49-555: Maldon District is a local government district in Essex , England . The district is managed by Maldon District Council , which is based in Maldon , the largest town in the district. The district also includes the town of Burnham-on-Crouch and numerous villages, including Heybridge , Wickham Bishops , Southminster , Tolleshunt D'Arcy and Tollesbury . The district covers the Dengie peninsula to
98-537: A Christian in return for the hand of Oswiu's daughter, Alchflaed (c.635-c.714) in marriage. This was a time of growing Northumbrian power, as Oswiu reunited and consolidated the Northumbrian kingdom after its earlier (641/2) defeat by Penda. Peada travelled to Northumbria to negotiate his marriage and baptism. Cedd, together with the priests, Adda, Betti and Diuma , accompanied Peada back to Middle Anglia, where they won numerous converts of all classes. Bede relates that
147-461: A mayor and refer to itself as a borough council. Some shire counties now have no sub divisions so are a single Non-metropolitan district such as Cornwall. Typically a district will consist of a market town and its more rural hinterland. However districts are diverse with some being mostly urban such as Dartford, and others more polycentric such as Thurrock. Non-metropolitan districts are subdivisions of English non-metropolitan counties which have
196-466: A thegn who was in an unlawful marriage and forbade Christians to accept the man's hospitality. According to Bede, when Sigeberht continued to visit the man's home, Cedd went to the house to denounce the king, foretelling that he would die in that house. Bede asserts that the King's subsequent murder (660) was his penance for defying Cedd's injunction. After the death of Sigeberht, there were signs that Cedd had
245-604: A battle which ended in defeat for the Anglo-Saxons. The district is in the east of Essex ( 51°41′N 0°45′E / 51.683°N 0.750°E / 51.683; 0.750 ). Most of the district is the Dengie peninsula . Still, a significant area is also the area above the Blackwater Estuary , bounded by the River Blackwater to the west until near Kelvedon , the boundary then continues south of Tiptree to
294-546: A decade later. To make progress among the general population, Christianity appeared to need positive royal backing, including grants of land for monasteries, rather than a benign attitude from leaders. Cedd was soon recalled from the mission to Mercia by Oswiu, who sent him on a mission with one other priest to the East Saxon kingdom . The priests had been requested by Sigeberht the Good to reconvert his people. The East Saxon kingdom
343-478: A more precarious position. The new king, Swithhelm of Essex , who had assassinated Sigeberht, was a pagan. He had long been a client of Æthelwold of East Anglia , who was increasingly dependent on Wulfhere of Mercia , the Christian king of a newly resurgent Mercia. After some persuasion from Ethelwald, Swithelm accepted baptism from Cedd. The bishop traveled into East Anglia to baptize the king at Ethelwald's home. For
392-583: A place of retreat . Cedd delegated daily care of Lastingham to other priests, and it is likely that Chad operated similarly. Cedd had been brought up in the Celtic Rite , which differed from the Roman Rite in the dating of the religious calendar and other practices, including the tonsure of monks. Supporters of each rite met at a council within the Northumbrian kingdom known as the Synod of Whitby . The proceedings of
441-517: A port and market place but was clearly superseded in importance by Colchester in the 1st century AD, when Colchester became the first capital of the Roman administration. The Romans founded Othona in the 3rd century. It was a Saxon Shore fort at the mouth of the Blackwater, built to protect the estuary from Saxon pirates. It was here in 654 AD that St Cedd founded the church of St Peter-on-the-Wall ,
490-701: A significant participant in the Synod of Whitby , a meeting which resolved important differences within the Church in England. He is venerated in the Catholic Church , Anglicanism , and the Orthodox Church . The little that is known about Cedd comes to us mainly from the writing of Bede in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People . The following account is based entirely on Book 3 of Bede's History. Cedd
539-596: A time, the East Saxon kingdom remained Christian. Bede presents Cedd's work as decisive in the conversion of the East Saxons, although it was preceded by other missionaries, and eventually followed by a revival of paganism. Despite the substantial work, the future suggested that all could be undone. Cedd founded many churches. He also founded monasteries at Tilaburg (probably East Tilbury , but possibly West Tilbury ) and Ithancester (almost certainly Bradwell-on-Sea ). Cedd
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#1733084703595588-461: A two-tier structure of local government. Two-tier non-metropolitan counties have a county council and several districts, each with a borough or district council. In these cases local government functions are divided between county and district councils, to the level where they can be practised most efficiently: Many districts have borough status , which means the local council is called a borough council instead of district council and gives them
637-592: A unitary authority or those that transferred from one county to another, including those that changed name. Nor does it include unitary authorities that have been abolished ( Bournemouth and Poole ). St Cedd Cedd ( Latin : Cedda, Ceddus ; c. 620 – 26 October 664) was an Anglo-Saxon monk and bishop from the Kingdom of Northumbria . He was an evangelist of the Middle Angles and East Saxons in England and
