93-508: Malik Ambar (1548 – 13 May 1626) was a military leader and statesman who served as the Peshwa (Prime Minister) of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate and its de facto ruler from 1600 until his death in 1626. Originally a slave from modern day Ethiopia , Chapu , as he was known then, was sold from place to place by many slave merchants, one of whom renamed him Ambar and converted him to Islam. He
186-506: A Bijapuri general, was defeated in their attempts to defeat the Mughal forces despite outnumbering them three to one. Ahmednagar fully fell to Mughal sovereignty in 1600, but Ibrahim continued to support the later successful revival efforts of Malik Ambar for the greater cause of pushing back the Mughals. Ibrahim II also founded the city of Nauraspur in 1599, three kilometers west of Bijapur as
279-516: A Bijapuri general, was sent to subdue Shivaji in 1659, but his expedition ended a disaster, as he was murdered and his home fort of Pratapgarh was captured in a confrontation with Shivaji. Despite further Maratha advances in the north, Ali continued his southern campaigns in the Karnatak and Carnatic, in which he captured Thanjavur and other cities from the Nayakas from 1659–63. Sikandar Adil Shah ,
372-654: A cavalry which grew from 150 to 7000 in a short period of time and revitalized the Ahmadnagar sultanate by appointing puppet sultans to repel Mughal attacks from the North. By 1610, his army grew to include 10,000 Habshis and 40,000 Deccanis. Over the course of the next decade, Malik Ambar would fight and defeat Mughal emperor Jahangir 's attempts to take over the kingdom. Jahangir considered Malik Ambar his arch-nemesis and had publicly expressed his anger towards him. He criticized Ambar as "the ill-starred" and "the black fated". Abu'l Hasan,
465-498: A chief painter at Emperor Jahangir's court, has created a painting, under Jahangir's commission in 1615, depicting Jahangir shooting arrows at the severed head of Ambar. Malik Ambar changed the capital of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate from Paranda to Junnar and founded a new city, Khadki, which was later on renamed to Aurangabad by Aurangzeb in the 1650s. Malik Ambar is said to be one of the proponents of guerrilla warfare in
558-563: A man to walk through. The canal had 140 manholes and it worked efficiently without the need for any maintenance or cleaning for 321 years until it finally needed cleaning in 1931. Malik Ambar is credited with the construction of the Janjira Fort in the Murud Area of present-day Maharashtra India. After its construction in 1567, the fort was key to the Sidis withstanding various invasion attempts by
651-401: A mausoleum and other structures, considered to be some of the finest examples of Deccani and Indo-Islamic architecture . The founder of the dynasty, Yusuf Adil Shah , may have been a Georgian slave who was purchased by Mahmud Gawan . Other historians have mentioned him of Persian or Turkmen origin. According to the narrative presented by contemporary historian Firishta , Yusuf was
744-459: A more concerted effort to conquer the remaining Muslim Deccan states was launched. In April 1685, Mughal forces, led by Aurangzeb, began their siege of Bijapur , and with its conclusion on 12 September 1686, the Sultanate of Bijapur came to an end. The capital and its surrounding territory were annexed into an eponymous subah , while Sikandar was sent into Mughal captivity. The architecture of
837-499: A musician and poet. Syncretism , both cultural and religious , additionally reached its zenith under Ibrahim's rule, while the capital became one of the most prosperous in India; population estimates of the city in the latter half of Ibrahim's rule range as high as one million, and contrasting accounts from a Jesuit in Ali I's rule and a Mughal diplomat in the same period of Ibrahim's rule show
930-427: A planned great center of learning and art, but it was never fully completed and was destroyed in 1624 by Malik Ambar's forces. In 1618, the sultan lost the fortress of Janjira to the independent Habshi state of western India. The following year, Bijapur conquered the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate, although effective control over the state had been achieved as early as 1580. This was preceded by an agreement between
1023-701: A son of the Ottoman Sultan Murad II , although this is considered unfounded by modern historians. Another theory states he was a Turkman of the Aq-Quyunlu . Yusuf's bravery and personality raised him rapidly in Bahmani Sultan Muhammad Shah III 's favour, resulting in his appointment as the Governor of Bijapur . In 1490, Yusuf took advantage of the decline of Bahmani power to establish himself as an independent sultan at Bijapur, pursuing
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#17330858867661116-547: The Ahmadnagar Sultanate , showing administrative acumen. He is also regarded as a pioneer in guerrilla warfare in the region. He is credited with carrying out a revenue settlement of much of the Deccan, which formed the basis for subsequent settlements. He is a figure of veneration to the Siddis of Gujarat . He challenged the might of the Mughals and Adil Shahs of Bijapur and raised
