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104-511: Malacañang Park was created during the administration of President Manuel L. Quezon . The land occupied by the park was originally rice fields south of the Malacañang Palace across the Pasig River and was acquired by the government in the late 1930s. The original plan for the park intended for recreational retreat use include three buildings; a recreation hall, a community assembly hall, and

208-583: A ₱4 million budget. Upon the recommendation of the National Economic Council, agricultural colonies were established in Koronadal , Malig, and other locations in Mindanao . The government encouraged migration and settlement in the colonies. The Agricultural and Industrial Bank was established to aid small farmers with convenient loans and affordable terms. Attention was paid to soil surveying and

312-589: A " de facto dictatorship " and described him as "the first Filipino politician to integrate all levels of politics into a synergy of power" after removing his term limits as president and turning the Senate into an extension of the executive through constitutional amendments. In 2015, the Board of the International Raoul Wallenberg Foundation bestowed a posthumous Wallenberg Medal on Quezon and

416-678: A 1940 map, insists that the Malacanang Park has always been a recreational park with the PSG headquarters not within the park's grounds. The park also host the 5-bed capacity PSG Station Hospital which was built in 2020. Manuel L. Quezon Manuel Luis Quezon y Molina GCGH KGCR ( UK : / ˈ k eɪ z ɒ n / , US : / ˈ k eɪ s ɒ n , - s ɔː n , - s oʊ n / , Tagalog: [maˈnwel luˈis ˈkɛson] , Spanish: [maˈnwel ˈlwis ˈkeson] ; 19 August 1878 – 1 August 1944), also known by his initials MLQ ,

520-601: A Government Survey Board to study existing institutions and, in light of changed circumstances, make necessary recommendations. Early results were seen with the revamping of the executive department; offices and bureaus were merged or abolished, and others were created. Quezon ordered the transfer of the Philippine Constabulary from the Department of the Interior to the Department of Finance . Other changes were made to

624-518: A bicameral legislature, the presidential term (four years, with one re-election, and the establishment of an independent Commission on Elections . The amendments were overwhelmingly ratified. Speaker José Yulo and Assemblyman Dominador Tan traveled to the United States to obtain President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's approval, which they received on 2 December 1940. Two days later, Quezon proclaimed

728-454: A cabinet meeting with Osmeña, Resident Commissioner Joaquín Elizalde , Brigadier General Carlos P. Romulo and his cabinet secretaries, Andrés Soriano and Jaime Hernandez. After a discussion, the cabinet supported Elizalde's position in favor of the constitution, and Quezon announced his plan to retire in California. After the meeting, Osmeña approached Quezon and broached his plan to ask

832-571: A cooperative system of agriculture among owners of the subdivided estates to increase their income. Quezon desired to follow the constitutional mandate on the promotion of social justice. When the Commonwealth was created, its economy was stable and promising. With foreign trade peaking at ₱ 400 million , the upward trend in business resembled a boom. Export crops were generally good and, except for tobacco, were in high demand. The value of Philippine exports reached ₱320,896,000 ,

936-474: A law which would make a contract automatically renewable as long as tenants fulfilled their obligations. The act was amended to eliminate this loophole in 1936, but it was never carried out; by 1939, thousands of peasants in Central Luzon were threatened with eviction. Quezon's desire to placate both landlords and tenants pleased neither. Thousands of tenants in Central Luzon were evicted from their farmlands by

1040-612: A member of Quezon's wartime cabinet. Other cabinet appointees were Brigadier-General Carlos P. Romulo as Secretary of the Department of Information and Public Relations and Jaime Hernandez as Auditor General. Sitting under a canvas canopy outside the Malinta Tunnel on 22 January 1942, Quezon heard a fireside chat during which President Roosevelt said that the Allied forces were determined to defeat Berlin and Rome, followed by Tokyo. Quezon

1144-488: A message to Roosevelt saying that he and his people had been abandoned by the U.S. and it was Quezon's duty as president to stop fighting. MacArthur learned about the message, and ordered Major General Richard Marshall to counterbalance it with American propaganda whose purpose was the "glorification of Filipino loyalty and heroism". On 2 June 1942, Quezon addressed the United States House of Representatives about

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1248-670: A plan for a joint commission to study the post-war Philippine economy. Eighteen months later, the United States Congress passed an act creating the Philippine Rehabilitation Commission. By 1943, the Philippine government in exile was faced with a crisis. According to the 1935 constitution, Quezon's term would expire on 30 December 1943 and Vice-President Sergio Osmeña would succeed him as president. Osmeña wrote to Quezon advising him of this, and Quezon issued

1352-759: A possible signature, President Herbert Hoover vetoed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act, but the American Congress overrode Hoover's veto in 1933 and passed the law over Hoover's objections. The bill, however, was opposed by then-Philippine Senate President Manuel L. Quezon and was also rejected by the Philippine Senate . This led to the creation and passing of the Tydings–McDuffie Act or the Philippine Independence Act, which allowed

