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62-719: Mandriva, S.A. began as MandrakeSoft in 1998. In February 2004, following lengthy litigation with the Hearst Corporation over the name "Mandrake" (the Hearst Corporation owned a comic strip called Mandrake the Magician ), MandrakeSoft was required to change its name. Following the acquisition of the Brazilian Linux distribution Conectiva in February 2005, the company's name was changed on 7 April 2005 to "Mandriva" to reflect

124-515: A digital marketing services business. The acquisition brought Hearst Newspapers to publishing 19 daily and 61 weekly papers. Other 2017 acquisitions include the New Haven Register and associated papers from Digital First Media , and the Alton, Illinois , Telegraph and Jacksonville, Illinois , Journal-Courier from Civitas Media . In October 2017, Hearst announced it would acquire

186-731: A 1937 liquidation, also had to merge some of his morning papers into his afternoon papers. In Chicago, he combined the morning Herald-Examiner and the afternoon American into the Herald-American in 1939. This followed the 1937 combination of the New York Evening Journal and the morning American into the New York Journal-American , the sale of the Omaha Daily Bee to the World-Herald . Afternoon papers were

248-555: A common board of thirteen trustees (its composition fixed at five family members and eight outsiders) administers the Hearst Foundation, the William Randolph Hearst Foundation, and the trust that owns (and selects the 26-member board of) the Hearst Corporation (parent of Hearst Communications which shares the same officers). The foundations shared ownership until tax law changed to prevent this. In 2009, it

310-576: A controlling stake in 1979. On September 7, 1979, the ESPN cable channel went on the air, with 24 hours of programming on the weekends and limited hours during the week. 625 cable system affiliates were signed up at launch and they had one million household subscribed total (out of 20 million households with cable). The channel's first game featured the Milwaukee Schlitz and the Kentucky Bourbons in

372-450: A future expansion of its streaming business to include ESPN's linear networks. On August 8, 2023, Penn Entertainment announced a $ 2 billion agreement with ESPN to rebrand its Barstool Sportsbook sports betting services as ESPN Bet. As part of the agreement, ESPN will receive $ 1.5 billion in cash over 10 years, and will take $ 500 million in Penn stock. On February 6, 2024, ESPN announced

434-419: A joint venture with Fox Sports and TNT Sports to launch a sports streaming service called Venu Sports , offering the three organizations' main linear sports channels and associated media rights, beginning in fall 2024. Additionally, the company plans to launch a "flagship" standalone streaming offering, including the ESPN and ESPN2 linear channels, in late summer or fall 2025. ESPN also supplies content to

496-634: A majority stake in Litton Entertainment . Its CEO, Dave Morgan, was a former employee of Hearst. On January 23, 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired the business operations of The Pioneer Group from fourth-generation family owners Jack and John Batdorff. The Pioneer Group was a Michigan-based communications network that circulates print and digital news to local communities across the state. In addition to daily newspapers, The Pioneer and Manistee News Advocate , Pioneer published three weekly papers and four local shopper publications, and operated

558-504: A nationwide cable sports network. Shortly after being terminated as the World Hockey Association 's New England Whalers communications director in 1978, Rasmussen conceived of a plan to produce Connecticut sports events for Connecticut cable systems. With his son, Scott, they had moved beyond that, considering a national sports channel doable. RCA had an underused satellite and was pushing for customers. Finding it cheaper by

620-681: A newspaper owner most well known for use of yellow journalism . The Hearst family remains involved in its ownership and management. In 1880, George Hearst , mining entrepreneur and U.S. senator, bought the San Francisco Daily Examiner . In 1887, he turned the Examiner over to his son, William Randolph Hearst , who that year founded the Hearst Corporation. The younger Hearst eventually built readership for Hearst-owned newspapers and magazines from 15,000 to over 20 million. Hearst began to purchase and launched other newspapers, including

682-418: A partnership to create a lab named Manbo-Labs, to share resources and technology to release a common base system for both companies' Linux distributions. Although Mandriva's operating system eventually became a significant entity in the data center, the company's operating margins were thin and by 2012 the company was on the brink of bankruptcy. On January 30, 2012, Mandriva announced that an external entity bid