1209-707: The Bahmani Kingdom prior to its independence in 1490 and before the former's political decline in the last quarter of the 15th century. It was one of the Deccan sultanates , the collective name of the five successor states of the Bahmani Kingdom. At its peak, the Sultanate of Bijapur was one of the most powerful states in South Asia, second to the Mughal Empire , which conquered it in 1686 under Aurangzeb . The founder of
1302-577: The Carnatic ; Ali embarked on a monarch-transcending campaign to capture and subjugate all of the Karnatak as well the same year, where his zealotry for Shiism was put on display; Richard M. Eaton writes that his "armies destroyed two to three hundred Hindu temples" and that he replaced many of these with Shia religious buildings. By 1576, the land gained under Ali I's reign had doubled the sultanate's holdings. Ali furthermore commenced diplomatic relations with
1395-557: The Maratha Confederacy , in 1674, and by then had de facto control over much of the Adil Shahis' original territory in the Deccan. He in the following years undid almost all of the southern Bijapuri conquests, annexing this territory into his own state, while also attempting to capture Bijapur itself. Throughout this period the Mughals had been continuously encroaching upon the Adil Shahis' territory, and with Shivaji's death in 1680,
1488-569: The Maratha Confederacy . The greatest threat to Bijapur's security was, from the late 16th century, the expansion of the Mughal Empire into the Deccan. Various agreements and treaties imposed Mughal suzerainty on the Adil Shahs, by stages, until Bijapur's formal recognition of Mughal authority in 1636. The influence of their Mughal overlords, in combination with continual strife with the Marathas, sapped
1581-454: The Mughals , Ottomans , and Safavids in his reign, and Eaton opines that these actions brought the sultanate into the dar al-islam . Ali I had no son, so his nephew Ibrahim II was set on the throne, then only nine years of age in 1580. Control of the regency was constantly fought over in the years following his accession; there were many years when his regent was the influential Kamal Khan, while later in his minority absolute control
1674-562: The Portuguese Empire , led by Afonso de Albuquerque , exerted pressure on the major Adil Shahi port of Goa and conquered it in 1510; Yusuf retook the settlement two months later, however, but the Portuguese again conquered it in November of that year. Yusuf died in 1510, between these two clashes with the Portuguese, when his son Ismail Adil Shah was still a boy. Ismail's regent at
1767-699: The Raichur Doab following the defeat of the Vijayanagara Empire at the Battle of Talikota in 1565. Later campaigns in the Karnatak and Carnatic extended Bijapur's formal borders and nominal authority as far south as Tanjore . Bijapur, for most of its history, was bounded on the west by the Portuguese state of Goa , on the east by the Sultanate of Golconda , to the north by the Ahmednagar Sultanate and to
1860-568: The Sultan of Bijapur as an officer and gained the title " Malik " during this time. But Ambar quit this service in 1595 after citing insufficient support before entering service in the Nizam Shahi army. Malik Ambar was the regent of the Nizamshahi dynasty of Ahmednagar from 1600 to 1626. During this period he increased the strength and power of Murtaza Nizam Shah II and raised a large army. He raised
1953-528: The de facto hereditary administrators of the Confederacy. The Peshwa's office was most powerful under Baji Rao I (r. 1720–1740). Under Peshwa administration and with the support of several key generals and diplomats, the Maratha Confederacy reached its zenith, ruling major areas of India . The subsequent Peshwas brought in autonomy and as a result later on many states were controlled and administered by
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#17330858867662046-490: The Deccan at its inception, Eaton calls it "one of the most imposing and magnificent" in the region. Under Ibrahim II , the sultanate's most prolific patron, the aspects of Adil Shahi architecture evolved to focus on intricate carvings and detail and adopted a style of Hindu–Muslim syncretism ; this change is seen in the Malika Jahan Begum mosque built by the sultan in 1586. His most notable commissioned work though
2139-585: The Deccan region. Malik Ambar assisted Shah Jahan wrestle power in Delhi from his stepmother, Nur Jahan , who had ambitions of seating her son-in-law on the throne. Malik Ambar had also restored some credibility to the Sultans of Ahmadnagar, who had been subdued by the earlier Mughals (Akbar had annexed Ahmadnagar). However, he was defeated later when Shah Jahan led a massive army against the dwindling Ahmednagar. Later Malik Ambar offered full control of Berar and Ahmadnagar to
2232-677: The Deccan since the rule of the Bahmani Sultanate , founded by North Indian Muslims known as the Deccanis . Slaves were generally recruited where hereditary authority was weak, such as in the case of the Deccan, where a deadly and violent struggle between the two dominant and antagonistic factions within the Bahmani Sultanate, the Deccanis (Indian Muslims) and the Westerners (Persian migrants from
