58-444: Mananchira square is a man-made freshwater pond park situated in the centre of the city of Kozhikode (Calicut) in Kerala , southern India. The pond is 3.49 acres (14,120 m) in area, is rectangular in shape and is fed by a natural spring. It was donated by KunhiKoru Moopan, father of Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan to the people of calicut for sports and leisure activity Mananchira
116-701: A "big bazaar." Other travellers who visited Kozhikode include the Italian Ludovico di Varthema (1503–1508) and Duarte Barbosa . Kozhikode and its suburbs formed part of the Polanad kingdom, which was a vassal state to the Kolathunadu of North Malabar , ruled by the Porlatiri . The Eradis of Nediyiruppu at Kondotty in Eranad ( Malappuram district ) wanted an outlet to the sea, to initiate trade and commerce with
174-528: A fine variety of hand-woven cotton cloth that was exported from the port of Kozhikode, is thought to have been derived from Calicut . The term for tricolour cats, called calico cats , is as well derived from the fabric name. The ancient port of Tyndis which was located on the northern side of Muziris , as mentioned in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , was somewhere around Kozhikode. Its exact location
232-486: A main railway station, where all passing trains stops. There are other railway stations within the City limits. They are Elathur, West Hill, Vellayil and Kallai. Only local passenger trains stops in these stations. One can travel to almost all destinations within the country from Kozhikode. The history of railways in Kerala dates to 1861 when the first tracks were laid between Tirur and Beypore . Calicut International Airport
290-779: A metropolitan population of more than 2 million, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in Kerala and the 19th largest in India. Kozhikode is classified as a Tier 2 city by the Government of India. It is the largest city in the region known as the Malabar Coast and was the capital of the British-era Malabar district . It was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by the Samoothiris (Zamorins). The port at Kozhikode acted as
348-425: A multi-ethnic and multi-religious town since the early medieval period . The Hindus form the largest religious group, followed by Muslims and Christians . Hindus form the majority at 57.37% of the population with 315,807 members. Muslims form 37.66% of the population with 207298 members. The corporation of Kozhikode has an average literacy rate of 96.8% ( national average is 74.85%). The male literacy rate
406-421: A place called Velapuram to safeguard his new interests. The fort most likely lent its name to Koyil Kotta the precursor to Kozhikode. Thus the city came into existence sometime in the 13th century. The status of Udaiyavar increased and he became known as Swami Nambiyathiri Thirumulpad, and eventually Samuri or Samoothiri (Zamorin). Europeans called him in a corrupt form as Zamorin . At the peak of their reign,
464-658: A suburb of Kozhikode, it joins NH 66. It passes through major towns like Kondotty , Perinthalmanna , and Mannarkkad and Malappuram . This stretch connects the city and Calicut International Airport . SH 29 passes through the city. It connects NH 766, Malabar Christian College, civil station, Kunnamangalam , koduvally,Thamarassery,Chellot, Chitragiri and Road to Gudallor from Kerala border. State highway 38 starts from Pavangad near passes through Ulliyeri , Perambra , Kuttiady , Nadapuram , Panoor & Koothuparamba and ends at Chovva in Kannur . The highway is107;km long. It
522-452: Is 44.0 km long. This highway passes through Koyilandi , Ulliyeri , Balussery , Thamarassery , Omassery , Mukkam . Buses, predominantly run by individual owners, ply on the routes within the city and to nearby locations. City buses are painted green. Kerala State Road Transport Corporation (KSRTC) runs regular services to many destinations in the state and to the neighboring states. The city has three bus stands. All private buses to
580-515: Is 97.93% and female literacy rate is 95.78%. Pre-modern Kozhikode was already teeming with people of several communities and regional groups. Most of these communities continued to follow their traditional occupations and customs till the 20th century. Brahmins, too, lived in the city mostly around the Hindu temples. Regional groups like the Tamil Brahmins , Gujaratis and Marwari Jains became part of