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744-458: A profit maker. Werner soon was hired by ESPN as vice-president of finance, administration, and planning and developed a new business plan. Werner developed a new revenue source beyond advertising by initiating revolutionary affiliate fees paid by the cable operators by number of subscribers starting at 6 cents. Between CBS Cable folding in October 1982 and the new CEO, Bill Grimes, they convinced most of

806-491: A profitable business in pre-television days, often outselling their morning counterparts featuring stock market information in early editions, while later editions were heavy on sporting news with results of baseball games and horse races. Afternoon papers also benefited from continuous reports from the battlefront during World War II . After the war, however, both television news and suburbs experienced explosive growth; thus, evening papers were more affected than those published in

868-696: A puzzle games website. In April 2024, Hearst acquired the Texas magazines Austin Monthly and Austin Home from Open Sky Media. A new organization called was created Hearst Texas Austin Media to manage the titles along with the Austin Daily newsletter which was created early that year. A non-exhaustive list of its current properties and investments includes: (alphabetical by state, then title) Under William Randolph Hearst's will,

930-644: Is not believed to be directly involved with these operations. Those channels are to be rebranded and replaced in 2025 with the loss of the Warner Bros. Discovery brands to Rogers Sports & Media . ESPN entered the United Kingdom in 2006 when pan-European ESPN Classic was added to Sky Digital . In December 2006, the North American Sports Network , which operated as a joint-venture between Benchmark Capital Europe and Setanta Sports announced

992-708: Is worth at least $ 13 billion. On July 31, 1996, Hearst and the Cisneros Group of Companies of Venezuela announced its plans to launch Locomotion , a Latin American animation cable television channel. On March 27, 1997, Hearst Broadcasting announced that it would merge with Argyle Television Holdings II for $ 525 million, the merger was completed in August to form Hearst-Argyle Television (later renamed as Hearst Television in 2009). In 1999, Hearst sold its Avon and Morrow book publishing activities to HarperCollins . In 2000,

1054-520: The Journal Inquirer and later in October 2023 bought San Antonio Magazine. The company paid $ 150,000 in cash plus an amount equal to 90% of the magazine's accounts receivable In November 2023, Hearst acquired all print and digital operations owned by RJ Media Group, including the Record-Journal , seven weekly newspapers and a digital advertising agency. In December 2023, Hearst bought Puzzmo,

1116-671: The Los Angeles Examiner , and The Milwaukee Sentinel , supported the company's money-losing afternoon publications such as the Los Angeles Herald-Express , the New York Journal-American , and the Chicago American . The company sold the latter paper in 1956 to the Chicago Tribune ' s o wners, who changed it to the tabloid-size Chicago Today in 1969 and ceased publication in 1974. In 1960, Hearst also sold

1178-667: The New York Herald Tribune and Scripps-Howard 's World-Telegram and Sun to form the New York World Journal Tribune (recalling the names of the city's mid-market dailies), which collapsed after only a few months. The 1962 merger of the Herald-Express and Examiner in Los Angeles led to the termination of many journalists who began to stage a 10-year strike in 1967. The effects of the strike accelerated

1240-459: The New York Journal in 1895 and the Los Angeles Examiner in 1903. In 1903, Hearst created Motor magazine, the first title in his company's magazine division. He acquired Cosmopolitan in 1905, and Good Housekeeping in 1911. The company entered the book publishing business in 1913 with the formation of Hearst's International Library. Hearst began producing film features in

1302-680: The Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph to the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette and the Detroit Times to The Detroit News . After a lengthy strike it sold the Milwaukee Sentinel to the afternoon Milwaukee Journal in 1962. The same year Hearst's Los Angeles papers – the morning Examiner and the afternoon Herald-Express – merged to become the evening Los Angeles Herald-Examiner . The 1962–63 New York City newspaper strike left

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1364-595: The San Francisco Chronicle , the Houston Chronicle , Cosmopolitan and Esquire . It owns 50% of the A&;E Networks cable network group and 20% of the sports cable network group ESPN , both in partnership with The Walt Disney Company . The conglomerate also owns several business-information companies, including Fitch Group and First Databank . The company was founded by William Randolph Hearst ,