1456-421: A press release and wrote to Osmeña that a change in leadership would be unwise at that time. Osmeña then requested the opinion of U.S. Attorney General Homer Cummings , who upheld Osmeña's view as consistent with the law. Quezon remained adamant, and sought President Roosevelt's decision. Roosevelt remained aloof from the controversy, suggesting that the Philippine officials resolve the impasse. Quezon convened

1560-584: A rest house. The buildings were constructed by the Bureau of Public Works and designed by Juan Arellano and Antonio Toledo. In addition to the three buildings; a putting green, stables, and tennis courts were also built. During the World War II era , the putting green was expanded into a small golf course under President Jose P. Laurel after a failed assassination attempt on him at the Wack Wack golf course . A gazebo

1664-535: A robust coconut industry helped boost the economy by funding infrastructure and other development projects. However, growth was halted due to the outbreak of World War II. In 1939, a census of the Philippines was taken and determined that it had a population of 16,000,303; of these 15.7 million were counted as " Brown ", 141.8 thousand as " Yellow ", 50.5 thousand as " Mixed ", 29.1 thousand as " Negro ", 19.3 thousand as " White ", and under 1 thousand "Other". In 1941,

1768-782: A vote of 181 to 107 on 10 November 1943. He was inaugurated for the third time on November 15, 1943 in Washington, D.C. The oath of office was administered by US Associate Justice Felix Frankfurter . Quezon had developed tuberculosis and spent his last years in hospitals, including a Miami Beach Army hospital in April 1944. That summer, he was at a cure cottage in Saranac Lake, New York . Quezon died there at 10:05 a.m. ET on 1 August 1944, at age 65. His remains were initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery , but his body

1872-544: The 1st Philippine Legislature , where he was majority floor leader and chairman of the committees on rules and appropriations. Quezon told the U.S. House of Representatives during a 1914 discussion of the Jones Bill that he received most of his primary education at the village school established by the Spanish government as part of the Philippines' free public-education system. Months before his term ended, he gave up his seat at

1976-756: The Colegio de San Juan de Letran , where he graduated from secondary school in 1894. In 1899, Quezon left his law studies at the University of Santo Tomas to join the Filipino war effort, and joined the Republican army during the Philippine–American War . He was an aide-de-camp to Emilio Aguinaldo . Quezon became a major, and fought in the Bataan sector. After surrendering in 1900, he returned to university and passed

2080-468: The Commonwealth era . As a result of prolonged debate between proponents and opponents of women's suffrage, the constitution provided that the issue be resolved by women in a plebiscite . If at least 300,000 women voted for the right to vote, it would be granted. The plebiscite was held on 30 April 1937; there were 447,725 affirmative votes, and 44,307 opposition votes. The Philippines' national language

2184-496: The Insular Government (1901–1935), both terms were used officially. In 1937, Tagalog was declared to be the basis of a national language, effective after two years. The country's official name translated into Tagalog would be Kómonwélt ng Pilipinas ( [pɪlɪˈpinas] ). Events/Artifacts (north to south) Events/Artifacts Artifacts The pre-1935 U.S. territorial administration, or Insular Government,

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2288-673: The Nacionalista Party were proclaimed the winners, winning the seats of president and vice-president, respectively. The Commonwealth government was inaugurated on the morning of November 15, 1935, in ceremonies held on the steps of the Legislative Building in Manila. The event was attended by a crowd of around 300,000 people. The new government embarked on ambitious nation-building policies in preparation for economic and political independence. These included national defense (such as

2392-467: The Nacionalista Party . He received nearly 68 percent of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon, inaugurated on November 15, 1935, is recognized as the second President of the Philippines . In January 2008, however, House Representative Rodolfo Valencia ( Oriental Mindoro – 1st ) filed a bill seeking to declare General Miguel Malvar the second Philippine President; Malvar succeeded Aguinaldo in 1901. Under

2496-615: The National Defense , Agriculture and Commerce , Public Works and Communications , and Health and Public Welfare departments. New offices and boards were created by executive order or legislation. Among these were the Council of National Defense , the Board of National Relief , the Mindanao and Sulu Commission, and the Civil Service Board of Appeals. Pledging to improve

2600-540: The National Defense Act of 1935 , which organized a conscription for service in the country), greater control over the economy , the perfection of democratic institutions, reforms in education, the improvement of transportation, the promotion of local capital, and industrialization. However, uncertainties, especially in the diplomatic and military situation in Southeast Asia , in the level of U.S. commitment to