686-537: Is remembered in the Church of England with a commemoration on 26 October, the anniversary of his death. St Cedd's Day is also known as Essex Day . The Diocese of Chelmsford celebrated 1954, the 13th centenary of Cedd's mission to Essex, as St Cedd's Year . In that year, Chelmsford Cathedral , already dedicated to St Mary the Virgin was additionally dedicated to St Cedd and St Peter (to whom Cedd's chapel at Bradwell
735-503: Is dedicated ) while events in his honour included a rally at West Ham United's Boleyn Ground . The site of an ancient tree in Polstead , Suffolk , known as the Gospel Oak , is one of a number of sites where Cedd is traditionally supposed to have preached. The original tree collapsed in 1953, but its remains can still be seen among its successor trees, and a church service is held there on
784-457: Is highly likely that he owed his entire formation as a priest and scholar to Aidan and to Lindisfarne . In 653, Cedd was sent by Oswiu of Northumberland with three other priests to evangelise the Middle Angles , who were one of the core ethnic groups of Mercia , based on the mid- Trent Valley . Peada of Mercia , son of Penda , was sub-king of the Middle Angles. Peada had agreed to become
833-470: The Computus (calculation of the date of Easter ), and the cut of the tonsure , these involved a pattern of Church organization fundamentally different from the diocesan structure that was evolving on the continent of Europe. Activity was based in monasteries, which supported peripatetic missionary bishops. There was a strong emphasis on personal asceticism , on Biblical exegesis , and on eschatology . Aidan
882-584: The District Councils' Network , special interest group which sits within the Local Government Association . The network's purpose is to "act as an informed and representative advocate for districts to government and other national bodies, based on their unique position to deliver for local people." This is a list of two-tier non-metropolitan counties and their districts. All unitary authorities are also non-metropolitan districts, which, with
931-479: The Local Government Act 1972 , covering the area of three former districts, which were all abolished at the same time: The new district was named Maldon after its largest town. Maldon district is a non-metropolitan district , with Maldon District Council forming the middle layer of a three-tier structure of local government. Above the district level, Essex County Council provides county-level services. At
980-486: The plague and died on 26 October 664. Bede records that immediately after Cedd's death a party of thirty monks travelled up from Essex to Lastingham to do homage. All but one small boy died there, also of the plague. Cedd was initially buried at Lastingham in a grave. Later, when a stone church was built, his body was moved and re-interred in a shrine inside the church of the monastery. Chad succeeded his brother as abbot at Lastingham. King Swithhelm of Essex died at about
1029-473: The 1980s to the north and south of the original building. Since the last boundary changes in 2003, the council has comprised 31 councillors elected from 17 wards . Elections are held every four years. The area is part of the parliamentary constituency of Maldon . The first evidence of a settlement to the north of Maldon at Elms Farm is from the Middle Bronze Age 3500 years ago. From 500 BC onwards
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#17330847035951078-546: The Elder camped at Maldon to organise defences in the desperate fight against the Danes. In 917 AD the Saxons were defeated at Colchester and besieged at Maldon, but eventually, the Danes were defeated. In 991 AD there was a major battle between the pillaging Danes led by Olaf Trygvassen who had already attacked Ipswich, and Earl Byrhtnoth ’s men who were defending Maldon on the instruction of
1127-684: The Salcott inlet on the Blackwater Estuary. There are very few settlements on the boundary of the district with the North Sea , in contrast with other coastal districts of Essex, due to the Dengie Marshes. The district has a rural character ranging from the tidal salt marshes to farmland and rolling wooded ridges. A network of country lanes provides access to the countryside from the towns and villages. A remote area of tidal mud-flats and saltmarshes at
1176-562: The Saxon King Æthelred the Unready . Earl Byrhtnoth was in his sixties. The battle was recorded in a poem which is regarded as one of the finest examples of early English literature. The famous Battle of Maldon took place beside the River Blackwater on 10 August 991, during the reign of Æthelred the Unready. The Anglo-Saxons, led by Byrhtnoth and his thegns, fought against a Viking invasion,
1225-449: The areas for Wales and England had been enacted separately and there were no Welsh metropolitan areas, the term 'non-metropolitan district' does not apply to Wales. A similar system existed in Scotland , which in 1975 was divided into regions and districts, this was also abolished in 1996 and replaced with a fully unitary system . In England most of the district councils are represented by
