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22-464: Mammaliamorpha is a clade of cynodonts . It contains the clades Tritylodontidae and Mammaliaformes , as well as a few genera that do not belong to either of these groups. The family Tritheledontidae has also been placed in Mammaliamorpha by some phylogenetic analyses, but has been recovered outside the clade by others. According to a 2022 study based on inner ear anatomy, Mammaliamorpha may be

44-668: A family. Robert Broom (1913) reranked Cynodontia as an infraorder, since retained by others, including Colbert and Kitching (1977), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), and Rubidge and Cristian Sidor (2001). Olson (1966) assigned Cynodontia to Theriodontia , Colbert and Kitching (1977) to Theriodontia, and Rubridge and Sidor (2001) to Eutheriodontia . William King Gregory (1910), Broom (1913), Carroll (1988), Gauthier et al. (1989), Hopson and Kitching (2001) and Botha et al. (2007) all considered Cynodontia as belonging to Therapsida. Botha et al. (2007) seems to have followed Owen (1861), but without specifying taxonomic rank. Below

66-451: A fundamentally marsupial-like reproductive style, but produced much higher litters at around 38 perinates or possibly eggs. Cynodonts are the only known synapsid lineage to have produced aerial locomotors, with gliding being known in haramiyidans and various mammal groups, and placental mammals having developed flight. The largest known non-mammalian cynodont is Scalenodontoides , a traversodontid , which has been estimated to have

88-530: A maximum skull length of approximately 617 millimetres (24.3 in) based on a fragmentary specimen. The closest relatives of cynodonts are therocephalians , with which they form the clade Eutheriodontia . The earliest cynodonts are known early Lopingian (early Wuchiapingian ) aged sediments of the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone , in the Karoo Supergroup of South Africa, belonging to

110-454: A muscular, mobile face is necessary to perform whisking movements and to avoid damage to whiskers , it is unlikely that early cynodonts had whiskers. In prozostrodontian cynodonts, the group that includes mammals, the foramina are replaced by a single large infraorbital foramen, which indicates that the face had become muscular and that whiskers would have been present. Derived cynodonts developed epipubic bones. These served to strengthen

132-852: Is a cladogram from Ruta, Botha-Brink, Mitchell and Benton (2013) showing one hypothesis of cynodont relationships: † Charassognathus † Dvinia † Procynosuchus † Cynosaurus † Galesaurus † Progalesaurus † Nanictosaurus † Thrinaxodon † Platycraniellus † Cynognathus † Diademodon † Beishanodon † Sinognathus † Trirachodon † Cricodon † Langbergia † Andescynodon † Pascualgnathus † Scalenodon † Luangwa † Traversodon † "Scalenodon" attridgei † Mandagomphodon † Nanogomphodon † Arctotraversodon † Boreogomphodon † Massetognathus † Dadadon † Santacruzodon † Menadon † Gomphodontosuchus † Protuberum † Exaeretodon Secondary palate In human embryology , it refers to that portion of

154-419: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Cynodont 1st row: Dvinia prima , Trirachodon berryi ; 2nd row: Brasilitherium riograndensis , Megazostrodon rudnerae ; 3rd row: Ornithorhynchus anatinus ( platypus ), Loxodonta africana ( African bush elephant ). Cynodontia ( lit.   ' dog-teeth ' ) is a clade of eutheriodont therapsids that first appeared in

176-436: Is thought to have a significant role in the development of some warm-blooded animals. The separation of the mouth from the nasal cavity also allowed chewing and breathing to occur at the same time. Early creatures with secondary palates include crocodilians (who are cold-blooded), and cynodonts and a few others among the therapsids , known from the fossil record in the mid- Permian . Mammals inherited our hard palates from

198-585: The Late Permian (approximately 260 mya ), and extensively diversified after the Permian–Triassic extinction event . Mammals are cynodonts, as are their extinct ancestors and close relatives ( Mammaliaformes ), having evolved from advanced probainognathian cynodonts during the Late Triassic. Non-mammalian cynodonts occupied a variety of ecological niches , both as carnivores and as herbivores. Following

220-442: The hard palate that is formed by the growth of the two palatine shelves medially and their mutual fusion in the midline. It forms the majority of the adult palate and meets the primary palate at the incisive foramen . Secondary palate development begins in the sixth week of pregnancy and can lead to cleft palate when development goes awry. There are three major mechanisms known to cause this failure: The secondary palate

242-409: The therians ), all cynodonts probably laid eggs. The temporal fenestrae were much larger than those of their ancestors, and the widening of the zygomatic arch in a more mammal-like skull would have allowed for more robust jaw musculature. They also have the secondary palate that other primitive therapsids lacked, except the therocephalians , who were the closest relatives of cynodonts. (However,