2704-705: The Pacific War Council as well as the Declaration by United Nations . Quezon became ill with tuberculosis and died from it, with Osmeña succeeding him as president. The main general headquarters of the Philippine Commonwealth Army (PCA), located on the military station in Ermita, Manila , was closed down on December 24, 1941. It was taken over by the Japanese Imperial Forces when they occupied

2808-583: The Presidential Security Group ). Gen. Fabian Ver gained jurisdiction the recreation hall, which became the PSG Gymnasium, and the community assembly hall which was converted to the presidential escorts building. The golf course club house also became the residence of Marcos' mother Josefa Edralin. During the administration of President Fidel V. Ramos , the Bahay Pangarap was renovated under

2912-518: The Sino-Japanese War , was passed in 1940. Since the law affected foreign relations, it required the approval of the U.S. president. When the 1939 census was published, the National Assembly updated the apportionment of legislative districts; this became the basis for the 1941 elections . On 7 August 1939, the United States Congress enacted a law in accordance with the recommendations of

3016-596: The United States , assuring protection of the rights of the Japanese who resided in the Philippines. Quezon's visits may have signalled the Philippines' inclination to remain neutral in the event of a Japanese-American conflict if the U.S. disregarded the country's concerns. In 1938, Quezon expanded the Council of State in Executive Order No. 144. This highest of advisory bodies to the president would be composed of

3120-558: The 48 provinces . General Douglas MacArthur 's army landed on Leyte on October 20, 1944, as did the Philippine Commonwealth troops who arrived in other amphibious landings . The Philippine Constabulary was placed on active service with the Philippine Commonwealth Army and re-established from October 28, 1944, to June 30, 1946, during the Allied liberation and the post–World War II era. Fighting continued in remote corners of

3224-529: The Bureau of Animal Industry. The park itself underwent renovation in the early 1960s, which was initiated by First Lady, and wife of President Diosdado Macapagal , Eva Macapagal . The resthouse was renamed as the Bahay Pangarap . President Ferdinand Marcos ' administration was responsible for the repurposing of the Bureau of Animal Industry building as the headquarters of the Presidential Guards (now

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3328-563: The Congress (reorganized May 25, 1946), with Senator José Avelino as the Senate President and Congressman Eugenio Pérez as the House of Representatives Speaker . On June 3, 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before the joint session of the Congress to deliver his first state of the nation address . Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties

3432-405: The Filipino people. Other sources for foreign income included the spin-off from money spent at American military bases on the Philippines such as the naval base at Subic Bay and Clark Air Base (with U.S. Army airplanes there as early as 1919), both on the island of Luzon . The performance of the economy was initially good despite challenges from various agrarian uprisings. Taxes collected from

3536-616: The Japanese continued on the Bataan Peninsula , Corregidor , and Leyte until the final surrender of United States-Philippine forces in May 1942. Quezon and Osmeña were escorted by troops from Manila to Corregidor and later left for Australia prior to going to the U.S., where they set up a government in exile, based at the Shoreham Hotel in Washington, D.C. This government participated in

3640-480: The Japanese invasion and occupation during World War II. Japan launched a surprise attack on the Philippines on December 8, 1941. The Commonwealth government drafted the Philippine Army into the U.S. Army Forces Far East , which would resist Japanese occupation. Manila was declared an open city to prevent its destruction, and it was occupied by the Japanese on January 2, 1942. Meanwhile, battles against

3744-562: The Japanese occupation continued in the Philippines. This included the Hukbalahap ("People's Army Against the Japanese"), which consisted of 30,000 armed men and controlled much of Central Luzon ; they attacked both the Japanese and other non-Huk guerrillas. Remnants of the Philippine Army, as well as unsurrendered Americans, also successfully fought the Japanese through guerrilla warfare . These efforts eventually liberated all but 12 of

3848-730: The Joint Preparatory Commission on Philippine Affairs. Because the new law required an amendment of the Ordinance appended to the Constitution, a plebiscite was held on 24 August 1939. The amendment received 1,339,453 votes in favor, and 49,633 against. Quezon had established the Institute of National Language (INL) to create a national language for the country. On 30 December 1937, in Executive Order No. 134 , he declared Tagalog

3952-669: The Nacionalistas. José Yulo , Quezon's Secretary of Justice from 1934 to 1938, was elected speaker. The Second National Assembly intended to pass legislation strengthening the economy, but the Second World War clouded the horizon; laws passed by the First National Assembly were modified or repealed to meet existing realities. A controversial immigration law which set an annual limit of 50 immigrants per country, primarily affecting Chinese and Japanese nationals escaping

4056-474: The National Assembly. The colors indicate the political party or coalition of each president at Election Day. In 1935 Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election under the banner of the Nacionalista Party. He obtained nearly 68% of the vote against his two main rivals, Emilio Aguinaldo and Bishop Gregorio Aglipay . Quezon was inaugurated on November 15, 1935. He is recognized as