1426-892: The Washington Times-Herald . That year he also bought the Milwaukee Sentinel from Paul Block (who bought it from the Pfisters in 1929), absorbing his afternoon Wisconsin News into the morning publication. Also in 1939, he sold the Atlanta Georgian to Cox Newspapers, which merged it with the Atlanta Journal . Following Adolf Hitler's rise to power in Germany, the Nazis received positive press coverage by Hearst presses and paid ten times

1488-535: The Hearst Corporation . Werner resigned as CEO and president in October 1990 for another sports CEO job. Steve Bornstein replaced him in the CEO post moving up from the second position of executive vice-president in charge of programming and production. With ABC Radio Network , the company started the ESPN Radio Network in 1991 with programming 16 hours per week. Ohlmeyer Communications' sports programming division

1550-641: The Herald-Examiner ). In 1919, Hearst's book publishing division was renamed Cosmopolitan Book. In the 1920s and 1930s, Hearst owned the biggest media conglomerate in the world, which included a number of magazines and newspapers in major cities. Hearst also began acquiring radio stations to complement his papers. Hearst saw financial challenges in the early 1920s, when he was using company funds to build Hearst Castle in San Simeon and support movie production at Cosmopolitan Productions . This eventually led to

1612-611: The Lagardère Group for more than $ 700 million and became a challenger of Time Inc ahead of Condé Nast . In December 2012, Hearst Corporation partnered again with NBCUniversal to launch Esquire Network . On February 20, 2014, Hearst Magazines International appointed Gary Ellis to the new position, Chief Digital Officer. That December, DreamWorks Animation sold a 25% stake in AwesomenessTV for $ 81.25 million to Hearst. In January 2017, Hearst announced that it had acquired

1674-503: The San Antonio Light after it purchased the rival San Antonio Express-News from Murdoch. On November 8, 1990, Hearst Corporation acquired 20% stake of ESPN, Inc. from RJR Nabisco for a price estimated between $ 165 million and $ 175 million. The other 80% has been owned by The Walt Disney Company since 1996. Over the last 25 years, the ESPN investment is said to have accounted for at least 50% of total Hearst Corp profits and

1736-541: The "Worldwide Leader in Sports", programming on its television networks include broadcasts of live or tape-delayed sporting events and sports-related programming including talk shows and original documentary series and films . ESPN Inc. was founded in 1979 by Bill Rasmussen , initially as an attempt to broadcast sports in Connecticut over an "Entertainment and Sports Programming Network" (ESPN) cable channel, and soon became

1798-561: The Chandlers' Los Angeles Times , also competitor to the Los Angeles Herald-Examiner , which folded in 1989. In 1990, both King Features Entertainment and King Phoenix Entertainment were rebranded under the collective Hearst Entertainment umbrella. King Features Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Distribution, while King Phoenix Entertainment was renamed to Hearst Entertainment Productions. In 1993, Hearst closed

1860-744: The Disney+ subscription streaming service in Latin America and soon the US through the ESPN brand hub tile (2023–present). Under the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission 's rules regarding foreign broadcasters, ESPN has been prohibited from acquiring majority ownership of any channel operating in Canada. Instead, ESPN partnered with several Canadian firms to form a privately held consortium named NetStar Communications in 1995, which then acquired

1922-887: The Hearst Corp. pulled another "switcheroo" by selling its flagship and "Monarch of the Dailies", the afternoon San Francisco Examiner , and acquiring the long-time competing, but now larger morning paper, San Francisco Chronicle from the Charles de Young family. The San Francisco Examiner is now published as a daily freesheet. In December 2003, Marvel Entertainment acquired Cover Concepts from Hearst, to extend Marvel's demographic reach among public school children. In 2009, A&E Networks acquired Lifetime Entertainment Services , with Hearst ownership increasing to 42%. In 2010, Hearst acquired digital marketing agency iCrossing. In 2011, Hearst absorbed more than 100 magazine titles from

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1984-626: The Hearst Corporation began pursuing joint operating agreements (JOAs). It reached the first agreement with the DeYoung family, proprietors of the afternoon San Francisco Chronicle , which began to produce a joint Sunday edition with the Examiner . In turn, the Examiner became an evening publication, absorbing the News-Call-Bulletin . The following year, the Journal-American reached another JOA with another two landmark New York City papers:

2046-705: The Mandriva Club. There were several levels of membership, at costs ranging from US$ 66 or €60 per year (as of 2007) to €600 per year. Club members gained access to the Club website, additional mirrors and torrents for downloading, free downloads of its boxed products (depending on membership level), interim releases of the Mandriva Linux distribution, and additional software updates. For example, only Gold-level and higher members could download Powerpack+ editions. Many Mandriva commercial products came with short-term membership in

2108-489: The UK Premier League matches, with ESPN as one of the interested parties to acquire the rights. On June 22, 2009, a day before Setanta UK collapsed into administration, ESPN announced they had snapped up the rights from the 2009–10 season to the 2012–13 season, and would launch their own domestic channel . ESPN UK launched in August 2009, forming as part of a new TV package with America and Classic, by acquiring much of

2170-572: The United Kingdom, including its ESPN.co.uk, ESPN FC , ESPNcricinfo , and ESPNscrum websites. Two years later, ESPN reached a long-term deal with BT Sport for the British rights to ESPN original programming and international event rights. The main ESPN network following the BT purchase transitioned to airing North American Sports programming, and in June 2015 was renamed BT Sport ESPN. On May 11, 2022, BT announced that

2232-523: The X Games and an ESPN section on QQ.com. In August 2016, Disney purchased a 1/3 stake in BAMTech for $ 1 billion from MLB Advanced Media with the option to purchase a majority share, which it later exercised, and now owns 85%. Disney purchased the stake to first develop an ESPN-branded subscription streaming service, later named ESPN+ . In July 2023, it was reported that Disney was contemplating selling an equity stake in ESPN to an outside partner, as part of

2294-538: The acquisition of all shares of Linbox for a total of $ 1.739 million in Mandriva stock, plus an earn out of up to $ 401,000 based on the 2006 Linbox financials. In 2007, Mandriva reached a deal with the Government of Nigeria to put their operating system on 17,000 school computers, in a deal that almost ended up with its system being replaced with the one from Microsoft. On January 16, 2008, Mandriva and Turbolinux announced

2356-710: The city with no papers for over three months, with the Journal-American one of the earliest strike targets of the Typographical Union. The Boston Record and the Evening American merged in 1961 as the Record-American and in 1964, the Baltimore News-Post became the Baltimore News-American . In 1953, Hearst Magazines bought Sports Afield magazine, which it published until 1999 when it sold

2418-1016: The club; however, Mandriva Linux was completely usable without a club membership. When Mandriva Linux 2008.0 was released in October 2007, Mandriva made club membership free of charge to all comers, splitting download subscriptions off into a separate service. Mandriva also had a Mandriva Corporate Club for larger organizations. [REDACTED] Free Software portal Hearst Corporation Hearst Corporation , its wholly owned subsidiary Hearst Holdings Inc. , and HHI's wholly owned subsidiary Hearst Communications Inc. (usually referred to simply as Hearst ) constitute an American multinational mass media and business information conglomerate based in Hearst Tower in Midtown Manhattan in New York City. Hearst owns newspapers, magazines, television channels , and television stations, including

2480-498: The deciding game of the championship series of the American Professional Slo-Pitch League . In 1980, the company was named in a Texas divorce filing. Groundbreaking for its headquarters took place one year earlier. Full-time broadcasting began in September 1980. Additional programming at the time included weekly boxing matches. NBC Sports President Chet Simmons was hired to help run the cable channel. Simmons and Rasmussen were at odds with Getty Oil executives siding with Simmons. At

2542-485: The end of 1980, Rasmussen was removed as company president by Getty Oil executive for ESPN, Stuart Evey, relegating him to a ceremonial role. Rasmussen left in 1981 and sold his remaining stock in 1984. Investing another $ 15 million into the company and no profits expected any time soon, Getty used management consultant McKinsey & Co. to assess ESPN's future. McKinsey's lead consultant was Roger Werner, who figured with another $ 120 million and five years ESPN would become

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2604-496: The ex-Setanta slots. By 2012, the network had begun to lose many of its key sports rights, including the Premier League, to BT Group . On January 25, 2013, ESPN reached a deal to sell its television business in the United Kingdom and Ireland, including ESPN America's programming rights, to BT Group . The ESPN channel in the United Kingdom was placed under the control of BT Sport , while ESPN Classic and ESPN America shut down. ESPN continues to operate digital properties targeting