638-588: Is a matter of dispute. The suggested locations are Ponnani , Tanur , Beypore - Chaliyam - Kadalundi - Vallikkunnu , and Koyilandy . Tyndis was a major center of trade, second only to Muziris , between the Cheras and the Roman Empire . Pliny the Elder (1st century CE) states that the port of Tyndis was located at the northwestern border of Keprobotos ( Chera dynasty ). The North Malabar region, which lies north of
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#1732869984212696-422: Is a park in the centre of Kozhikode , Kerala state, southern India . The historic maithan , adjacent to Mananchira has been converted into an acadia with trees and plants, an artificial hill, shrubs, sculpture, an open-air theatre, and a musical fountain. Mananchira Square is named after the man-made lake Mananchira around which it is situated in the centre of the city. It is named after Mahadevan Samoothiri ,
754-424: Is called Muthalakkulam. Muthalakkulam is traditional cloth drying ground used even now by the professionals in the laundry field. Touring Bookstall (TBS) Women's Hospital and Ahmadiyya Mosque are located here. Palayam Juma Masjid and the old Palayam bus station are also located here. Palayam junction boasts of the historic imperial building which was the first concrete building of Calicut city. Mananchira Square
812-551: Is divided into six zones each under a circle officer. Apart from regular law and order, the city police comprise the traffic police, bomb squad, dog squad, fingerprint bureau, women's cell, juvenile wing, narcotics cell, riot force, armed reserve camps, district crime records bureau and a women's station. It operates 16 police stations functioning under the Home Ministry of Government of Kerala . National Highway 66 connects Kozhikode to Mumbai via Mangaluru , Udupi and Goa to
870-530: Is one of the busiest route in the district. SH 54 connects the city to Kalpetta . The highway is 99.0 kilometres (61.5 mi) long. The highway passes through Pavangad, Kozhikode , Ulliyeri, Perambra , Poozhithodu, Peruvannamuzhi and Padinjarethara. SH 68 starts from Kappad and ends in Adivaram. The highway is 68.11 kilometres (42.32 mi) long. SH 34 starts from Koyilandy and ends in Edavanna which
928-630: Is settled mostly around the Jain temple in and around the Valliyangadi. They owned many establishments, especially textile and sweet shops. They must have arrived in Kozhikode at least from the beginning of the 14th century. They belong to either the Hindu or the Jain community. A few Marwari families are also found in Kozhikode who was basically moneylenders. Languages of Kozhikode city (2011) By language, 97.64% of
986-413: Is the first City Corporation in Kerala after the creation of the state. Established in 1962, Kozhikode Corporation's first mayor was H Manjunatha Rao. Kozhikode corporation has four assembly constituencies – Kozhikode North, Kozhikode South, Beypore and Elathur – all of which are part of Kozhikode . The Kozhikode City Police is headed by a commissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer. The city
1044-510: Is the preferred one and is very busy. Another route, is Kozhikode- Manathavady - Kutta -Mysore-Bangalore. The third one, less used, is Kozhikode–Gundlupet– Chamarajanagar – Kollegal –Bangalore. Private tour operators maintain regular luxury bus services to Mumbai , Bangalore , Coimbatore , Chennai , Vellore , Ernakulam , Trivandrum , Ooty , Mysore . etc. and mainly operate from the Palayam area. These are usually night services. Kozhikode has
1102-691: The Fall of Calicut ). The English landed in 1615 (constructing a trading post in 1665), followed by the French (1698) and the Dutch (1752). In 1765, Mysore captured Kozhikode as part of its occupation of the Malabar Coast. Kozhikode, once a famous cotton-weaving centre, gave its name to the Calico cloth . It was ranked eleventh among Tier-II Indian cities in job creation by a study conducted by ASSOCHAM in 2007. Accounts of