4160-466: The National Economic Council was created. It advised the government about economic and financial questions, including the promotion of industries, diversification of crops and enterprises, tariffs , taxation, and formulating an economic program in preparation for eventual independence. The National Development Company was reorganized by law, and the National Rice and Corn Company (NARIC) was created with

4264-648: The Philippine Assembly upon being appointed as one of the Philippines' two resident commissioners . Serving two terms from 1909 to 1916, he lobbied for the passage of the Philippine Autonomy Act (the Jones Law ). Quezon returned to Manila in 1916, and was elected senator from the Fifth Senatorial District . He was later elected Senate President and served continuously until 1935 (19 years),

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4368-420: The Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. However, in 1940, constitutional amendments were ratified allowing him to seek re-election for a fresh term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential elections , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82% of the vote. In a notable humanitarian act, Quezon, in cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , facilitated

4472-532: The Philippines ( Spanish : Mancomunidad de Filipinas ; Tagalog : Komonwelt ng Pilipinas ) was an unincorporated territory and commonwealth of the United States that existed from 1935 to 1946. It was established following the Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and was designed as a transitional administration in preparation for full Philippine independence. Its foreign affairs remained managed by

4576-665: The Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe and took on critics who were convinced by propaganda that Jewish settlement was a threat to the country. Quezon and McNutt proposed 30,000 refugee families on Mindanao and 30,000-40,000 refugees on Polillo . Quezon made a 10-year loan to Manila's Jewish Refugee Committee of land adjacent to his family home in Marikina to house homeless refugees in Marikina Hall (the present-day Philippine School of Business Administration ), which

4680-496: The Philippines until Japan's surrender in August 1945, which was signed on September 2 in Tokyo Bay. Estimates of Filipino war dead reached one million, and Manila was extensively damaged when Japanese marines refused to vacate the city when ordered to do so by the Japanese High Command. After the war in the Philippines , the Commonwealth was restored, and a one-year transitional period in preparation for independence began. Elections followed in April 1946, with Manuel Roxas winning as

4784-423: The Philippines were set to face and reported on his special trip to the U.S. – the approval for independence. On June 21, he reappeared in another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two important laws passed by the U.S. Congress on April 30, 1946, regarding the Philippine lands. They are the Philippine Rehabilitation Act and the Philippine Trade Act . Both recommendations were accepted by

4888-419: The Philippines' national language; it was taught in schools during the 1940–1941 academic year. The National Assembly later enacted Law No. 570, making the national language an official language with English and Spanish; this became effective on 4 July 1946, with the establishment of the Philippine Republic. With the 1940 local elections, plebiscites were held for proposed amendments to the constitution about

4992-462: The President, Vice President , Senate President , House Speaker , Senate President pro tempore , House Speaker pro tempore , the majority floor leaders of both chambers of Congress , former presidents, and three to five prominent citizens. The elections for the Second National Assembly were held on 8 November 1938 under a new law which allowed block voting and favored the governing Nacionalista Party . As expected, all 98 assembly seats went to

5096-424: The Reorganization Act, Quezon was given the power to appoint the first all-Filipino cabinet in 1935. From 1901 to 1935, a Filipino was chief justice but most Supreme Court justices were Americans. Complete Filipinization was achieved with the establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in 1935. Claro M. Recto and José P. Laurel were among Quezon's first appointees to replace the American justices. Membership in

5200-429: The Supreme Court increased to 11: a chief justice and ten associate justices, who sat en banc or in two divisions of five members each. To meet the demands of the newly-established government and comply with the Tydings-McDuffie Act and the Constitution , Quezon, – true to his pledge of "more government and less politics," – initiated a reorganization of the government . He established

5304-565: The US Government treated the Commonwealth as a sovereign state, and the Philippines sometimes acted in a state capacity in international relations. During the 1935–41 period, the Commonwealth of the Philippines featured a very strong executive , a unicameral National Assembly , and a Supreme Court , all composed entirely of Filipinos, as well as an elected Resident Commissioner to the United States House of Representatives (as Puerto Rico does today). An American High Commissioner and an American Military Advisor , Douglas MacArthur headed

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5408-421: The United States Congress to suspend the constitutional provisions for presidential succession until after the Philippines had been liberated; this legal way out was agreeable to Quezon and his cabinet, and steps were taken to carry out the proposal. Sponsored by Senator Tydings and Congressman Bell, the resolution was unanimously approved by the Senate on a voice vote and passed the House of Representatives by

5512-455: The United States. During its more than a decade of existence, the Commonwealth had a strong executive and a supreme court. Its legislature, dominated by the Nacionalista Party , was at first unicameral but later bicameral. In 1937, the government selected Tagalog – the language of Manila and its surrounding provinces – as the basis of the national language , although it would be many years before its usage became general. Women's suffrage

