A summit is a point on a surface that is higher in elevation than all points immediately adjacent to it. The topographic terms acme , apex , peak ( mountain peak ), and zenith are synonymous .
31-449: Mam Tor is a 517 m (1,696 ft) hill near Castleton in the High Peak of Derbyshire , England. Its name means "mother hill", so called because frequent landslips on its eastern face have resulted in a multitude of "mini-hills" beneath it. These landslips, which are caused by unstable lower layers of shale , also give the hill its alternative name of Shivering Mountain. In 1979,
62-402: A Garland King is paraded around the streets wearing an extremely large garland of flowers, followed by local girls dressed in white with flowers. Castleton is a favourite area for walkers: there is plenty of accommodation, and there are many public footpaths leading from the village. There are easy walks along the river to Hope, Brough , Bamford and (rather further) Hathersage , and there
93-663: A Scheduled Ancient Monument . Castleton, Derbyshire Castleton is a village and civil parish in the High Peak district of Derbyshire , England, at the western end of the Hope Valley on the Peakshole Water , a tributary of the River Noe , between the Dark Peak to the north and the White Peak to the south. The population was 642 at the 2011 Census . Castleton village
124-556: A 4,000 m peak is that it has a prominence of 30 metres (98 ft) or more; it is a mountain summit if it has a prominence of at least 300 metres (980 ft). Otherwise, it is a subpeak. In many parts of the Western United States , the term summit can also be used for the highest point along a road, highway, or railroad, more commonly referred to as a pass . For example, the highest point along Interstate 80 in California
155-457: A grant and a Charter from the early 14th century. They are also investigating the 12th-century planned town at the foot of the castle hill. Castleton's medieval town defences are still evident in the village and are a Scheduled monument . Castleton had a long history of lead mining ; the Odin Mine , one of the oldest lead mines in the country, is situated 1.5 kilometres (0.9 mi) west of
186-414: A higher peak, with some prominence or isolation , but not reaching a certain cutoff value for the quantities, are often considered subsummits (or subpeaks ) of the higher peak, and are considered part of the same mountain. A pyramidal peak is an exaggerated form produced by ice erosion of a mountain top. Summit may also refer to the highest point along a line, trail, or route. The highest summit in
217-471: A late Bronze Age and early Iron Age univallate hill fort . Radiocarbon analysis suggests occupation from around 1200 BC. The earliest remaining features are two Bronze Age burial mounds, one just below the summit and the other on the summit itself, though now buried under the paving. At a later stage over a hundred small platforms were levelled into the hill near the summit, allowing inhabited timber huts to be constructed. The hill fort and burial mounds are
248-411: Is Hope Valley College . Castleton attracts many tourists, and there are multiple pubs (some with accommodation), tea shops and guest houses to supply their needs. There is also a large car park, a Visitor Centre housing a dedicated space for Castleton Historical Society’s museum, several outdoors shops and a youth hostel . Many schools visit the area for educational studies such as GCSE fieldwork. It
279-510: Is a debris flow . The landslide is due to weak shales underlying sandstones , a common phenomenon all around the Dark Peak, notably at Alport Castles , Longdendale , Glossop and Canyards Hills , Sheffield. Indeed, three larger landslides occur on the north side of Mam Tor, one of them cutting the main ridge at Mam Nick which allows a minor road over into Edale; another creates the striking crag of Back Tor well seen from Mam Tor. Evidence for
310-603: Is a short strenuous walk up onto the Great Ridge, where views can be enjoyed before descending to Edale or returning to Castleton. Hayfield is a short day's walk away beyond Rushup Edge . A two- or three-day trail, the Limestone Way , starts in Castleton and runs south down Cave Dale (past the rear of the castle) before climbing out of the village and heading for Monyash , Youlgreave , and Matlock . Film of Castleton in 1945
341-427: Is also a major walking centre, where routes up Cave Dale , Winnats Pass , Mam Tor and Hollins Cross meet. There are four "show caves" to visit, Blue John Cavern , Peak Cavern , Treak Cliff Cavern and Speedwell Cavern which includes an underground boat ride and at least one of them is open all year. Castleton has a combined post office and general shop. On Castleton Garland Day ( Oak Apple Day – 29 May),