1160-914: The Third Portuguese Armada and Kingdom of Cochin under João da Nova and Zamorin of Calicut 's navy marks the beginning of Portuguese conflicts in the Indian Ocean . The defeat of the joint fleet of the Sultan of Gujarat Mahmud Begada , the Mamlûk Burji Sultanate of Egypt , and the Zamorin of Calicut with support from the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Diu in February 1509 marks
1218-456: The samoothiris (Zamorins) in the Middle Ages and later of the erstwhile Malabar District under British rule. Arab merchants traded with the region as early as 7th century, and Portuguese explorer Vasco da Gama landed at Kozhikode on 20 May 1498, thus opening a trade route between Europe and India. A Portuguese factory and the fort was intact in Kozhikode for short period (1511–1525, until
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#17328699842121276-488: The 15th century. A few Christians of Thiruvitankoor and Kochi have lately migrated to the hilly regions of the district and are settled there. The Tamil Brahmins are primarily settled around the Tali Siva temple. They arrived in Kozhikode as dependants of chieftains, working as cooks, cloth merchants and moneylenders. They have retained their Tamil language and dialects as well as caste rituals. The Gujarati community
1334-545: The 20 or 30 mosques built to cater to the religious needs of the Muslims, the unique system of calculation by the merchants using their fingers and toes (followed to this day) and the matrilineal system of succession. Abdur Razzak (1442–1443) the ambassador of Persian Emperor Sha-Rohk finds the city harbour perfectly secured and notices precious articles from several maritime countries especially from Abyssinia , Zirbad and Zanzibar . The Italian Niccolò de' Conti (1445), perhaps
1392-604: The Central Water Analysis Laboratory and Pondicherry Central University found that the pond was particularly bacteriologically contaminated during the monsoon season, and was highly alkaline afterwards. Mananchira Square , a park complex surrounding the lake was opened in 1994. Previously the Mananchira Square was known as Mananchira Maidanam (Playground) and was famous for football. Several football tournaments were conducted here. The Mananchira Maidanam
1450-638: The Haidari Fakeers of Rome do... The greater part of the Muslim merchants of this place are so wealthy that one of them can purchase the whole freightage of such vessels put here and fit out others like them". Ma Huan (1403), the Chinese sailor part of the Imperial Chinese fleet under Cheng Ho ( Zheng He ) lauds the city as a great emporium of trade frequented by merchants from around the world. He makes note of
1508-455: The Muslims such as Dawoodi Bohras of Gujarati origin. Many of the Muslims living in the historic part of the city follow matrilineality and are noted for their piety. Though Christianity is believed to have been introduced in Kerala in the 1st century CE, the size of the community in Malabar (northern Kerala) began to rise only after the arrival of Portuguese missionaries towards the close of
1566-605: The Pattala Pally and the Mittayi Theruvu are located near the park. The town hall and art gallery are also adjacent to the park. A hangout of non-Malayali residents called the Crown Theatre is on the western side of the park. The park has 250 beautiful lamp posts, an artificial rivulet and an open-air theater. The public library near the park has a huge collection of Malayalam and English books. The northern side of Mananchira
1624-686: The Zamorin expelled the Portuguese with the help of the Dutch East India Company . In 1602, the Zamorin sent messages to Aceh promising the Dutch a fort at Kozhikode if they would come and trade there. Two factors, Hans de Wolff and Lafer, were sent on an Asian ship from Aceh, but the two were captured by the chief of Tanur , and handed over to the Portuguese. A Dutch fleet under Admiral Steven van der Hagen arrived at Kozhikode in November 1604. It marked
1682-611: The Zamorins ruled over a region from Kollam ( Quilon ) to Panthalayini Kollam ( Koyilandy ). Following the discovery of the sea route from Europe to Kozhikode in 1498, the Portuguese began to expand their territories and ruled the seas between Ormus and the Malabar Coast and south to Ceylon . Kallingal Madathil Rarichan Moopan and Pullambil Moopan and Vamala Moopan families were very prominent among those who said that two centuries ago, some Jenmis in Kozhikode were engaged in sea trade and shipping . According to K.V. Krishna Iyer,