5616-590: The United States. During the Commonwealth period, tenant farmers held grievances often rooted to debt caused by the sharecropping system, as well as by the dramatic increase in population, which added economic pressure to the tenant farmers' families. As a result, an agrarian reform program was initiated by the Commonwealth. However, success of the program was hampered by ongoing clashes between tenants and landowners. An example of these clashes includes one initiated by Benigno Ramos through his Sakdalista movement, which advocated tax reductions, land reforms,

5720-461: The United States. Indicating the Philippine government's cooperation with the war effort, he offered the U.S. Army a Philippine infantry regiment which was authorized by the War Department to train in California. Quezon had the Philippine government acquire Elizalde's yacht; renamed Bataan and crewed by Philippine officers and sailors, it was donated to the United States for use in the war. In early November 1942, Quezon conferred with Roosevelt on

5824-452: The amendments. Quezon was originally barred by the Philippine constitution from seeking re-election. In 1940, however, a constitutional amendment was ratified which allowed him to serve a second term ending in 1943. In the 1941 presidential election , Quezon was re-elected over former Senator Juan Sumulong with nearly 82 percent of the vote. He was inaugurated on December 30, 1941 at the Malinta Tunnel in Corregidor . The oath of office

5928-409: The bar examination in 1903. Quezon worked for a time as a clerk and surveyor, entering government service as treasurer for Mindoro and (later) Tayabas. He became a municipal councilor of Lucena , and was elected governor of Tayabas in 1906. Quezon was elected in 1907 to represent Tayabas 's 1st district in the first Philippine Assembly (which later became the House of Representatives) during

6032-423: The breakup of the large estates or haciendas , and the severing of American ties. The uprising, which occurred in Central Luzon in May 1935, claimed about a hundred lives. As per the 1935 constitution, the commonwealth had two official languages: English and Spanish. Due to the diverse number of Philippine languages , a provision calling for the " development and adoption of a common national language based on

6136-410: The city on January 2, 1942. Elsewhere in the country, other military posts of the PCA in Luzon , the Visayas , and Mindanao engaged in military action against the Japanese. Meanwhile, the Japanese military organized a new government in the Philippines known as the Second Philippine Republic , headed by President Jose P. Laurel . This pro-Japanese government became very unpopular. Resistance to

6240-431: The conditions of the Philippine working class and inspired by the social doctrines of Pope Leo XIII and Pope Pius XI and treatises by the world's leading sociologists, Quezon began a program of social justice introduced with executive measures and legislation by the National Assembly . A court for industrial relations was established to mediate disputes, minimizing the impact of strikes and lockouts. A minimum-wage law

6344-448: The country and opening many more. There were 6,511 primary schools, 1,039 intermediate schools, 133 secondary and special schools, and five junior colleges by this time. Total enrollment was 1,262,353, with 28,485 teachers. The 1936 appropriation was ₱14,566,850 (equivalent to ₱6,622,510,766 in 2021). Private schools taught over 97,000 students, and the Office of Adult Education was created. Quezon initiated women's suffrage during

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6448-401: The disposition of public land. When the commonwealth government was established, Quezon implemented the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 to regulate share-tenancy contracts by establishing minimum standards. The act provided a better tenant-landlord relationship, a 50–50 sharing of the crop, regulation of interest at 10 percent per agricultural year, and protected against arbitrary dismissal by

6552-455: The dominant languages: The Commonwealth had its own constitution, which remained effective after independence until 1973, and was self-governing although foreign policy and military affairs would be under the responsibility of the United States, and Laws passed by the legislature affecting immigration, foreign trade, and the currency system had to be approved by the United States president. Despite maintaining ultimate sovereignty, in some ways

6656-452: The early 1940s, and the rural conflict was more acute than ever. During the Commonwealth period, agrarian problems persisted. This motivated the government to incorporate a social-justice principle into the 1935 Constitution . Dictated by the government's social-justice program, expropriation of estates and other landholdings began. The National Land Settlement Administration (NLSA) began an orderly settlement of public agricultural lands. At

6760-494: The entry into the Philippines of Jewish refugees fleeing fascist regimes in Europe. Quezon was also instrumental in promoting a project to resettle the refugees in Mindanao. The Japanese invasion of the Philippines began with an invasion of Batan Island on December 8, 1941. When advancing Japanese forces threatened Manila, President Quezon, other senior officials of the Commonwealth government, and senior American military commanders relocated to Corregidor island , and Manila

6864-404: The establishment of the Commonwealth of the Philippines with a ten-year period of peaceful transition to full independence – the date of which was to be on the 4th of July following the tenth anniversary of the establishment of the Commonwealth. A Constitutional Convention was convened in Manila on July 30, 1934. On February 8, 1935, the 1935 Constitution of the Commonwealth of the Philippines

