Misplaced Pages

#369630

39-494: The villages of Albrechtice, Maxovna, Polánka and Týniště are administrative parts of Malešov. The name is derived from the personal name Maleš, meaning "Maleš's (court)". Malešov is located about 5 kilometres (3 mi) south of Kutná Hora and 52 km (32 mi) east of Prague . It lies in the Upper Sázava Hills . The highest point is at 423 m (1,388 ft) above sea level. The Vrchlice Stream flows through

78-405: A larger volume than pyrrhotite, which expands and cracks the concrete leading to home foundation or block failure. Other than a source of sulfur , pyrrhotite does not have specific applications. It is generally not a valuable mineral unless significant nickel , copper , or other metals are present. Iron is seldom extracted from pyrrhotite due to a complicated metallurgical process It

117-596: A magnetic transition known as the Besnus transition at 30 K that leads to a loss of magnetic remanence. The saturation magnetization of pyrrhotite is 0.12 tesla . Pyrrhotite is brassy, bronze, or dark brown in color with a metallic luster and uneven or subconchoidal fracture. Pyrrhotite may be confused with other brassy sulfide minerals like pyrite , chalcopyrite , or pentlandite . Certain diagnostic characteristics can be used for identification in hand samples. Unlike other common brassy-colored sulfide minerals , pyrrhotite

156-548: A number of polytypes of hexagonal or monoclinic crystal symmetry ; several polytypes often occur within the same specimen. Their structure is based on the NiAs unit cell . As such, Fe occupies an octahedral site and the sulfide centers occupy trigonal prismatic sites . Materials with the NiAs structure often are non-stoichiometric because they lack up to 1/8th fraction of the metal ions, creating vacancies . One of such structures

195-407: A pale bronze-brown streak. Pyrrhotite generally displays massive to granular crystal habit , and may show tabular/prismatic or hexagonal crystals which are sometimes iridescent . Diagnostic characteristics in hand sample include: brassy/bronze color with a grey/black streak, tabular or hexagonal crystals which show iridescence, subconchoidal fracture , metallic luster, and magnetic. Pyrrhotite

234-756: A problem in the production of concrete . Pyrrhotite has been linked to crumbling concrete basements in Quebec , Massachusetts and Connecticut when local quarries included it in their concrete mixtures. Many houses in Ireland, particularly in County Donegal, have also been affected by inclusion of rocks containing pyrrhotite in concrete blocks. The iron sulfide it contains can naturally react with oxygen and water, and over time pyrrhotite breaks down into sulfuric acid and secondary minerals like ettringite , thaumasite and gypsum . These secondary products occupy

273-577: Is a rather common trace constituent of mafic igneous rocks especially norites . It occurs as segregation deposits in layered intrusions associated with pentlandite, chalcopyrite and other sulfides. It is an important constituent of the Sudbury intrusion (1.85 Ga old meteorite impact crater in Ontario , Canada) where it occurs in masses associated with copper and nickel mineralisation. It also occurs in pegmatites and in contact metamorphic zones. Pyrrhotite

312-534: Is an opaque mineral and will therefore not transmit light. As a result, pyrrhotite will display extinction when viewed under plane polarized light and cross polarized light, making identification with petrographic polarizing light microscopes difficult. Pyrrhotite, and other opaque minerals can be identified optically using a reflected light ore microscope. The following optical properties are representative of polished/puck sections using ore microscopy: Pyrrhotite typically appears as anhedral, granular aggregates and

351-541: Is cream-pink to brownish in color. Weak to strong reflection pleochroism which may be seen along grain boundaries. Pyrrhotite has similar polishing hardness to pentlandite (medium), is softer than pyrite, and harder than chalcopyrite. Pyrrhotite will not display twinning or internal reflections, and its strong anisotropy from yellow to greenish-gray or grayish-blue is characteristic. Diagnostic characteristics in polished section include: anhedral aggregates, cream-pink to brown in color and strong anisotropy. Pyrrhotite