1740-562: The beginning of Portuguese dominance of the Spice trade and the Indian Ocean . The continuous wars between the Zamorin navy under the Kunjali Marakkar (Fleet Admiral) and the Portuguese in the 16th century reduced the importance of Kozhikode as a centre of trade. The Kunjali Marakkars are credited with organizing the first naval defense of the Indian coast. At the beginning of the 17th century
1798-489: The beginning of the Dutch presence in Kerala and they concluded a treaty with Kozhikode on 11 November 1604, which was also the first treaty that the Dutch East India Company made with an Indian ruler. By this time the kingdom and the port of Kozhikode was much reduced in importance. The treaty provided for a mutual alliance between the two to expel the Portuguese from Malabar. In return the Dutch East India Company
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1856-457: The city and lived around their shrines. The Nairs formed the rulers, warriors and landed gentry of Kozhikode. The Thiyyar formed the vaidyars ( Ayurveda Physicians), local militia and traders of Kozhikode. The Samoothiri had a ten thousand strong Nair bodyguard called the Kozhikkottu pathinaayiram (The 10,000 of Kozhikode) who defended the capital and supported the administration within
1914-416: The city and the conditions prevailing then can be gleaned from the chronicles of travellers who visited the port city. Ibn Battuta (1342–1347), who visited six times, gives the earliest glimpses of life in the city. He describes Kozhikode as "one of the great ports of the district of Malabar" where "merchants of all parts of the world are found here". The king of this place, he says, "shaves his chin just as
1972-613: The city. He had a larger force of 30,000 Nairs in his capacity as the Prince of Eranadu, called the Kozhikkottu Muppatinaayiram (The 30,000 of Kozhikode). The Nairs also formed the members of the suicide squad ( chaver ). The Muslims of Kozhikode are known as Mappilas , and according to the official Kozhikode website "the great majority of them are Sunnis following the Shafi school of thought . There are some smaller communities among
2030-454: The distant lands. and after fighting with the king Polatthiri for 48 years conquered the area around Panniankara . After this, Menokki became the ruler of Polanad and came to terms with the troops and people. After this, the town of Kozhikode was founded close to the palace at Tali. Then, the Eradis shifted their headquarters from Nediyiruppu to Kozhikode. The Governor of Ernad built a fort at
2088-522: The erstwhile ruler of the Kozhikode Kingdom, known as Mana-vedan Chira (pond) and later transformed to Mana-an-Chira. 100 years ago Valiyangadi and the beach area was the centre of Kozhikode city. In the 1970s the downtown shifted to Mananchira area and again, in the 1980s, Mavoor Road became the centre of attraction. In 2010s, Thondayad Bypass area and Palazhi on the Airport road has emerged as
2146-405: The first Christian traveller who noticed Kozhikode, describes the city as abounding in pepper, lac, ginger, a larger kind of cinnamon, myrobalans and zedoary. He calls it a noble emporium for all India, with a circumference of 13 kilometres (8 miles). The Russian traveller Athanasius Nikitin or Afanasy Nikitin (1468–1474) calls 'Calecut' a port for the whole Indian sea and describes it as having
2204-501: The first week of June and continues until September. The city receives significant precipitation from the North-East Monsoon that sets in from the second half of October through November. This city has winter (December-February) hotter than summer (June-August), while spring (March-May) is the hottest season. The total population under Municipal Corporation limits is 550,440. Males form 47.7% and females 52.3%. Kozhikode has been
2262-613: The gateway to medieval South Indian coast for the Chinese , the Persians , the Arabs , and finally the Europeans. According to data compiled by economics research firm Indicus Analytics in 2009 on residences, earnings and investments, Kozhikode was ranked the second-best city in India to live in. In 2023, Kozhikode was recognised by UNESCO as India's first City of Literature . The exact origin of