6968-416: The estimated population of the Philippines reached 17,000,000; there were 117,000 Chinese , 30,000 Japanese , and 9,000 Americans . English was spoken by 26.3% of the population, according to the 1939 Census. Spanish , after English overtook it beginning in the 1920s, became a language for the elite and in government; it was later banned during the Japanese occupation. Estimated numbers of speakers of

7072-420: The existing native dialects " was drafted into the 1935 constitution. In 1936, the national assembly enacted Commonwealth Act No. 184, creating the Surián ng Wikang Pambansà (National Language Institute). This body was initially composed of President Quezon and six other members from various ethnic groups . In 1937, after deliberations, the body selected Tagalog as the basis for the national language. This

7176-433: The first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines and Elpidio Quirino winning as vice president. The Commonwealth ended when the U.S. recognized Philippine independence on July 4, 1946, as scheduled. However, the economy remained dependent on the U.S. This was due to the Bell Trade Act , otherwise known as the Philippine Trade Act, which was a precondition for receiving war rehabilitation grants from

7280-407: The future Republic of the Philippines , and in the economy due to the Great Depression , proved to be major problems. The situation was further complicated by the presence of agrarian unrest and power struggles between Osmeña and Quezon, especially after Quezon was permitted to be re-elected after one six-year term. A proper evaluation of the policies' effectiveness or failure is difficult due to

7384-401: The greatest President of The Philippines, and the quintessential Filipino statesman. Known as "The Father of The National Language", and "The Father of the modern Republic of The Philippines". He was also known as "One of the Finest Statesmen in the world" during his time. During his presidency, Quezon tackled the problem of landless peasants. Other major decisions included the reorganization of

7488-541: The highest since 1929. Government revenue in 1936 was ₱76,675,000 (equivalent to ₱34,858,669,716 in 2021), compared to the 1935 revenue of ₱65,000,000 (equivalent to ₱28,793,209,590 in 2021). Government companies, except for the Manila Railroad Company , earned profits. Gold production increased about 37 percent, iron nearly doubled, and cement production increased by about 14 percent. The government had to address some economic problems, however, and

7592-589: The initiative of Ramos' wife, Amelita Ramos , and was made it into the club house of the Malacañang Golf Club with the help of architect Francisco Mañosa . In 2008, the house was demolished and replaced with a contemporary structure designed by architect Conrad Onglao. The Bahay ng Pagbabago is a contemporary house inside the Malacañang Park which has served as the official residence of two Philippine presidents; Benigno Aquino III and Rodrigo Duterte . It

7696-478: The islands' military defense, approval of a recommendation for government reorganization, the promotion of settlement and development in Mindanao , dealing with the foreign stranglehold on Philippine trade and commerce, proposals for land reform, and opposing graft and corruption within the government. He established a government in exile in the U.S. with the outbreak of World War II and the threat of Japanese invasion . Scholars have described Quezon's leadership as

7800-556: The landlord. Because of a major flaw in the act, however, no petition to apply it was ever presented. The flaw was that it could be used only when the majority of municipal councils in a province petitioned for it. Since landowners usually controlled such councils, no province ever asked that the law be applied. Quezon ordered that the act be mandatory in all Central Luzon provinces. However, contracts were good for only one year; by refusing to renew their contract, landlords could eject tenants. Peasant organizations clamored in vain for

7904-405: The latter office from 1937 until the advent of World War II in 1941, holding the military rank of Field Marshal of the Philippines . After 1946, the rank of field marshal disappeared from the Philippine military. During 1939 and 1940, after an amendment in the Commonwealth's Constitution, a bicameral Congress , consisting of a Senate, and of a House of Representatives , was restored, replacing

8008-399: The liberation forces. After the war Osmeña restored the Commonwealth government and the various executive departments. He continued the fight for Philippine independence. For the presidential election of 1946 Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew of his record of 40 years of honest and faithful service. Nevertheless, he was defeated by Manuel Roxas, who won 54% of

8112-432: The longest tenure in history until Senator Lorenzo Tañada 's four consecutive terms (24 years, from 1947 to 1972). Quezon headed the first independent mission to the U.S. Congress in 1919, and secured passage of the Tydings–McDuffie Act in 1934. In 1922, he became leader of the Nacionalista Party alliance Partido Nacionalista-Colectivista. In 1935, Quezon won the Philippines' first national presidential election under

8216-560: The national language would become effective in two years. With presidential approval, the INL began work on a Tagalog grammar text and dictionary. As Imperial Japan encroached on the Philippines, Quezon antagonized neither the American nor the Japanese officials. He travelled twice to Japan as president, from 31 January to 2 February 1937 and from 29 June to 10 July 1938, to meet with government officials. Quezon emphasized that he would remain loyal to