390-483: Is located about 52 kilometres (32 mi) east of Prague . The eastern part of the municipal territory lies in a flat agricultural landscape of the Central Elbe Table lowland. The western part lies in the Upper Sázava Hills and includes the highest point of Kutná Hora, the hill Malý Kuklík at 359 m (1,178 ft) above sea level. The Vrchlice Stream flows through the town. Archaeological finds show that

429-477: Is often accompanied by pyrite, marcasite and magnetite. Pyrrhotite requires both iron and sulfur to form. Iron is the fourth most abundant element in the Earth's continental crust (average abundance of 5.63 % or 56,300 mg/kg in the crust), and so the majority of rocks have sufficient iron abundance to form pyrrhotite. However, because sulfur is less abundant (average abundance of 0.035 % or 350 mg/kg in

SECTION 10

#1732872217370

468-601: Is pyrrhotite-4C (Fe 7 S 8 ). Here "4" indicates that iron vacancies define a superlattice that is 4 times larger than the unit cell in the "C" direction. The C direction is conventionally chosen parallel to the main symmetry axis of the crystal; this direction usually corresponds to the largest lattice spacing. Other polytypes include: pyrrhotite-5C (Fe 9 S 10 ), 6C (Fe 11 S 12 ), 7C (Fe 9 S 10 ) and 11C (Fe 10 S 11 ). Every polytype can have monoclinic (M) or hexagonal (H) symmetry, and therefore some sources label them, for example, not as 6C, but 6H or 6M depending on

507-673: Is the site of the Gothic Church of the Assumption of Our Lady and Saint John the Baptist and the famous Sedlec Ossuary . It is estimated that the ossuary is decorated with bones of more than 40,000 skeletons. Among the most important buildings in the town are the Gothic , five-naved St. Barbara's Church , begun in 1388, and the Italian Court , formerly a royal residence and mint, which was built at

546-489: Is typically magnetic (varies inversely with iron content). On the Mohs hardness scale , pyrrhotite ranges from 3.5 to 4, compared to 6 to 6.5 for pyrite. Streak can be used when properties between pyrrhotite and other sulfide minerals are similar. Pyrrhotite displays a dark grey to black streak. Pyrite will display a greenish black to brownish black streak, chalcopyrite will display a greenish black streak, and pentlandite leaves

585-489: Is weakly magnetic. The magnetism decreases as the iron content increases, and troilite is non-magnetic. Pyrrhotite is generally tabular and brassy/bronze in color with a metallic luster . The mineral occurs with mafic igneous rocks like norites , and may form from pyrite during metamorphic processes . Pyrrhotite is associated and mined with other sulfide minerals like pentlandite , pyrite, chalcopyrite , and magnetite , and has been found globally. Pyrrhotite exists as

624-619: The Sedlec Monastery was brought from the Imperial immediate Cistercian Waldsassen Abbey in Bavaria , close to the border with Bohemia. By 1260, German miners began to mine for silver in the mountain region, which they named Kuttenberg, and which was part of the monastery property. From the 13th to 16th centuries, the town competed with Prague economically, culturally, and politically. Under Abbot Heinrich Heidenreich  [ de ] ,

663-477: The central United States as the area is unmetamorphosed and underlain by sedimentary rocks which do not contain pyrrhotite. Discontinuous belts that contain pyrrhotite are present in the western United States along the Sierra Nevada mountain range and Cascade Range extending into the northwestern United States . Pyrrhotite may also be found west and south of Lake Superior . The following are some of

702-502: The Czech role-playing game Kingdom Come: Deliverance II . Pyrrhotine Pyrrhotite ( pyrrhos in Greek meaning "flame-coloured" ) is an iron sulfide mineral with the formula Fe (1-x) S (x = 0 to 0.125). It is a nonstoichiometric variant of FeS, the mineral known as troilite . Pyrrhotite is also called magnetic pyrite , because the color is similar to pyrite and it