2325-416: The Deccan, and Indian states generally, it cannot be disputed Ambar was an avid supporter of education and a patron of the arts. Historians Joseph E. Harris and Chand cite Ambar's patronship of the arts and learning as a shining achievement of his tenure as Malik of Deccan. Malik Ambar cherished strong love and ability for architecture. Aurangabad was Ambar's architectural achievement and creation. Malik Ambar
2418-497: The Deccan. As early as 1397, the Bahmani Sultanate designated its prime minister as "peshwa". In the 16th and 17th centuries, this practice was continued by the Ahmednagar Sultanate and the Bijapur Sultanate , both successor states of the Bahmani Sultanate. After the coronation of Shivaji in 1674, he appointed Moropant Trimbak Pingle as his first Peshwa. Shivaji renamed this designation as Pantpradhan in 1674 but this term
2511-623: The Gulf), caused a chronically unstable environment which created a market for culturally alien military labor. The interdependent relationship between the Deccanis and the Habshis engendered bonds of mutual trust, as the Deccanis had both kin and inherited authority, but lacked sufficient numbers, while the Habshis were able to provide support while lacking kin and inherited authority. This explained why high ranking army commanders were willing to entrust their most important official duties to their Habshi slaves. As
2604-614: The Habshi slaves became freemen on the death of their masters, continuing the military careers as freelancers, they generally allied themselves politically and culturally with the Deccani class in their rivalry against the Persians, embracing the Deccani Muslim identity and language. Once his master died, Malik Ambar was freed by his master's wife. He got married, and after getting freed, Ambar served
2697-518: The Maratha chiefs such as Scindias and Gaekwads . In 1760, the peace of Peshwa government was broken by a rising of Kolis under their Naik Javji Bamble . Javji withdrew to the hills and organised a series of gang robberies, causing widespread terror and misery throughout the country. For twenty years he held out bravely, defeating and killing the generals the Peshwa's Government sent against him. At last he
2790-531: The Marathas, Mughals, and Portuguese to capture Janjira. Peshwa The Peshwa was the second highest office in the Maratha Confederacy , next in rank and prestige only to that of the Chhatrapati . Initially serving as the appointed prime minister in the Maratha Kingdom , the office became hereditary after the death of Shahu in 1749. During the reign of Shahu, the office of Peshwa grew in power and
2883-405: The Mughal Empire took place under Muhammad's rule in 1631 by Shah Jahan , who reached and besieged Bijapur but was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1636, Bijapur was forced to sign a treaty after a defeat against the Mughals requiring them to pay tribute to the Mughal emperor and acknowledge Mughal authority. As a reward for this gesture, the recent Mughal conquest of Ahmednagar was partitioned between
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2976-666: The Mughal War of succession in 1658. Malik Ambar's tomb lies in Khuldabad , near the shrine of the famous Sufi saint Zar Zari Baksh . There are conflicting perspectives on Ambar's long-term impact in Deccan, and its surrounding Indian states. Western historians have tried to project him as symbolic of Africa, even though his life had little to do with Africa. There was little impact he left in India and certainly zero impact with respect to any African legacy. Others agree more with historians like Richard Eaton. He cites Ambar's military prowess as
3069-468: The Mughal as a sign of surrender. Malik Ambar defeated the Mughal General Khan Khanan many times and often attacked Ahmadnagar. Lakhuji Jadhavrao , Maloji Bhosale , Shahaji Bhosale , Ranoji Wable and other Maratha chiefs had gained great prominence during this period. With the help of these Maratha chiefs, Malik Ambar had captured Ahmednagar Fort and town from the Mughals. But in one of
3162-425: The Mughal bureaucracy, and the revolt of then governor of Pune , Shivaji , whose father was a Maratha commander in the service of Muhammad Adil Shah who had been employed in the Karnatak campaigns. Muhammad Adil Shah died in 1656, though was effectively powerless in the last decade of his life from a paralyzing illness which first affected him in 1646. Ali Adil Shah II inherited a troubled kingdom. His state
3255-519: The Peshwas came to be the de facto rulers of the Maratha Confederacy . However following the defeat of the Marathas in 1761 , the office of the Peshwa became titular as well and from that point onwards served as the ceremonial head of the Confederacy underneath the Chhatrapati. All Peshwas during the rule of Shivaji , Sambhaji and Rajaram belonged to Deshastha Brahmin community. The first Peshwa