8320-514: The necessity of relieving the Philippine front. He did the same to the Senate, urging the senators to adopt the slogan "Remember Bataan ". Despite his declining health, Quezon traveled across the U.S. to remind the American people about the Philippine war. Quezon broadcast a radio message to Philippine residents in Hawaii, who purchased ₱4 million worth of war bonds , for his first birthday celebration in

8424-497: The outbreak of the Second World War, settlement areas covering over 65,000 hectares (250 sq mi) had been established. With his Executive Order No. 19, dated 19 February 1936, Quezon created the National Council of Education. Rafael Palma , former president of the University of the Philippines , was its first chairman. Funds from the early Residence Certificate Law were devoted to maintaining public schools throughout

8528-560: The parish priest. Quezon is Chinese mestizo surname originally from a Spanish romanization of Hokkien Chinese , possibly from the Hokkien word, Chinese : 雞孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke-sun / koe-sun , with Chinese : 雞 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : ke meaning "outer city" or "strongest" and Chinese : 孫 ; Pe̍h-ōe-jī : sun meaning "grandson"; many Filipino surnames that end with “on”, “son”, and “zon” are of Chinese origin, Hispanized version of 孫 ( sun ). He later boarded at

8632-632: The people of the Philippines for reaching out to victims of the Holocaust from 1937 to 1941. President Benigno Aquino III and then-94-year-old Maria Zenaida Quezon-Avanceña, the daughter of the former president, were informed of this recognition. Quezon was born on 19 August 1878 in Baler in the district of El Príncipe, then the capital of Nueva Ecija (now Baler, Aurora ). His parents were Lucio Quezon y Vélez (1850–1898) and María Dolores Molina (1840–1893). Both were primary-school teachers, although his father

8736-765: The second President of the Philippines . When Manuel L. Quezon was inaugurated President of the Philippines in 1935, he became the first Filipino to head a government of the Philippines since Emilio Aguinaldo and the Malolos Republic in 1898. However, in January 2008, Congressman Rodolfo Valencia of Oriental Mindoro filed a bill seeking instead to declare General Miguel Malvar as the second Philippine President, who took control over all Filipino forces after American soldiers captured President Emilio Aguinaldo in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901. Quezon had originally been barred by

8840-457: The vote and became the first president of the independent Republic of the Philippines. Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from his subsequent election on May 28, 1946, to July 4, 1946, the scheduled date of the proclamation of Philippine Independence. Roxas prepared the groundwork for the advent of a free and independent Philippines, assisted by

8944-406: Was a Filipino lawyer, statesman, soldier, and politician who was president of the Commonwealth of the Philippines from 1935 until his death in 1944. He was the first Filipino to head a government of the entire Philippines and is considered the second president of the Philippines after Emilio Aguinaldo (1899–1901), whom Quezon defeated in the 1935 presidential election . He is often regarded as

9048-576: Was a member of the Pacific War Council , signed the United Nations declaration against the Axis powers and wrote The Good Fight , his autobiography. To conduct government business in exile, Quezon hired the entire floor of one wing of the Shoreham Hotel to accommodate his family and his office. Government offices were established at the quarters of Philippine Resident Commissioner Joaquin Elizalde, who became

9152-746: Was a retired sargento de Guardia Civil (sergeant of the Civil Guard ). According to historian Augusto de Viana in his timeline of Baler, Quezon's father was a Chinese mestizo who came from the Parián (a Chinatown outside Intramuros ) in Paco, Manila . He spoke Spanish in the Civil Guard and married María, who was a Spanish mestiza born of Spanish priest Jose Urbina de Esparragosa; Urbina arrived in Baler from Esparragosa de la Serena , Cáceres Province , Spain in 1847 as

9256-646: Was administered by Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the Philippines José Abad Santos . Corregidor was chosen as the venue of the inauguration and temporary seat of the government in-exile to take refuge from the uninterrupted Japanese bombing raids during the Japanese invasion . As crises mounted in the Pacific, the Philippines prepared for war. Youth military training under General Douglas MacArthur

9360-469: Was adopted, and the economy recovered to its pre- Depression level before the Japanese occupation in 1942. A period of exile took place during World War II from 1942 to 1945, when Japan occupied the Commonwealth . On July 4, 1946, the Commonwealth ended, and the Philippines attained full sovereignty as provided for in Article XVIII of the 1935 Constitution . The Commonwealth of the Philippines

9464-497: Was also built during his administration. President Manuel Roxas 's administration expanded the golf course further and established a truck garden as part of its food self-sufficiency program while President Ramon Magsaysay 's administration, as part of a housing program by the Government Service Insurance System for presidential guards and other employees, filled in the estuary dividing the Malacañang Park and