741-526: The Fe-deficient, monoclinic Fe 7 S 8 is ferrimagnetic . The ferromagnetism which is widely observed in pyrrhotite is therefore attributed to the presence of relatively large concentrations of iron vacancies (up to 20%) in the crystal structure. Vacancies lower the crystal symmetry. Therefore, monoclinic forms of pyrrhotite are in general more defect-rich than the more symmetrical hexagonal forms, and thus are more magnetic. Monoclinic pyrrhotite undergoes

780-569: The Kaňk hill. The earliest traces of silver have been found dating back to the 10th century, when Bohemia already had been in the crossroads of long-distance trade for many centuries. Silver dinars have been discovered belonging to the period between 982 and 995 in the settlement of Malín, which is now a part of Kutná Hora. The town began in 1142 with the settlement of Sedlec Abbey , the first Cistercian monastery in Bohemia . The Cistercian order based in

819-563: The area around the Kaňk hill was populated by Celts during the Hallstatt and La Tène periods. At the Celtic settlement site between Libenice and Kaňk, numerous ceramic finds from the 5th–1st century BC were discovered in 1981. One of the most important finds is a smelting furnace with 10 kg of slag from the 2nd–1st century BC with traces of pyrrhotine , chalcopyrite , sphalerite and copper , which also testify to early underground mining in

SECTION 20

#1732872217370

858-525: The crust), the formation of pyrrhotite is generally controlled by sulfur abundance. Also, the mineral pyrite is both the most common and most abundant sulfide mineral in the Earth's crust. If rocks containing pyrite undergo metamorphism , there is a gradual release of volatile components like water and sulfur from pyrite. The loss of sulfur causes pyrite to recrystallize into pyrrhotite. Pyrrhotite can also form near black smoker hydrothermal vents . Black smokers release high sulfur concentrations onto

897-580: The elections to the faculty of Prague University as against one for the three other nations. In 1420, Sigismund made the town the base for his unsuccessful attack on the Taborites during the Hussite Wars, leading to the Battle of Kutná Hora . Kutná Hora was taken by Jan Žižka , and after a temporary reconciliation of the warring parties was burned by the imperial troops in 1422, to prevent its falling again into

936-461: The end of the 13th century. The Gothic Stone House, which since 1902 has served as a museum of silver, contains one of the richest archives in the country. The Gothic Church of Saint James the Great, with its 86 m (282 ft) tower, is another prominent building. Other sights include: Kutná Hora is twinned with: A recreation of the town as it existed in 1403 will be prominently featured in

975-504: The hands of the Taborites. Žižka nonetheless took the place, and under Bohemian auspices it awoke to a new period of prosperity. Along with the rest of Bohemia, Kuttenberg (Kutná Hora) passed to the Habsburg monarchy of Austria in 1526. In 1546, the richest mine was severely flooded. In the insurrection of Bohemia against Ferdinand I the town lost all its privileges. Repeated visitations of

1014-420: The locations worldwide where pyrrhotite has been reported during mining : Note: This was a quarry producing crushed rock aggregate for use in construction Named in 1847 by Ours-Pierre-Armand Petit-Dufrénoy . "Pyrrhotite" is derived from the Greek word πνρρό, " pyrrhos" , meaning flame-colored. If pyrrhotite-containing rocks are crushed and used as aggregate within concrete, then the pyrrhotite creates

1053-409: The municipal territory. Vrchlice Reservoir and the fishpond Hamerský rybník are located on the stream. The first written mention of Malešov is from 1303. In June 1424, Jan Žižka 's radical Hussites army defeated the resisting Prague Hussites in the Battle of Malešov . Malešov is located on the railway line Kutná Hora – Zruč nad Sázavou . The Malešov Fortress is a notable medieval monument. It

1092-474: The operation of mines. Prague groschen were minted between 1300 and 1547/48. In December 1402, the town was sacked by King Sigismund after the imprisonment of Wenceslaus IV . It was heavily defended by its residents. After several bloody skirmishes, Sigismund prevailed and forced the defenders to march to Kolín and kneel in subjugation. Although Sigismund was successful in his conquest, his hetman Markvart of Úlice died after being struck by an arrow during