2666-458: The hour to rent a satellite transponder full-time, instead of 5 hours a day, the Rasmussens changed their plans from creating a Connecticut sports channel to creating a national cable network. On February 7, 1979, Bill Rasmussen got the NCAA to agree, in principle, to grant ESPN broadcast rights for NCAA sports. The next day at the Texas Cable Show exposition, he was able to get cable companies on board. An advertising contract with Anheuser-Busch

2728-433: The journal to Robert E. Petersen . In 1958, Hearst's International News Service merged with E.W. Scripps' United Press , forming United Press International as a response to the growth of the Associated Press and Reuters . The following year Scripps-Howard's San Francisco News merged with Hearst's afternoon San Francisco Call-Bulletin . Also in 1959, Hearst acquired the paperback book publisher Avon Books . In 1965,

2790-496: The magazine and book businesses of Rodale in Emmaus, Pennsylvania with some sources reporting the purchase price as about $ 225 million. The transaction was expected to close in January following government approvals. In 2018, Hearst acquired the global health and wellness magazine brands owned by Rodale, Inc. In April 2023, Hearst bought WBBH-TV , an NBC-affiliated television station in Fort Myers, Florida, from Waterman Broadcasting Corporation. In June 2023, Hearst acquired

2852-477: The merger of the magazine Hearst International with Cosmopolitan in 1925. Despite some financial troubles, Hearst began extending its reach in 1921, purchasing the Detroit Times , The Boston Record , and the Seattle Post-Intelligencer . Hearst then added the Los Angeles Herald and Washington Herald , as well as the Oakland Post-Enquirer , the Syracuse Telegram and the Rochester Journal-American in 1922. He continued his buying spree into

2914-435: The mid-1910s, creating one of the earliest animation studios : the International Film Service , turning characters from Hearst newspaper strips into film characters. Hearst bought the Atlanta Georgian in 1912, the San Francisco Call and the San Francisco Post in 1913, the Boston Advertiser and the Washington Times (unrelated to the present-day paper) in 1917, and the Chicago Herald in 1918 (resulting in

2976-437: The mid-1920s, purchasing the Baltimore News (1923), the San Antonio Light (1924), the Albany Times Union (1924), and The Milwaukee Sentinel (1924). In 1924, Hearst entered the tabloid market in New York City with New York Daily Mirror , meant to compete with the New York Daily News . In addition to print and radio, Hearst established Cosmopolitan Pictures in the early 1920s, distributing his films under

3038-408: The morning, whose circulation remained stable while their afternoon counterparts' sales plummeted. In 1947, Hearst produced an early television newscast for the DuMont Television Network : I.N.S. Telenews , and in 1948 he became the owner of one of the first television stations in the country, WBAL-TV in Baltimore . The earnings of Hearst's three morning papers, the San Francisco Examiner ,

3100-429: The names "MandrakeSoft" and "Conectiva." On October 4, 2004, MandrakeSoft acquired the professional support company Edge IT, which focused on the corporate market in France and had 6 employees. On June 15, 2005, Mandriva acquired Lycoris (formerly, Redmond Linux Corporation). On October 5, 2006, Mandriva signed an agreement to acquire Linbox, a Linux enterprise software infrastructure company. The agreement included

3162-449: The newly created Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer . In 1929, Hearst and MGM created the Hearst Metrotone newsreels. The Great Depression hurt Hearst and his publications. Cosmopolitan Book was sold to Farrar & Rinehart in 1931. After two years of leasing them to Eleanor "Cissy" Patterson (of the McCormick-Patterson family that owned the Chicago Tribune ), Hearst sold her The Washington Times and Herald in 1939; she merged them to form

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3224-443: The pace of the company's demise, with the Herald Examiner ceasing publication November 2, 1989. Hearst moved into hardcover publishing by acquiring Arbor House in 1978 and William Morrow and Company in 1981. In 1982, the company sold the Boston Herald American — the result of the 1972 merger of Hearst's Record-American & Advertiser with the Herald-Traveler — to Rupert Murdoch 's News Corporation , which renamed

3286-422: The paper as The Boston Herald , competing to this day with The Boston Globe . In 1986, Hearst bought the Houston Chronicle and that same year closed the 213-year-old Baltimore News-American after a failed attempt to reach a JOA with A.S. Abell Company , the family who published The Baltimore Sun since its founding in 1837. Abell sold the paper several days later to the Times-Mirror syndicate of