9568-485: Was also known as the "Philippine Commonwealth", or simply as "the Commonwealth". Its official name in Spanish, the other of the Commonwealth's two official languages, was [Commonwealth de Filipinas] Error: {{Lang}}: invalid parameter: |links= ( help ) ( [filiˈpinas] ). The 1935 Constitution uses "the Philippines" as the country's short-form name throughout its provisions and uses "the Philippine Islands" only to refer to pre-1935 status and institutions. Under

9672-497: Was another constitutional question. After a one-year study, the Institute of National Language recommended that Tagalog be the basis for a national language. The proposal was well-received, despite the fact that director Jaime C. de Veyra was Waray , this is because Baler, Quezon's birthplace, is a native Tagalog-speaking area. In December 1937, Quezon issued a proclamation approving the institute's recommendation and declaring that

9776-417: Was approved by the convention by a vote of 177 to 1. The constitution was approved by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on March 25, 1935, and ratified by popular vote on May 14, 1935. On September 16, 1935, presidential elections were held. Candidates included former president Emilio Aguinaldo , Philippine Independent Church leader Gregorio Aglipay , and others. Manuel L. Quezon and Sergio Osmeña of

9880-747: Was brought by former Governor-General and High Commissioner Frank Murphy aboard the USS ; Princeton and re-interred in the Manila North Cemetery on 17 July 1946. Those were then moved to a miniature copy of Napoleon's tomb at the Quezon Memorial Shrine in Quezon City , on 1 August 1979. Commonwealth of the Philippines Majority: Christianity ( Catholicism , Protestantism ) The Commonwealth of

9984-409: Was declared an open city . On February 20, Quezon, his family, and senior officials of the Commonwealth government were evacuated from the island by submarine on the first leg of what came to be a relocation of the Commonwealth government in exile to the U.S. Quezon suffered from tuberculosis and spent his last years in a " cure cottage " in Saranac Lake , NY, where he died on August 1, 1944. He

10088-484: Was dedicated on 23 April 1940. After the Japanese invasion of the Philippines during World War II, Quezon evacuated to Corregidor (where he was inaugurated for his second term ) and then to the Visayas and Mindanao. At the invitation of the U.S. government, he was evacuated to Australia, and then to the United States. Quezon established the Commonwealth government in exile , with its headquarters in Washington, D.C. He

10192-452: Was enacted, as well as a law providing an eight-hour workday and a tenancy law for Filipino farmers. The position of public defender was created to assist the poor. Commonwealth Act No. 20 enabled Quezon to acquire large, occupied estates to re-appropriate their lots and homes at a nominal cost and under terms affordable by their residents; one example was the Buenavista estate. He also began

10296-530: Was formerly rest house of the park as well as the former clubhouse of the park's golf course. The Malacañang Park has its own golf course. It hosts the Malago Clubhouse which is also used as a meeting place. The Presidential Security Group 's headquarters, formerly the office of the Bureau of Animal Industry, is often associated with Malacanang Park. However the Presidential Museum and Library citing

10400-475: Was headed by a governor general who was appointed by the president of the United States. In December 1932, the United States Congress passed the Hare–Hawes–Cutting Act with the premise of granting Filipinos independence. Provisions of the law included reserving several military and naval bases for the United States as well as imposing tariffs and quotas on Philippine exports. When it reached him for

10504-571: Was infuriated, summoned General MacArthur and asked him if the U.S. would support the Philippines; if not, Quezon would return to Manila and allow himself to become a prisoner of war. MacArthur replied that if the Filipinos fighting the Japanese learned that he returned to Manila and became a Japanese puppet, they would consider him a turncoat. Quezon then heard another broadcast by former president Emilio Aguinaldo urging him and his fellow Filipino officials to yield to superior Japanese forces. Quezon wrote

10608-492: Was initially buried in Arlington National Cemetery . His body was later carried by the USS  Princeton and re-interred in Manila at the Manila North Cemetery in 1979, his remains were moved to Quezon City within the monument at the Quezon Memorial Circle . Osmeña became president of the Commonwealth on Quezon's death in 1944. He returned to the Philippines the same year with General Douglas MacArthur and

10712-475: Was intensified. The first blackout practice was held on the night of 10 July 1941 in Manila. First aid was taught in all schools and social clubs. Quezon established the Civilian Emergency Administration (CEA) on 1 April 1941, with branches in provinces and towns. Air-raid drills were also held. In cooperation with U.S. High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt , Quezon facilitated the entry into

10816-548: Was made official on December 30, 1937, in an executive order which became effective two years after issuance. In 1940, the government authorized the creation of a dictionary and grammar book for the language. In that same year, Commonwealth Act 570 was passed, allowing Filipino to become an official language upon independence. The cash economy of the Commonwealth was mostly agriculture-based. Products included abaca, coconuts and coconut oil, sugar, and timber. Numerous other crops and livestock were grown for local consumption by

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