2320-558: The most dominant state in Kerala by defeating the Zamorin of Kozhikode in the battle of Purakkad in 1755. Kozhikode came under British Rule after the Mysorean conquest of Malabar in the late 18th century. The British later also formed a regiment called the Thiyyar Regiment to meet their military operations in Malabar . Kozhikode was the capital city of Malabar District , one of
2378-690: The name Kozhikode is uncertain. According to many sources, the name Kozhikode is derived from Koyil-kota (fort), meaning "fortified palace". Koil or Koyil or Kovil is the Malayalam / Tamil term for a Hindu temple , referring to the Tali Shiva Temple . Both the terms kōyil and kōvil are used interchangeably. The Tamil name of the city is Kaḷḷikkōṭṭai. The name also got corrupted into Kolikod , or its Arab version Qāliqūṭ ( IPA : qˠaːliqˠːuːtˤ) and later its anglicised version Calicut. Chinese merchants called it Kūlifo . The word calico ,
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2436-489: The new city centre with a vibrant night life. Oyitti Road connects Mananchira with the railway station. Kozhikode Kozhikode ( pronounced [koːɻikːoːɖɨ̆] ), formerly known as Calicut, is a city along the Malabar Coast in the state of Kerala in India. Known as the City of Spices, Kozhikode is listed among the UNESCO's Cities of Literature . It has a corporation limit population of 609,224 and
2494-454: The north and Kochi and Kanyakumari near Thiruvananthapuram to the south along the west coast of India. This highway connects the city with the other important towns like, Kasaragod , Kanhangad , Kannur , Thalassery , Mahe , Vadakara , Koyilandy Ramanattukara , Kottakkal , Valanchery , Kuttippuram , Ponnani , Kodungallur , North Paravur , Ernakulam , Edapally and proceeds to Alappuzha , Thiruvananthapuram and terminates at
2552-511: The population speaks Malayalam and 0.91% Tamil as their first language. The city is administered by the Kozhikode Corporation, headed by a mayor. For administrative purposes, the city is divided into 75 wards , from which the members of the corporation council are elected for five years. Recently neighbouring suburbs Beypore , Elathur , Cheruvannur and Nallalam were merged within the municipal corporation. Kozhikode Corporation
2610-431: The port at Tyndis , was ruled by the kingdom of Ezhimala during Sangam period . According to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea , a region known as Limyrike began at Naura and Tyndis . However Ptolemy mentions only Tyndis as Limyrike ' s starting point. The region probably ended at Kanyakumari ; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day Malabar Coast . The value of Rome's annual trade with
2668-506: The region was estimated at around 50,000,000 sesterces . Pliny the Elder mentioned that Limyrike was prone by pirates. The Cosmas Indicopleustes mentioned that the Limyrike was a source of peppers. In the 14th century, Kozhikode conquered larger parts of central Kerala after the seize of Tirunavaya region from Valluvanad , which were under the control of the king of Perumbadappu Swaroopam (Cochin). The ruler of Perumpadappu
2726-476: The rise of Kozhikode is at once a cause and a consequence of Zamorin's ascendancy in Kerala. By the end of the 15th century, the Zamorin was at the zenith of his powers with all princes and chieftains of Kerala north of Kochi acknowledging his suzerainty. The Sweetmeat Street ( Mittayi Theruvu ) was an important trading street under Zamorin's rule. The First Battle of Cannanore that occurred in January 1502 between
2784-467: The southern tip of India, Kanyakumari . National Highway 766 connects Kozhikode to Bangalore through Kollegal in Karnataka via Tirumakudal Narsipur , Mysore , Nanjangud , Gundlupet , Sulthan Bathery , Kalpetta and Thamarassery . National Highway 966 connects Kozhikode to Palakkad through Malappuram , Perinthalmanna . It covers a distance of 125 kilometres (78 mi). At Ramanattukara,
2842-466: The state. Kozhikode Municipality was upgraded into Kozhikode Municipal Corporation in the year 1962, making it the second-oldest Municipal Corporation in the state. Kozhikode has a tropical monsoon climate ( Köppen climate classification Am ). A brief spell of pre-monsoon Mango showers hits the city sometime during April. However, the primary source of rain is the South-west monsoon that sets in