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#1732877138817372-404: Is also featured briefly in the play The Devil is an Ass by Ben Jonson , first performed in 1616. Topographical summit The term top ( mountain top ) is generally used only for a mountain peak that is located at some distance from the nearest point of higher elevation. For example, a big, massive rock next to the main summit of a mountain is not considered a summit. Summits near
403-418: Is called the "Shivering Mountain" because of its very loose shales), it was eventually abandoned. The only westbound exit from Castleton is now the unclassified road over the narrow Winnats Pass . This road is very narrow and steep and unsuitable for heavy vehicles or high volumes. Road signage has been designed to discourage through traffic by showing only local destinations. Thus, most traffic enters and leaves
434-658: Is held by the Cinema Museum in London. Ref HM0365. The village was featured in episode 3 of Most Haunted: Midsummer Murders where the team "investigates" the 18th-century murder of an engaged couple. Much of the "investigation" takes place in Speedwell Cavern . One of the conspirators, James Ashton, is said to have confessed to the murders on his deathbed after being haunted by the dead couple. He also implicated others involved. Castleton also featured in national news reports in
465-430: Is no railway station, but Hope station is about 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) away, and train tickets to Hope and Edale are valid on connecting buses to Castleton. Castleton Church of England Primary School is located within the village. It was rated as 'good' in its 2017 Ofsted inspection. From October 2017, the school and surrounding area was featured in the ident used by Channel 4 . The nearest secondary school
496-546: The Bowland Shale Formation of Serpukhovian age overlain by turbiditic sandstone of the Mam Tor Sandstone Formation of Bashkirian age. A feature of Mam Tor is the active landslide which invades its southeast side almost to the summit, and interrupts the ramparts of the hillfort, unless its builders used it as part of the defences. This rotational landslide began roughly 4,000 years ago. The toe
527-484: The White Peak (limestones), including the dry gorge of Winnats Pass . It is a dominating link between the eastern end of Rushup Edge and the western end of the Great Ridge , which together separate the Hope Valley to the south from Edale to the north, and is a popular ridgewalk. Mam Tor is made of rocks of Carboniferous age, approximately 320 million years old. The base of Mam Tor is composed of black shales of
558-531: The Market Place, in memory of local residents that died during both World Wars. Castleton is situated between the gritstone plateau of the Dark Peak to the north and the gentler limestone scenery of the White Peak to the south. It lies at the western end of the Hope Valley and consequently is surrounded on three sides by hills. Most prominent is the ridge to the north. This is called Great Ridge ; it runs east from Mam Tor to Back Tor and Lose Hill , via
589-663: The Peak) is thought to have been on the eastern boundary of Castleton, though some locals believe it to have been just south of the Speedwell Cavern footpath from the village. University of Sheffield archaeologists are investigating 'Castle of the Peak', which was reputedly founded by the wife of one of the William Peverels before 1153, and continued until about the 1543 Dissolution. They say the earliest documents referring to Spital Field are
620-512: The base of the Tor and nearby are four show caves: Blue John Cavern , Speedwell Cavern , Peak Cavern and Treak Cliff Cavern where lead , Blue John , fluorspar and other minerals were once mined. Mam Tor was declared to be one of the Seven Wonders of the Peak by Thomas Hobbes in his 1636 book De Mirabilibus Pecci . Mam Tor is on the southern edge of the Dark Peak (sandstones) and overlooks
651-550: The continual battle to maintain the A625 road ( Sheffield to Chapel en le Frith ) on the crumbling eastern side of the hill was lost when the road officially closed as a through-route, with the Fox House to Castleton section of the road being re-designated as the A6187 . The hill is crowned by a late Bronze Age and early Iron Age univallate hill fort , and two Bronze Age bowl barrows . At
