centrifuge is used to remove solids, followed by a heating step. The resultant oil is heat-stable and fundamental to Sichuan cuisine . In India, mustard oil is used in cooking. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, some chefs use a "cabbagey"-tasting rapeseed oil processed by cold-pressing. This cold process means that the oil has a low smoke point, and is therefore unsuitable for frying in Sichuan cuisine , for example. In 1981, there

8586-462: The only genetically modified crops in Australia were canola, cotton, and carnations . Genetically modified canola has become a point of controversy and contentious legal battles. In one high-profile case ( Monsanto Canada Inc v. Schmeiser ) the Monsanto Company sued Percy Schmeiser for patent infringement after he replanted canola seed he had harvested from his field, which he discovered

8692-430: The rank of every individual student by minute divisions on a scale of a hundred as formerly, five grades of scholarship were established and degrees were conferred upon the graduating classes according to their grades. If a student was found to be in the first or lowest grade, he was not considered as a candidate for a degree, though he might receive a certificate stating the facts in regard to his standing; if he appeared in

8798-431: The requirements are fulfilled), cum laude (with honors), summa cum laude (with highest honors). These degrees are used in university diplomas and in certain fields of sciences (medical, legal and a very few others) only. The grades of degrees are dependent on the received average points from final exams and from average points from the university studies. In Italy , the cum laude notation ( con lode being

8904-431: The same scale with the additional grade of non sine laude approbatur (N; "accepted not without praise") between lubenter and cum laude ; technical universities use a numerical scale (1–5) instead. In France , usually the French honors mention très bien ("very good mention"), mention bien ("good mention"), and mention assez bien ("quite good mention") are used. However some Grandes Écoles , like

9010-562: The science building was built in 1901 on Broadway in downtown Winnipeg , becoming the university's first teaching facility. The university's first dedicated staff was subsequently hired in 1904 to teach in the newly created Faculty of Science. This staff of science professors is regarded as the university's "original six," and included A.H.R. Buller ( botany and geology ), Frank Allen ( physics and mineralogy ), M.A. Parker ( chemistry ), R. R. Cochrane ( mathematics ), Swale Vincent ( physiology ), and Gordon Bell ( bacteriology ). In 1908

9116-473: The second grade the degree of A.B. was conferred upon him rite; if in the third, cum laude ; if in the fourth, magna cum laude ; while if he reached the fifth grade he received the degree summa cum laude . The advantages of this course, as stated to the trustees by the president, are that it properly discriminates between those who, though passing over the same course of study, have done it with great differences of merit and of scholarship, and that it furnishes

9222-495: The student might be required to achieve a specific grade point average, submit an honors thesis for evaluation, be part of an honors program , or graduate early. Each school sets its own standards. Since these standards vary, the same level of Latin honors conferred by different institutions can represent different levels of achievement. Similarly, some institutions grant equivalent (or additional) non-Latin honors to undergraduates. The University of Wisconsin–Madison , for example, has

9328-598: The teaching faculty was reorganized, creating a General University Faculty Council and an individual Faculties in Arts & Science, Engineering, and Medicine. In 1921, William Tier was appointed as the first Dean of Arts & Science, and E.P. Fetherstonhaugh as the first Dean of Engineering. In 1924, the university officially merged with the Manitoba Agricultural College through an act of the Manitoba legislature . In

9434-536: The title of May Pinakamataas na Karangalan ( with highest honors ) and a gold medal with the same specification. In college, students are awarded the latin honors cum laude , magna cum laude and summa cum laude , respectively. In Russia , the honor system is based on the grade point average. At least 4.75 out of 5.0 points are required for the summa cum laude degree (in Russian, с отличием s otlichiem , "with excellence"). The graduate has to receive

9540-536: The university and a normal school (i.e., a teaching college). In the early part of the 20th century, professional education expanded beyond the traditional fields of theology , law, and medicine. Graduate training based on the German-inspired American model of specialized course work and the completion of a research thesis was introduced. As the university recognized its need to be a teaching university in addition to its degree-granting responsibilities,

9646-475: The university as the Faculty of Law . Responding to population pressure, the policy of university education would be initiated in the 1960s. As result, in 1967, two of the colleges that had originally been part of the University of Manitoba were given university status of their own by the provincial government: United College, which had been formed by the merging of Wesley College and Manitoba College , would become

9752-517: The university became a teaching institution by an act of the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba . Soon after, other colleges also received affiliated status: In 1938, Wesley College and Manitoba College merged to form United College . Three decades later, in 1967, United College became the University of Winnipeg , and Brandon College became Brandon University . In contrast, Collège universitaire de St. Boniface has retained its affiliation with

9858-563: The university established its library and Florence Davy Thompson became the first librarian. The Broadway location—as well as the current site of the Canadian Mennonite University near Assiniboine Park —was considered as a possible main campus. However, the university ultimately decided on its current site at Fort Garry in order to be near the Manitoba Agricultural College , which, in 1911, began constructing