1274-624: The composition of the council was: Of the independent councillors, six form the "District Support Group" and the other three do not belong to a group. The next election is due in 2027. The council is based at the Council Offices on Princes Road in Maldon. The original building was previously an orphanage called "The Retreat", which had been purchased in 1939 by the Maldon Rural District Council for £4,500. Large extensions were added in
1323-468: The council since 1974 has been as follows: The leaders of the council since 2006 have been: Former leader of Maldon district council John Smith, who led the council between 1991 and 1993, was killed along with two family members while he commanded a light aircraft flight from Oban bound for Andrewsfield, Essex on 9 April 2007. Following the 2023 election and one subsequent change of allegiance in June 2023,
1372-440: The council were hampered by the participants' mutual incomprehension of each other's languages, which probably included Old Irish , Old English , Frankish and Old Welsh , as well as Latin . Bede recounted that Cedd interpreted for both sides. Cedd's facility with the languages, together with his status as a trusted royal emissary, likely made him a key figure in the negotiations. His skills were seen as an eschatological sign of
1421-534: The eastern end of the Dengie peninsula forms the Dengie Special Protection Area . The River Blackwater and River Crouch are of international importance for nature conservation particularly for their extensive population of wildfowl and waders. The district is divided into 34 civil parishes . In Burnham-on-Crouch and Maldon, the parish councils operate under the name "Town Council". In addition, some of
1470-487: The exception of those of Berkshire , are coterminous with non-metropolitan counties. For a full list of districts of all types including unitary authorities, metropolitan districts and London boroughs , see Districts of England . This is a list of former two-tier districts in England which have been abolished, by local government reorganisations such as the 2009 structural changes to local government in England . It does not include districts that still exist after becoming
1519-411: The fast for him. Cedd occupied the position of abbot of Lastingham to the end of his life, while maintaining his position as missionary bishop and diplomat. He often traveled far from the monastery in fulfillment of these other duties. His brother Chad, who succeeded him as abbot, did the same. Cedd and his brothers regarded Lastingham as a monastic base, providing intellectual and spiritual support, and
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1568-421: The lower level the district is divided into civil parishes . The council has been under no overall control since 2020. The council remained under no overall control following the 2023 election . The first election to Maldon District Council was held in 1973, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new arrangements took effect on 1 April 1974. Political control of
1617-552: The oldest church in England to retain much of its original fabric. In 664 AD St Cedd attended the Synod of Whitby which merged the Anglo-Celtic Church with the Church of Rome. Recent changes in the coastline have revealed the remains of extensive Saxon 5-7th century fish traps. The Church stands today overlooking the North Sea from whence came further invaders in the 10th century - the Danes. In 912 AD and 914 AD King Edward
1666-448: The pagan Penda did not obstruct preaching even among his subjects in Mercia proper, and portrays him as generally sympathetic to Christianity at this point – a very different view from the general estimate of Penda as a devoted pagan. But, the mission apparently made little headway in the wider Mercian polity. Bede credits Cedd's brother Chad with the effective evangelization of Mercia more than
1715-488: The parishes share a grouped parish council, meaning there are just 31 parish councils. The current parishes are: Non-metropolitan district Non-metropolitan districts , or colloquially " shire districts ", are a type of local government district in England. As created, they are sub-divisions of non-metropolitan counties (colloquially shire counties ) in a two-tier arrangement. Non-metropolitan districts with borough status are known as boroughs , able to appoint
1764-661: The presence of the Holy Spirit , in contrast to the Biblical account of the Tower of Babel . When the council ended, Cedd returned to Essex. According to Bede, Cedd accepted the Roman dating of the observance of Easter. He returned to his work as bishop, abandoning the practices of the Irish of Dál Riata . A short time later, he returned to Northumbria and the monastery at Lastingham. He fell ill with
1813-549: The red hills of the Crouch and Blackwater show us that there was a continuous and extensive activity in the salt making which still prospers today. Later, during the Iron Age , about 100 BC, there was a port, set among the marshlands at the junction of the Blackwater and Chelmer rivers. This settlement may have been of regional religious significance, and there is evidence that it traded luxury goods with Europe. Elms Farm continued as
1862-565: The right to appoint a mayor . Borough status is granted by royal charter and, in many cases, continues a style enjoyed by a predecessor authority, which can date back centuries. Some districts such as Oxford or Exeter have city status , granted by letters patent , but this does not give the local council any extra powers other than the right to call itself a city council . By 1899, England had been divided at district level into rural districts , urban districts , municipal boroughs , county boroughs and metropolitan boroughs . This system