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#1732877138817682-458: The continued movement of the slide mass is demonstrated graphically by the severe damage to the old Mam Tor road that traversed this flow. The road was built at the beginning of the 1800s and was subsequently relaid until local authorities closed it in 1979. Layers of tarmac and gravel are up to 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) thick in places, demonstrating the numerous efforts to keep the road open. A short tunnel could readily have been made avoiding
713-534: The early 1980s following the murder of Susan Renhard near the battlements of Peveril Castle. The local caves were used as the filming location for the underworld, ruled by the evil Lady of the Green Kirtle , in the 1990 BBC adaptation of The Silver Chair (one of the Narnia books written by C.S. Lewis ). Cave Dale features in the films The Princess Bride (1987) and The Other Boleyn Girl (2008). The town
744-617: The landslip zone, but the opportunity to exclude heavy business and lorry traffic from the middle of the National Park was preferred. A local diversion for light vehicles follows the limestone gorge of Winnats Pass. This is one of the most extreme cases of geological problems affecting main transport systems in Britain, comparable with the railway at Dawlish . Current mean annual movement is "up to 0.25 m; this increases greatly when winter rainfalls exceed thresholds of both 210 mm/month and 750 mm in
775-512: The pass (hause) of Hollins Cross , where paths from many directions converge and cross over to Edale . Alexander von Humboldt visited caves near Castleton and Buxton in June 1790 to investigate the region's geological structures. Castleton was formerly on the A625 road from Sheffield to Chapel-en-le-Frith , on the way to Manchester . Leaving Castleton, the western road once went over Mam Tor , but after continual landslides and repairs (Mam Tor
806-406: The preceding six months". The debris flow poses no threat to any inhabited buildings; however, small farm buildings lying in the flow's path may soon be overwhelmed assuming a flow rate similar to that of the present. The 2000 study suggests that deep drainage may be the most effective means of stabilising the flow, though this may not completely stop movement. The summit of Mam Tor is encircled by
837-420: The public as Peak Cavern , Blue John Cavern , Speedwell Cavern and Treak Cliff Cavern . A small amount of Blue John is mined locally, and sold in a number of local gift shops, one of which is located in the 17th-century tollhouse . Since the 1920s the main mineral industry in the area has been cement. Hope Cement Works is closer to Hope, but its quarry is closer to Castleton. A war memorial stands in
868-481: The village ( see also Derbyshire lead mining history ). Researchers studying an ice core from a Swiss glacier have found that levels of lead air pollution across Europe during the period 1170–1216 were as high as those of the Industrial Revolution , and the principal source was Peak District mines such as Castleton and Wirksworth . The mining created and enlarged local caverns, four of which are now open to
899-653: The village on the eastern (Hope-Hathersage-Sheffield) road ( A6187 ); for traffic going west, that involves a long diversion via the villages of Bradwell and Peak Forest . Castleton has a small bus station from where buses depart hourly to Sheffield (services 272/273) and 2-hourly to Tideswell and Bakewell (service 173). Sunday services on route 173 and less frequent services, including services 68 to Buxton , 174 Baslow , Ladybower (273 & 274), 200 Chapel-en-le-frith and Edale 276, were cut in 2017 after cuts in government funding. At summer weekends buses link to Chesterfield , Glossop and Ladybower. There
930-401: The world is Mount Everest with a height of 8,848.86 m (29,031.7 ft) above sea level . The first official ascent was made by Tenzing Norgay and Sir Edmund Hillary . They reached the mountain's peak in 1953. Whether a highest point is classified as a summit, a sub peak or a separate mountain is subjective. The International Climbing and Mountaineering Federation 's definition of
961-635: Was mentioned as Pechesers in Domesday Book in 1086 where "Arnbiorn and Hundingr held the land of William Peverel 's castle in Castleton". This land and Peverel's castle were amongst the manors belonging to William Peverel that also included Bolsover and Glapwell . St Edmund's Norman church was restored about 1837. It has late 13th-century tracery and an ashlar -faced Perpendicular tower. Its box pews are dated 1661, 1662, 1663 and 1676. A medieval leper hospital (the Hospital of Saint Mary in