3348-524: The Sultanate of Bijapur , as a subset of Deccani architecture , was a variant of Indo-Islamic architecture , influenced by that of the Middle East. Adil Shahi architecture was of high sculptural quality, attained through its localized and unique nature. Characteristic of Adil Shahi architecture was large domes and dargahs , complex turrets , geometric and Arabic or Persian calligraphic designs, and decorated friezes of tholobates . Yusuf Adil Shah ,
3441-465: The Vijayanagara Empire in his reign; he pillaged multiple cities and besieged their capital, Vijayanagara , but did not seize any territory in the long-term and returned home only with non-territorial rewards. In another conflict with the Portuguese, Ibrahim was forced to cede two ports in the fear that trade through Goa might be cut off from the Adil Shahis. His kingdom was invaded four times by
3534-409: The battles Malik Ambar was defeated by the Mughals and had to surrender the fort of Ahmadnagar. Many Maratha Chiefs and especially Lakhuji Jadhavrao joined the Mughals after this. Shah Jahan once again laid a crushing blow to Malik Ambar in one of the battles and further decreased his power. He died in a dual battle against a Dadhiwadiya Charan of Marwar in 1626 at the age of 77. Dadhiwadiya Kuldeep
3627-575: The belligerents of their opponents' states, and was a defeat for the Bijapuri–Bidar side, who were forced to cede one of the northern districts of the Bijapur Sultanate to Ahmednagar. Burhan and Ibrahim agreed to a policy of allowing Ahmednagar freedom to expand in the territory of Bidar provided Bijapur could have the same freedom to annex lands from Vijayanagara; thus Ibrahim imprisoned Ali Barid Shahi of Bidar despite their former alliance, though he
3720-560: The capital of Yadavas and Muhammad bin Tughluq , are located within the limits of Aurangabad District . Malik Ambar is especially famous for the Neher water system of the city of Khadki (modern Aurangabad). Malik Ambar completed the Neher within fifteen months, spending a nominal sum of two and a half lakh Rupiyahs . This city is situated on the banks of the Kham, a small perennial stream which rises in
3813-481: The capital relatively unopposed, but later withdrew. The sultan, in addition to his work on Nauraspur, constructed many architectural works near Bijapur which composed the Ibrahim Rauza . Muhammad Adil Shah succeeded his father Ibrahim II in 1627. Under Muhammad's reign, the Sultanate of Bijapur reached its peak, territorially and in power and economic prosperity. The first invasion of the Sultanate of Bijapur by
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3906-514: The centers for its early literary evolution. Ibrahim II was a skillful writer of Deccani Urdu literature , and one of its earliest proponents. Ibrahim himself wrote the Kitab-e-Navras , a Deccani musical poetry work, and patronized many poets and their works of art. His poet laureate , Persian Muhammad Zuhuri , wrote the Saqinama , a collection of lyric poetry . Another employed by the sultan
3999-470: The city of Khirki in 1610. After his death in 1626, the name was changed to Fatehpur by his son and heir Fateh Khan. When Aurangzeb, the Mughal Emperor invaded Deccan in the year 1653, he made Fatehpur his capital and renamed it as Aurangabad . In 2023 the city was renamed Chhatrapati Sambhajinagar. Two former imperial capitals - Pratisthana , the capital of Satavahanas (2nd BC to 3rd AD), and Devagiri ,
4092-418: The conflict was Vijayanagara, who gained territory from an invasion of Golconda. Vijayanagara additionally gained land from Bijapur through persuasion; this included the cities of Yadgir and Bagalkote . Wary of the growing power of Vijayanagara, Ali aligned his forces with the Sultans of Golconda, Ahmednagar and Bidar, despite their past conflicts, and together brought down the Vijayanagara Empire in 1565 in
4185-421: The decisive Battle of Talikota . Rama Raya was beheaded after being captured by the Deccani side. Vijayanagara and nearby cities were sacked and looted, the former city for a period of five to six months, which historian Hermann Goetz states prompted the emigration of much of Vijayanagara's populace to Bijapur. The entire Raichur Doab and the surrounding area were returned to Bijapur. The Vijayanagara military
4278-494: The emperor's encounter with Ismail, who attempted to relieve the siege. Ismail was defeated by Krishnadevaraya there in the Battle of Raichur ; though initially successful and having an advantage in artillery, the first major appearance of which in a South Asian battle, Ismail was routed by the Vijayanagara forces in a surprise counter-attack, scattering much of his forces. Not long after Ismail's retreat, Krishnadevaraya captured
4371-527: The entire state under many challenges such as the Mughal influx, the betrayal of Vatandars , and scarcity of food. With his help, Sachiv kept the Maratha State on a sound economic footing. The Maratha war of succession between Tara Bai and Shahu resulted in latter's victory and assumption of Maratha throne as Chhatrapati. In 1713, Shahu appointed Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) , as Peshwa. The appointment of Balaji's son, Baji Rao I , as Peshwa in 1719 by Shahu made