1131-542: The plague and the horrors of the Thirty Years' War completed its ruin. Half-hearted attempts after the peace to repair the ruined mines failed; the town became impoverished, and in 1770 was devastated by fire. The mines were abandoned at the end of the 18th century. In May 1742 during the First Silesian War , a Prussian force under Frederick the Great stopped in the town prior to the Battle of Chotusitz . Bohemia

1170-399: The remains of the residential building were removed. The surviving core of the fortress was repaired in 2002–2003. It is one of the largest preserved residential towers of Czech fortresses. The Malešov Castle was probably built in the first third of the 18th century. It is a small Baroque castle with a neoclassical façade. The Church of Saint Wenceslaus is the landmark of the town square. It

1209-574: The sea floor, and when the surrounding rocks are metamorphosed, pyrrhotite can crystallize. Later tectonic processes uplift the metamorphic rocks and expose pyrrhotite to the Earth's surface. Pyrrhotite occurs in a variety of locations in the United States . In the eastern United States , pyrrhotite occurs in highly metamorphosed rock that forms a belt along the Appalachian Mountains . Pyrrhotite-bearing rocks are generally unseen in

Malešov - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-508: The siege on 27 December. The town developed with great rapidity, and at the outbreak of the Hussite Wars in 1419 was the second most important town in Bohemia after Prague , having become the favourite residence of several Bohemian kings. It was here that, on 18 January 1409, Wenceslaus IV signed the famous Decree of Kutná Hora , by which the Czech university nation was given three votes in

1287-477: The symmetry. The monoclinic forms are stable at temperatures below 254 °C, whereas the hexagonal forms are stable above that temperature. The exception is for those with high iron content, close to the troilite composition (47 to 50% atomic percent iron) which exhibit hexagonal symmetry. The ideal FeS lattice, such as that of troilite, is non-magnetic. Magnetic properties vary with Fe content. More Fe-rich, hexagonal pyrrhotites are antiferromagnetic . However,

1326-427: The territory greatly advanced due to the silver mines which gained importance during the economic boom of the 13th century. In 1300, King Wenceslaus II of Bohemia issued the new royal mining code Ius regale montanorum  [ cs ] (also known as Constitutiones Iuris Metallici Wenceslai II ). This was a legal document that specified all administrative as well as technical terms and conditions necessary for

1365-521: The town was derived from the eponymous mountain ( hora = 'mountain'). According to legends, the name of the mountain was derived from the monks' cowls (the Kutten ). It is more likely that it derived from the Middle High German word kutte ('pit'). The name can also be derived from the Czech words kutit ('to work') or kutat ('to mine'), but the Czech origin of the name is less likely. Kutná Hora

1404-526: Was a crownland of the Austrian Empire in 1806, and remained controlled by the Austrian monarchy after the compromise of 1867 . Until 1918, the town was the capital of the district of the same name, one of the 94 Bezirkshauptmannschaften in Bohemia . Together with the rest of Bohemia, the town became part of the newly founded Czechoslovakia after World War I and the collapse of Austria-Hungary. Sedlec

1443-635: Was built in the Baroque style in 1731–1733. It replaced a wooden chapel, destroyed by fire in 1729. Kutn%C3%A1 Hora Kutná Hora ( Czech pronunciation: [ˈkutnaː ˈɦora] ; German : Kuttenberg ) is a town in the Central Bohemian Region of the Czech Republic . It has about 22,000 inhabitants. The centre of Kutná Hora, including the Sedlec Abbey and its ossuary ,

1482-401: Was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995 because of its outstanding architecture and its influence on subsequent architectural developments in other Central European city centres. Since 1961, the town centre is also protected by law as an urban monument reservation , the fourth largest in the country. The town is made up of twelve administrative areas and villages: The name of

1521-453: Was probably built in the first half of the 14th century. During the Thirty Years' War , it was abandoned, but in 1666, it became the administrative centre of the estate, then owned by the Sporck family. In the 1820s, Empire style modifications were made. From the mid-19th century, the fortress area fell into disrepair and was abandoned. In 1850, one tower collapsed. At the end of the 19th century,

#369630