2900-778: The suburban and nearby towns ply from the Palayam Bus Stand. Private buses to adjoining districts start from the Mofussil Bus Stand on Indira Gandhi Road (Mavoor Road). Buses operated by the KSRTC drive from the KSRTC bus stand on Indira Gandhi Road. KSRTC Bus Stand Kozhikode is the largest bus stand in Kerala having a size of 36,036.47 meter square. There are also KSRTC depots in Thamarassery , Thottilpalam , Thiruvambady and Vatakara . There are three routes available to Bangalore. Kozhikode– Sulthan Bathery - Gundlupet – Mysore – Bangalore
2958-406: The superior economic and political position in medieval Kerala coast, while Kannur, Kollam , and Kochi , were commercially important secondary ports, where the traders from various parts of the world would gather. In the 15th century, Kozhikode was visited several times by ships from China, which became known as Ming treasure voyages . Kozhikode was the capital of an independent kingdom ruled by
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#17328699842123016-683: The two districts on the western coast ( Malabar Coast ) of Madras presidency . During the British rule , Malabar's chief importance lay in producing pepper , coconut , tiles , and teak . Kozhikode municipality was formed on 1 November 1866 according to the Madras Act 10 of 1865 (Amendment of the Improvements in Towns act 1850) of the British Indian Empire , making it the first modern municipality in
3074-553: Was also famous for the religious activity called Mananchira Ayyappan Vilakku. The Mananchira Maidanam was transformed and named as Mananchira Square up on the leadership of then Kozhikode District Collector Mr Amitabh Kant, who was the administrator, by closing two roads in the vicinity. The place for conducting the Mananchira Ayyappan Vilakku (a religious function held every December) was shifted to Muthalakulam Maidanam (A ground near by to Mananchira Square / Maidanam, which
3132-469: Was built as a bathing pool by the Zamorin Mana Vikrama, the feudal ruler of Kozhikode in around the 14th century. at the time of Tippu sultan Mysore ruler he made this as drinking water source as a gift For Sayed Jifri. The laterite obtained from excavating the pond was used to construct two palaces to the east and west. In the late 19th century, Calicut's municipal council decreed that the pond
3190-400: Was developed after filling a pond named Muthalakkulam). The officials also kept a rule that Mananchira Square will not be used for any cultural or religious purpose, whereas nowadays its widely used for cultural purposes. There are many beautiful statues of Dhoti-clad Malayalam writers inside the park. The park opens after two pm and entrance is free. Other places of tourist attraction like
3248-525: Was forced to shift his capital (c. CE 1405) further south from Kodungallur to Kochi . In the 15th century, the status of Cochin was reduced to a vassal state of Kozhikode, thus leading to the emergence of Kozhikode as the most powerful kingdom in medieval Malabar Coast . During the 15th century Kalaripayat was important in the history of Malabar , some warriors lived, most notably puthooram veettil Aromal Chekavar and his sister Unniyarcha who were chieftains of martial arts. The port at Kozhikode held
3306-461: Was given facilities for trade at Kozhikode and Ponnani , including spacious storehouses. The arrival of British in Kerala documented in the year 1615, when a group under the leadership of Captain William Keeling arrived at Kozhikode, using three ships. It was in these ships that Sir Thomas Roe went to visit Jahangir , the fourth Mughal emperor , as British envoy . Travancore became
3364-407: Was to be reserved exclusively for drinking purposes, and prohibited its use for bathing, washing and recreational activities—a ruling that has remained in place ever since. The pond is an important source of drinking water for Kozhikode, but is susceptible to pollution from municipal sewage, domestic waste, and pollutants from nearby textile factories. An analysis of the water in 2000 by scientists from
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