4464-439: The first sultan, began his work by expanding on two dargahs at Gulbarga commemorating Sufis , and added minarets to them. The first building to fully employ the characteristics of Adil Shahi architecture was a Jama Masjid built during the reign of Ibrahim Adil Shah I . The primary Jami Masjid of Bijapur , however, was built under the rule of Ali I , and was commissioned in 1576. The largest of any structure of its type in
4557-561: The forces of the Ahmednagar Sultanate in his reign, who were the sultanate's greatest adversary; Sultan Burhan Nizam Shah I allied himself initially with Bidar in his first invasion, which saw no territorial losses for Bijapur, but Bidar, ruled by Ali Barid Shah I , later allied itself with Bijapur in the second invasion. This saw a quadruple alliance of Ahmednagar, Jamsheed Quli Qutb Shah of Golconda, Vijayanagara, and Darya Imad Shah of Berar. The war comprised numerous invasions by
4650-418: The former and his forces occupied multiple forts, but the war ended up inconclusive. In 1570, a conflict with the Portuguese began in the hopes of expelling them completely from India; this did not go according to plan, however, and Ali was defeated after multiple encounters in 1571. He subsequently annexed more land from Vijayanagara in a campaign lasting until 1575, in which he conquered Adoni and much of
4743-512: The fort of Raichur . In a later diplomatic conflict, the emperor occupied the capital of Bijapur for an extended period through the sultan's insistence to not see Krishnadevaraya. Ismail invaded the territory of Amir Barid I of Bidar in 1529, and laid siege to his capital. Aladdin Imad Shah of Berar attempted to intervene in the conflict to seek mediation, but was unsuccessful. Amir Barid, in exchange for his life following his capture, gave up
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#17330858867664836-400: The fort of Bidar, which was subsequently looted by Ismail and his troops. Another campaign the following year saw Ismail recapture Raichur and Mudgal from Vijayanagara, whose monarch Krishnadevaraya had recently died. Amir Barid, as he was present at the engagement, there agreed with Ismail to cede him the forts of Kalyani and Qandhar in exchange for Ismail's relinquishment of Bidar. Ismail
4929-406: The founder of the city was always referred to by harsh names by Sultan Jahangir . In his memoirs, he never mentions his name without prefixing epithets like wretch, cursed fellow, Habshi, Ambar Siyari, black Ambar, and Ambar Badakhtur. Some historians believe that those words came out of frustration as Malik Ambar had resisted the powerful Mughals and kept them away from Deccan. He founded/inhabited
5022-403: The increase of wealth of the commoners and city. In 1594, Ibrahim suppressed a rebellion of his brother Ismail, who had been aided in his efforts by Burhan II of Ahmednagar. In 1597, despite their past quarrels, the Adil Shahis formed an alliance with Ahmednagar and Golconda to deter further Mughal advance in the Deccan, who had recently conquered Berar from Ahmednagar. Their alliance, led under
5115-468: The kingdom. Hussain sued for peace in 1561, and in return was forced to submit to Rama Raya and return Kaliyani to Ali Adil Shah. In 1563 Hussain attempted to regain Kaliyani and again laid siege to it. Another conflict ensued with the same belligerents; Ahmednagar was besieged by Ali, but his forces voluntarily raised the siege; Hussain too was forced to abandon his siege of Kaliyani, and the only profiteer of
5208-473: The last Adil Shahi sultan, ruled next for fourteen troublesome years. His reign saw multiple civil wars and much internal strife and unrest, particularly over who should be his regent, as he was only four at the time of his accession. Khawas Khan, Sikandar's initial regent and leader of the Deccani faction, took control of the state, though was removed from power in place of his enemy. Shivaji formally founded an independent Maratha Kingdom, which went on to become
5301-563: The low status of the Nizam Shah. Malik Ambar was born in 1548 in Harar , Adal Sultanate . He was known as Chapu . Early sources claim he was from the now extinct Maya tribe. However historian Richard M. Eaton stated that Malik Ambar's "origin (is) in the Kambata region of southern Ethiopia". Eaton also wrote that "Kambata, the region from which Malik Ambar appears to have come" might have influenced
5394-558: The name Ambar, after recognizing his superior intellectual qualities. He eventually took Ambar to the Deccan Plateau . He was described by the Dutch merchant, Pieter van den Broecke as "a black kafir from Abyssinia with a stern Roman face." Ambar was then purchased by Changiz Khan, a former Habshi slave himself who served as the peshwa or chief minister of the Sultanate of Ahmadnagar . Muslim slaves known as habshi , were recruited in
5487-562: The names of places such as "Cumbala Hill a quarter in modern Mumbai whose name is probably derived from Kambata." Between the 14th and 17th centuries, the Orthodox Christian Ethiopian Empire (led by the Solomonic dynasty ) and adjacent Muslim states gathered many of their slaves from non-Abrahamic communities inhabiting regions like Kambata , Damot and Hadya , which were located to the south of their territory. Chapu