3348-408: The reluctant cable providers to pay. By 1985, the fee was 10 cents. ESPN was the largest cable channel by the end of 1983 with 28.5 million households. Also in 1983, the company began distributing programming outside the United States. In 1984, the U.S. ABC television network purchased a controlling stake in the company. ABC later merged with Capital Cities Communications , and the combined company

3410-469: The sale of the channel to ESPN for €70 million. The sale's closure in March 2007 added NASN to the ESPN family, although it remained as part of the Setanta Sports Pack on satellite television . On October 2, 2008, it was announced that NASN would rebrand as ESPN America. The rebranding took place on February 1, 2009, to coincide with Super Bowl XLIII . On June 19, 2009 it was announced that Setanta Sports UK had lost their local rights package to half of

3472-474: The sports networks TSN and RDS . These Canadian partners then sold their shares in 2001 to CTV Inc. (now Bell Media ). ESPN continues to own 20 percent of what is now CTV Specialty Television while Bell Media owns the remaining 80 percent. The sports channels owned by the CTV Specialty Television subsidiary: Through CTV Specialty Television, ESPN also has an indirect interest in several channels operated in partnership with Warner Bros. Discovery , but ESPN

3534-496: The standard subscription rate for the INS wire service belonging to Hearst. William Randolph Hearst personally instructed his reporters in Germany to only give positive coverage to Hitler and the Nazis, and fired journalists who refused to write stories favourable of German fascism. During this time, high ranking Nazis were given space to write articles in Hearst press newspapers, including Hermann Göring and Alfred Rosenberg . Hearst, with his chain now owned by his creditors after

3596-650: Was estimated to be the largest private company managed by trustees in this way. As of 2017, the trustees are: The trust dissolves when all family members alive at the time of Hearst's death in August 1951 have died. ESPN Inc. ESPN Inc. is an American multinational sports media conglomerate majority-owned by the Walt Disney Company , with Hearst Communications as an equity stakeholder. Headed by James Pitaro , it owns and operates local and global cable and satellite television variants of ESPN , ESPN2 , ESPN Radio , ESPN.com , ESPN+ and other related ventures. Commonly and colloquially marketed as

3658-451: Was in talks at that time, and Getty Oil came on board as its major source of capital. In 1979, Rasmussen purchased the first acre of land for ESPN's headquarters in Bristol, Connecticut . With a reasonable payment plan in July 1979, Rasmussen leased RCA's Satcom 1 transponder using his credit card. Anheuser-Busch became a major sponsor, signing a $ 1.4 million ad contract, a record at the time. Getty Oil invested $ 10 million into ESPN getting

3720-481: Was purchased by The Walt Disney Company in 1995. In 1988, Roger Werner became the network's president and CEO. ESPN started out expanding into other nations and additional channels. The ESPN International unit was formed in 1988 to start channels in other nations beginning with ESPN Latin America in 1989. In 1992, ESPN Asia was launched. ESPN partnered with TF1 and Canal+ for a made over Eurosport to enter Europe. RJR Nabisco sold its 20% stake in ESPN to

3782-638: Was purchased in March 1993. ESPN launched ESPN2 on October 1, 1993 at 7:30 PM. The channel at the time was targeting those age 18-34. In 1994, ESPN acquired Creative Sports and from Dow Jones an 80% stake in SportsTicker. In 1997, ESPN acquired the Classic Sports Network . In 2006, ESPN acquired the North American Sports Network (NASN). It was re-branded as ESPN America on February 1, 2009. In February 2016, ESPN and Tencent reached an agreement of collaboration. ESPN's content would be localized and exclusively distributed and promoted by Tencent's digital platforms in China, including college basketball games,

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3844-663: Was rejected by a minority share holder and the deal did not go through. At the end of the first semester 2012, a solution to the situation that had appeared in January of the same year was found and a settlement achieved. Mandriva was subsequently owned by several different shareholders. Mandriva filed for administrative receivership in early 2015, and was liquidated on May 22, 2015. The Mandriva Linux distribution continues to survive as OpenMandriva Lx . Notable forks include Mageia Linux and ROSA Linux . In addition to selling Linux distributions through its online store and authorized resellers, Mandriva previously sold subscriptions to

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