1911-425: The rite. Cedd was appointed bishop of the East Saxons. As a result, he is generally listed among the bishops of London, a part of the East Saxon kingdom. Bede, however, generally uses ethnic descriptions for episcopal responsibilities when dealing with the generation of Cedd and Chad. Bede's record makes clear that Cedd demanded personal commitment and that he was unafraid to confront the powerful. He excommunicated
1960-562: The same time as Cedd. He was succeeded by the joint kings Sighere and Sæbbi . Some people reverted to paganism, which Bede said was due to the effects of the plague. Mercia under King Wulfhere was the dominant force south of the Humber, so it fell to Wulfhere to take prompt action. He dispatched Bishop Jaruman to take over Cedd's work among the East Saxons. Jaruman, working (according to Bede) with great discretion, toured Essex, negotiated with local magnates, and soon restored Christianity. Cedd
2009-473: The south of Maldon and the Thurstable Hundred area to the north of the Blackwater Estuary , a total area of 358.78 km. The majority of people live in the small rural villages, many of which have their origins in connections with the coast or agricultural economy. The district has a long association with sailing, as is referenced in the council's logo. The district was created on 1 April 1974 under
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2058-526: The two-tier structure, but reforms in the 1990s and 2009 reduced their number to 192. A further 55 non-metropolitan districts are now unitary authorities, which combine the functions of county and borough/district councils. In Wales , an almost identical two-tier system of local government existed between 1974 and 1996 (see Districts of Wales ). In 1996, this was abolished and replaced with an entirely unitary system of local government, with one level of local government responsible for all local services. Since
2107-414: Was a priest by the year 653. This probably pushes his birth date back to the early 620s. It is likely that Cedd was oldest of the brothers and was acknowledged the head of the family. He seems to have taken the lead, while Chad was his chosen successor. Aidan had come to Northumbria from Iona , bringing with him a set of practices that are known as the Celtic Rite . As well as superficial differences over
2156-611: Was abolished by the London Government Act 1963 and the Local Government Act 1972 . Non-metropolitan districts were created by this act in 1974 when England outside Greater London was divided into metropolitan counties and non-metropolitan counties. Metropolitan counties were sub-divided into metropolitan districts and the non-metropolitan counties were sub-divided into non-metropolitan districts. The metropolitan districts had more powers than their non-metropolitan counterparts. Initially, there were 296 non-metropolitan districts in
2205-455: Was appointed as abbot of the monastery of Lastingham in his native Northumbria at the request of the sub-king Œthelwald of Deira . Bede records the foundation of this monastery in some detail, showing that Ethelwald was put in contact with Cedd through Caelin, one of the bishop's brothers, who was on the king's staff. Cedd undertook a 40-day fast to purify the site, although urgent royal business took him away after 30 days, and Cynibil took over
2254-664: Was at the initiative of Oswiu. Sigeberht travelled to Northumbria to accept baptism from Bishop Finan of Lindisfarne . Cedd went to the East Saxons partly as an emissary of the Northumbrian monarchy. Certainly his prospects were helped by the continuing military and political success of Northumbria, especially the final defeat of Penda in 655. Practically, Northumbria gained hegemony among the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms. After making some conversions, Cedd returned to Lindisfarne to report to Finan. In recognition of his success, Finan ordained him bishop, calling in two other Irish bishops to assist at
2303-546: Was born in the kingdom of Northumbria and brought up on the island of Lindisfarne by Aidan of the Irish Church . He had three brothers: Chad of Mercia (transcribed into Bede's Latin text as Ceadda), Cynibil and Cælin . All four were priests and both Cedd and Chad became bishops. Despite being of apparent Northumbrian birth, the names of all four brothers are British Celtic in origin, rather than Anglo-Saxon. The first datable reference to Cedd by Bede makes clear that he
2352-560: Was originally converted by missionaries from Canterbury , where Augustine of Canterbury had established a Roman mission in 597. The first bishop of the Roman Rite was Mellitus , who arrived in Essex in 604. After a decade, he was driven out of the area. The religious destiny of the kingdom was constantly in the balance, with the royal family itself divided among Christians, pagans, and some wanting to tolerate both. Bede tells us that Sigeberht's decision to be baptized and to reconvert his kingdom
2401-424: Was well known for his personal austerity and disregard for the trappings of wealth and power. Bede several times stresses that Cedd and Chad absorbed his example and traditions. Bede tells us that Chad and many other Northumbrians went to study with the Irish after the death of Aidan (651). Cedd is not mentioned as one of the wandering scholars. He is portrayed by Bede as very close to Aidan's successor, Finan. So it
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