5580-484: The neighbouring hills. Water was supplied to the city from the famous Panchakki water mill which drove the water down the canal from the Kham. The blades of the Panchakki used to rotate by the water falling on them from that stream and with the aid of a wooden valve turn the flow into that canal for the city. The canal was an impressive engineering feat as it consisted of a 7 feet (2.1 m) deep tunnel large enough for
5673-587: The position hereditary in the Bhat family. Baji Rao proved his loyalty by controlling the feudal chieftains who wanted independence from the Maratha Empire. The rebellion of General Trimbak Rao Dabhade, the senapati (commander in chief), over Chauthai (revenue collection) of Gujarat is one example of such internal Maratha feuds. The followers of Baji and Trimbak clashed at the Battle of Bilhapur on 1 April 1731, and Trimbak
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#17330858867665766-581: The reason he rose to such influence during his life, but claims that a string of decisive defeats at the end of his career instigated distrust and resentment amongst those in his close administration. Eaton and his proponents claim Ambar's journey is an impressive story of success, and gave Africans representation in India for a short while, but also believe his lack of positive leadership in the final years of his tenure prevented him from solidifying his influence, as his successors quickly worked to reverse many of Ambar's policies. Regardless of his posthumous impact on
5859-585: The rulers of Bijapur and the Ahmednagar Sultanate, where they divided their spheres of influence such that the latter was let to conquer the Berar Sultanate, provided the Adil Shahis could expand southwards into the territory of the decaying Vijayanagara Empire without the hindrance of the Nizam Shahis. However, as Bidar did not fall under either of these spheres of influence, Malik Ambar, then de facto ruler of Ahmednagar, grew irate, and invaded Bijapur, reaching
5952-440: The same goal Malik Ahmad Nizam Shah I had the same year. In 1503 he proclaimed Shia Islam to be the official religion of his territorial holdings, following the lead of Shah Ismail of the Safavid dynasty . He conquered and annexed the Bahmani taraf of Gulbarga in 1504. Shortly after, he reinstated his decree of Shia practice a year after he had been forced to revoke it under threat of invasion. A colonial expedition of
6045-403: The son of Ismail, succeeded Mallu in 1535. He reestablished the state religion as Sunnism, and made drastic anti-Westerner court changes by abolishing the use of the Persian language in certain administrative tasks, though retaining it as the official language of the sultanate and expelling many of the Westerners and replacing them with the opposing faction, the Deccanis. Ibrahim also invaded
6138-458: The south by the Vijayanagara Empire and its succeeding Nayaka dynasties . The sultanate clashed incessantly with its neighbours. After the allied victory over Vijayanagara at Talikota in 1565, the state further expanded through its conquest of the neighbouring Bidar Sultanate in 1619. The sultanate was thereafter relatively stable, although it was damaged by the revolt of Shivaji , who founded an independent Maratha Kingdom which went on to become
6231-488: The state of its prosperity until the Mughal conquest of Bijapur in 1686. The former Bahmani provincial capital of Bijapur remained the capital of the sultanate throughout its existence. After modest earlier developments, Ibrahim Adil Shah I and Ali Adil Shah I remodelled Bijapur, providing the citadel and city walls, and a congregational mosque . Their successors, Ibrahim Adil Shah II , Mohammed Adil Shah and Ali Adil Shah II , further adorned Bijapur with palaces, mosques,
6324-403: The sultanate fell to the Mughal Empire within ten years of Ambar's death. One of his daughters was married to a prince of the Ahmednagar royal family, who through Malik Ambar's aid was crowned as Sultan Murtaza Nizam Shah II . The eldest and youngest daughters respectively were called Shahir Bano and Azija Bano, the latter of whom married a nobleman named Siddi Abdullah. His youngest daughter
6417-561: The sultanate, Yusuf Adil Shah , after emigrating to the Bahmani Sultanate, rose his position within the state and was appointed governor of the province of Bijapur . In 1490, he created a de facto independent Bijapur state, before becoming formally independent with the Bahmanis' collapse in 1518. The Bijapur Sultanate's borders changed considerably throughout its history. Its northern boundary remained relatively stable, straddling contemporary southern Maharashtra and northern Karnataka . The Sultanate expanded southward, its first major conquest
6510-512: The throne in 1558, reestablished Shiism as the state religion. He inquired of Hussain Nizam Shah I that he may be given back Solapur and Kaliyani, both of which had been taken from the sultanate in past Ahmednagari invasions, given the domestic and foreign strife Ahmednagar had been facing, but was declined. He subsequently invaded the Nizam Shahi kingdom, with assistance from Rama Raya , then de facto ruler of Vijayanagara, and Ibrahim Qutb Shah , and laid siege to Ahmednagar and other cities in