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264-522: The Carnian and in the middle Norian. Post-Early Triassic cynodonts were dominated by members of the advanced clade Eucynodontia , which has two main subdivisions, the predominantly herbivorous Cynognathia and the predominantly carnivorous Probainognathia . During the Early and Middle Triassic, cynodont diversity was dominated by members of Cynognathia, and members of Probainognathia would not become prominent until

286-643: The Jurassic, predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere, persisted into the Early Cretaceous ( Barremian - Aptian ) in Asia, at least until around 120 million years ago, as represented by Fossiomanus from China. During their evolution , the number of cynodont jaw bones reduced. This move towards a single bone for the mandible paved the way for other bones in the jaw, the articular and angular , to migrate to

308-490: The Late Triassic (early Norian ). Almost all Middle Triassic cynodonts are known from Gondwana, with only one genus ( Nanogomphodon ) having been found in the Northern Hemisphere. Among the most dominant groups of Middle and Late Triassic cynodonts is the herbivorous Traversodontidae , predominantly in Gondwana, which reached a peak diversity in the Late Triassic. Mammaliaformes originated from probainognathian cynodonts during

330-532: The Late Triassic. Early Mammaliaformes were small bodied insectivores. Only two groups of non-mammaliaform cynodonts existed beyond the end of the Triassic, both belonging to Probainognathia. The first is the insectivorous Tritheledontidae , which briefly lasted into the Early Jurassic. The second is the herbivorous Tritylodontidae , which first appeared in the latest Triassic, which were abundant and diverse during

352-452: The basal family Charassognathidae . Fossils of Permian cynodonts are relatively rare outside of South Africa, with the most widely distributed genus being Procynosuchus , which is known from South Africa, Germany, Tanzania, Zambia, and possibly Russia. Cynodonts expanded rapidly in diversity after the Permian–Triassic extinction event . Peak disparity in cynodonts occurred from the Induan to

374-852: The clade in which endothermy ("warm-bloodedness") first appeared in the mammalian lineage. Mammaliamorpha was named in 1988 by the American palaeontologist Timothy B. Rowe, who defined it as comprising "the last common ancestor of Tritylodontidae and Mammalia , and all its descendants". The cladogram below is adapted from the 2019 description of the mammaliamorph Pseudotherium by Rachel V. S. Wallace and colleagues: Probainognathus Prozostrodon Therioherpeton Pachygenelus Riograndia Pseudotherium Oligokyphus Kayentatherium Bienotherium Tritylodon Botucaraitherium Brasilitherium Brasilodon Sinoconodon Morganucodon Mammalia [REDACTED] This cynodont -related article

396-453: The cranium, where they function as parts of the mammalian hearing system. Cynodonts also developed a secondary palate in the roof of the mouth. This caused air flow from the nostrils to travel to a position in the back of the mouth instead of directly through it, allowing cynodonts to chew and breathe at the same time. This characteristic is present in all mammals. Richard Owen named Cynodontia in 1861, which he assigned to Anomodontia as

418-518: The emergence of mammals, most other cynodont lines went extinct, with the last known non-mammaliaform cynodont group, the Tritylodontidae , having its youngest records in the Early Cretaceous . Early cynodonts have many of the skeletal characteristics of mammals . The teeth were fully differentiated and the braincase bulged at the back of the head. Outside of some crown-group mammals (notably

440-607: The secondary palate of cynodonts primarily comprises the maxillae and palatines as in mammals, whereas the secondary palate of the therocephalians primarily comprises the maxillae and the vomer .) The dentary was the largest bone in their lower jaw. The cynodonts probably had some form of warm-blooded metabolism. This has led to many reconstructions of cynodonts as having fur . Being endothermic they may have needed it for thermoregulation , but fossil evidence of their fur (or lack thereof) has been elusive. Modern mammals have Harderian glands secreting lipids to coat their fur, but

462-587: The telltale imprint of this structure is only found from the primitive mammal Morganucodon and onwards. Nonetheless, recent studies on Permian synapsid coprolites show that more basal therapsids may have had fur, and at any rate fur was already present in Mammaliaformes such as Castorocauda and Megaconus . Early cynodonts had numerous small foramina on their snout bones, similar to reptiles. This suggests that they had immobile, non-muscular lips like those of lizards, and lacked muscular cheeks. As

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484-448: The torso and support abdominal and hindlimb musculature, aiding them in the development of an erect gait, but at the expense of prolonged pregnancy, forcing these animals to give birth to highly altricial young as in modern marsupials and monotremes . Only placentals , and perhaps Megazostrodon and Erythrotherium , would lose these. A specimen of Kayentatherium does indeed demonstrate that at least tritylodontids already had

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