9964-517: The university was published. In 1914, the Manitoba Law School was founded by the University of Manitoba and the Law Society of Manitoba as an affiliated college of the university. Officially opening on 3 October 1914, the School would have 123 students (including 5 women) and 21 academic staff in 1920. On 23 April 1915, a Baccalaureate Address was given at the end of the academic session for

10070-420: The university, still remain part of the University of Manitoba. St. Boniface is the university's only French-language college, offering instruction in French, as well as facilities for the training of teachers who expect to teach in the French language. St. John's, which dates back to 1820, offers instruction in Arts and Science and, among other special programs, prepares men and women for the ordained ministry of

10176-602: The university. In 1916, an Overseas Correspondence Club was established to write letters to UM students serving in England and France during the War, keeping them up-to-date in on University activities during their absence. At a March Faculty Council meeting in 1917, taking note of the Russian Revolution , the Faculty ordered the sending of a congratulatory telegram to the Provisional Government of Russia . The telegram

10282-419: Was also the one to introduce the bill for the University of Manitoba Act . Officially opening on June 20, 1877, the university was formed by the federation of three existing denominational colleges and conferred degrees on students graduating from these colleges: Collège de Saint-Boniface ( Roman Catholic ), St John's College ( Anglican ), and Manitoba College ( Presbyterian ). The university would add

10388-426: Was an oil poisoning outbreak, later known as toxic oil syndrome that was attributed to people consuming what they thought was olive oil but turned out to be rapeseed oil that had been denatured with 2% aniline ( phenylamine ). The substance was intended for industrial use but had been illegally refined in an attempt to remove the aniline. It was then fraudulently sold as olive oil, mainly in street markets, mostly in

10494-400: Was awarded only for very exceptional work. Since 1 September 2010, only cum laude is used. It is awarded to bachelors, masters and integrated studies graduates. Occasionally the word kiitusega , which means "with praise", is substituted for the usual cum laude . To receive cum laude one must achieve a 4.60 GPA (out of 5) and receive the highest grade (A – 5.00) for the thesis or

10600-428: Was contaminated with Monsanto's patented glyphosate-tolerant canola by spraying it with glyphosate , leaving only the resistant plants. The Canadian Supreme Court ruled that Percy was in violation of Monsanto's patent because he knowingly isolated and replanted the resistant seed that he had harvested. On 19 March 2008, Schmeiser and Monsanto Canada Inc. came to an out-of-court settlement whereby Monsanto would pay for

10706-459: Was established under the University of Manitoba Act as a “ Provincial University ” on 28 February 1877, becoming the first institution of higher education to be established in western Canada. The first University of Manitoba Chancellor (1877–1904) was Robert Machray, later the Archbishop of Rupert's Land . The first vice-chancellor (1877–1889) was Manitoba Attorney-General Joseph Royal , who

10812-408: Was introduced by European traders, and local farmers crossed the new plant with field mustard to produce semi-winter rapeseed. Their erucic acid content was reduced to modern "canola" levels by breeding with Canadian low-erucic acid cultivar "ORO". Chinese rapeseed oil has a distinctive taste and a greenish colour due to the different processing method: seeds are roasted and expeller-pressed to obtain

10918-414: Was moderate benefit for lower risk of cardiovascular diseases, bone fractures, and type-2 diabetes . A 2019 review of randomized clinical trials found that canola oil consumption reduces total cholesterol (TC) and LDL compared to sunflower oil and saturated fat . Consumption of canola oil has been shown to reduce body weight when compared with saturated fat. Regarding individual components, canola oil

11024-500: Was officially established in 1919, followed by the University of Manitoba Alumni Association in 1921. By 1920, the university would be the largest university in the Canadian Prairies and the fifth largest in Canada, with 1,654 male and 359 female students, as well as 184 academic staff (including 6 women). It had eight faculties: Arts, Science, Law, Medicine, Engineering, Architecture, Pharmacy, and Agriculture. From 1920 to 1921,

11130-553: Was subsequently answered by Foreign Minister Pavel Milyukov . During this time, university enrolment reduced significantly due to military enlistment; students dropped from 925 in 1914–15 to 662 in 1916–17. In 1918, the university's board of governors arranged for all men with a record of overseas service in the CEF, or who have served for a year or more in Canada, to receive full tuition remission in Arts and half tuition fees in Engineering, Architecture, Pharmacy, and Medicine. Also this year,

11236-630: Was used before the introduction of mineral oil . Rapeseed oil was used with the Argand burner because it was cheaper than whale oil . Rapeseed oil was burned to a limited extent in the Confederacy during the American Civil War . Rapeseed oil was used in Gombault's Caustic Balsam, a popular horse and human liniment at the turn of the 20th century. Among the more unusual applications of rapeseed oil

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