6603-464: The time, Kamal Khan, staged a coup against him, but was unsuccessful and was killed. Ismail thus became the absolute ruler of Bijapur. In 1514 a dispute over Gulbaraga province led the rulers of the Ahmednagar, Golconda, and Bidar Sultanates to invade the provinces of Ismail Adil Shah, but they were deterred and Ismail emerged victorious. In 1520, Krishnadevaraya laid siege to the Bijapuri fort of Raichur . The siege would continue for three months until
6696-495: The titular Raja of Satara , were called Swami ( Marathi for the 'real owner') by the Peshwas who reported to them, and officially they were to seek guidance from the Raja. However, the Peshwa also became a ceremonial head of state after the battle of Panipat and the death of Madhavrao . The first Peshwa to receive the status of a pantpradhan was Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bawdekar in 1689 by Rajaram. The first (Bhat) Deshmukh family Peshwa
6789-582: The two states. This treaty ushered in a period of relative peace with the Mughals, allowing for attention to be focused on continued southern conquests. As a result, Bijapur reached its territorial peak, with its borders stretching from the Arabian Sea to the Bay of Bengal . The Sultanate of Bijapur came however into rapid decline halfway through Muhammad's reign, primarily due to the strain in relations with nobles and landholders, many of whom later deserted to work for
6882-474: Was Firishta , who after entering Ibrahim's service in 1604 and gaining his trust, on the sultan's suggestion wrote his history of the medieval Deccan, the Tarikh-i Firishta , which serves as the basis for much of the modern historiography on the region and period. The later Nusrati , one of the foremost Deccani poets, wrote the romance work Gulshan-i 'Ishq under the patronage of Ali Adil Shah II , and
6975-582: Was Moropant Pingle , who was appointed as the head of the Ashta Pradhan (council of eight ministers) by Shivaji, the founder of the Maratha Kingdom. The initial Peshwas were all ministers who served as the chief executives to the king. The later Peshwas held the highest administrative office and also controlled the Maratha confederacy. Under the Chitpavan Brahmin Bhat family , the Peshwas became
7068-544: Was Balaji Vishwanath (Bhat) Deshmukh. He was succeeded as Peshwa by his son Baji Rao I , who never lost a battle. Baji Rao and his son, Balaji Baji Rao, oversaw the period of greatest Maratha expansion, brought to an end by the Marathas' defeat by an Afghan army at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761. The last Peshwa, Baji Rao II , was defeated by the British East India Company in the Battle of Khadki which
7161-543: Was a military commander of the ruler of Marwar who was given the task of eliminating Malik Ambar. Malik Ambar had by his wife, Bibi Karima two sons; Fateh Khan and Changiz Khan and two daughters. Fateh Khan succeeded his father as the regent of the Nizam Shahs. However, he did not possess his predecessor's political and military prowess. Through a series of internal struggles within the nobility (which included Fateh Khan assassinating his nephew, Sultan Burhan Nizam Shah III ),
7254-469: Was a part of Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818). The Peshwa's land (Peshwai) was annexed to the British East India Company 's Bombay province , and Bajirao II, the Peshwa was pensioned off. Sultanate of Bijapur The Sultanate of Bijapur was an early modern kingdom in the western Deccan and South India , ruled by the Adil Shahi or Adilshahi dynasty. Bijapur had been a taraf (province) of
7347-694: Was among the people who were converted to Islam , and later dispatched abroad to serve as a warrior. According to the Futuhat-i `Adil Shahi , he was sold into slavery by his parents and ended up in al-Mukha in Yemen , where he was sold again for 20 ducats and was taken to the slave market in Baghdad . There he was sold a third time to the Qazi al-Qudat of Mecca and then to Mir Qasim al-Baghdadi. Qasim converted Chapu to Islam from his traditional religion, educated him, and gave him
7440-479: Was an abler and more daring man than his predecessors, and succeeded in baffling all the efforts of the Government officers to seize him. As force seemed hopeless, the Government offered Ramji a pardon and gave him an important police post. The word Peshwa is from Persian پیشوا pēshwā , meaning "foremost, leader". The term was inherited from the political vocabulary of previous Persianate empires operating in
7533-448: Was demolished, and the power of the kingdom had been significantly diminished from the effects of the battle and as such was a shell of its former self. With this victory, Ali I then fortified Bijapur with a city wall, which facilitated the further centralization of authority. Subsequent architectural projects gave way to the growth of the city and its skilled class. Another conflict between Ahmednagar and Bijapur arose in 1567; Ali invaded
7626-403: Was eventually brought to India, where he was bought by his last owner, the Peshwa of the Ahmadnagar Sultanate. Ambar rose through the ranks at Ahmadnagar, where he created a mercenary force numbering greater than 50,000 men. He was eventually given the title "Mailk"(ملِك) meaning King in arabic. He was based in the Deccan region and was hired by local kings. Ambar became a popular Prime Minister of
7719-450: Was invaded by Mughal forces in 1657, under then viceroy Aurangzeb , who captured Bidar , multiple other forts, and reached Bijapur, though were forced to retreat before they could lay siege to the city; Aurangzeb was nevertheless able to annex much of the occupied territory, including Bidar. The stability of the Bijapur Sultanate was again affected by further troubles with the Marathas, who persisted with raids and rebellions. Afzal Khan ,
7812-418: Was killed. In gratitude, Shahu gave the Peshwas and the Bhat family unchallenged control over Maratha empire. who also appointed Baji Rao's son as Peshwa in 1740, gave considerable authority to the Peshwas to command the Maratha armies, and they responded well during his reigns. At the time of his death in 1749, Shahu made the Peshwas his successors under these conditions: Shivaji's descendants, who remained as
7905-537: Was later freed by Jamsheed out of his yearning for a buffer state in the Deccan. Burhan Nizam Shah four times laid siege to the Bijapuri city of Solapur throughout these conflicts, but did not successfully retain it until a third invasion, where territory on the southern border was additionally occupied. Burhan advanced in a fourth invasion in 1553 with Vijayanagara almost to the Bijapuri capital, but retreated due to his failing health. Ali Adil Shah I , who next ascended
7998-463: Was less commonly used. Moropant Trimbak Pingale's son, Nilopant Moreshvar Pingale , succeeded him during Sambhaji 's rule after Moropant Pingle's death in 1683. Ramchandra Amatya recaptured many forts from the Mughals between 1690 and 1694, some in person, as well as personally conducting guerilla war techniques. When Rajaram I fled to Jinji in 1689, before leaving Maharashtra, he gave "Hukumat panha" (King Status) to Pant. Ramchandra Pant managed
8091-628: Was married to the Circassian Commander of the Ahmednagar army, Muqarrab Khan, who later became a general under the Mughal Emperor and received the title Rustam Khan Bahadur Firauz Jang. He became famous for his involvement in several important military campaigns, such as the Kandahar Wars against Shah Abbas of Persia . He was killed by Prince Murad Baksh in the Battle of Samugarh during
8184-506: Was rooted in Persian miniature painting and culture and was usually baroque in style. In contrast to North Indian contemporary painting, it seldom depicted events and scenes of war, and rather focused on atmospheres and picturesque fantasies and dreams, straying away from logic in general. The Adil Shahi sultans promoted the development of writing in the Deccani language , and Bijapur was one of
8277-461: Was so hotly pursued that, on the advice of Dhondo Gopal, the Peshwa's governor at Nasik , he surrendered all his forts to Tukoji Holkar and, through Holkar 's influence, was pardoned and placed in military and police charge of a district of sixty villages with powers of life and death outlaws. In 1798, a fresh disturbance took place among the Kolis. The leader of this outbreak was Ramji Naik Bhangria, who
8370-428: Was succeeded by Mallu Adil Shah in 1534, whose reign was short-lived. He was installed by a prominent Bijapuri noble, Asad Khan , and is noted for his lack of competence. His indifference to taking care of the responsibilities of his role as sultan led Vijayanagara to invade the sultanate and seize the Raichur Doab from the Adil Shahis. Mallu Adil Shah was soon blinded and removed from power. Ibrahim Adil Shah I ,
8463-671: Was the eponymous Ibrahim Rauza , completed in 1626, comprising a mosque built in honour of his wife and a mausoleum for his dynasty. Mohammed Adil Shah facilitated the creation of the Gol Gumbaz , his own mausoleum and one of the greatest monuments in Bijapur. It is supported by large arched recesses and a massive dome, the largest in the Islamic world upon its near-completion at Muhammad's death in 1656. The last main Adil Shahi architectural project
8556-561: Was the unfinished mausoleum of Ali Adil Shah II , the Bara Kaman , which stopped construction with his death in 1672. The Adil Shahis partook in miniature painting through the Bijapur school of Deccani painting . Miniature painting was virtually nonexistent in the Bijapur Sultanate prior to the reign of Ali I , but became widespread under his rule and flourished under the rule of Ibrahim II and his successors. The Bijapur school of painting
8649-495: Was wielded by the Habshi Dilawar Khan, who reverted the official sect of the sultanate to Sunni Islam, the final change in creed the state would undergo. Dilawar's supremacy ended with his deposition by Ibrahim II in 1590. Ibrahim's ensuing unhindered rule was one of prosperity and patronage; Sufism thrived under his reign, with its adherents and many people of talent flocking to Bijapur, largely due to his own talent as
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