Misplaced Pages

#546453

81-488: Māʻili has among the highest percentage of Native Hawaiians in Hawai’i, with 48.8% of the population in 2009. Māʻili and its waterfront park, Māʻili Beach Park, is a popular destination for surfing, snorkeling, swimming, boogieboarding, and bodyboarding. Māʻili Beach Park has a total area of forty acres, and is located immediately south of Lualualei Beach Park . The park is home to two popular Hawaiian surf spots: Green Lanterns by

162-570: A Hawaiian language department at the University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa . Ever since, Hawaiian language fluency has climbed among all races. In 2006, the University of Hawaiʻi at Hilo established a masters program in Hawaiian, and in 2006, a Ph.D program. It was the first doctoral program established for the study of any pre-contact language in the United States . Hawaiian is the primary language of

243-597: A few: Partial islands, atolls, reefs—those west of Niʻihau are uninhabited except Midway Atoll—form the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands (Leeward Islands): This chain of islands, or archipelago , developed as the Pacific plate slowly moved northwestward over a hotspot in the Earth's mantle at a rate of approximately 32 miles (51 km) per million years. Thus, the southeast island is volcanically active, whereas

324-399: A local religion and cultural practices. This new worship centered on the ideas of land ( aina ) and family ( ohana ). Land became a sacred part of life and family. Hawaiian religion is polytheistic , but mostly focuses on the gods Wākea and Papahānaumoku , the mother and father of the Hawaiian islands. Their stillborn child formed the deep roots of Hawaii, and whose second child, Hāloa ,

405-466: A policy of preference for Hawaiian place and street names. For example, with the closure of Barbers Point Naval Air Station in the 1990s, the region formerly occupied by the base was renamed Kalaeloa . While Native Hawaiian protest has a long history, beginning just after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom , many notable protests came during or after the Hawaiian cultural revival. These include

486-587: A race-based government), libertarian activists, (who challenged the accuracy of claims of injustice), and other Native Hawaiian sovereignty activists , (who claimed that the legislation would prevent complete independence from the United States). A Ward Research poll commissioned in 2003 by the Office of Hawaiian Affairs reported that "Eighty-six percent of the 303 Hawaiian residents polled by Ward Research said 'yes.' Only 7 percent said 'no,' with 6 percent unsure ... Of

567-402: A result, is currently highest in the southern part of the chain. Both historical and modern earthquake databases have correlated higher magnitude earthquakes with flanks of active volcanoes, such as Mauna Loa and Kilauea. The combination of erosional forces, which cause slumping and landslides, with the pressure exerted by rising magma put a great amount of stress on the volcanic flanks. The stress

648-494: A single, extended period of settlement populated the islands. Evidence for Tahitian conquest include the legends of Hawaiʻiloa and the navigator-priest Paʻao , who is said to have made a voyage between Hawaii and the island of "Kahiki" (Tahiti) and introduced many customs. Early historians, such as Abraham Fornander and Martha Beckwith , subscribed to this Tahitian invasion theory, but later historians, such as Patrick Kirch , do not mention it. King Kalākaua claimed that Paʻao

729-517: A social media presence and provides law students with summer fellowships. Law school graduates are eligible to apply for post-J.D. fellowships. In 2016, the Department of Interior (DOI), under the direction of Secretary Sally Jewell , started the process of recognizing the Hawaiians' right to self governance and the ability for nation-to-nation negotiation status and rights. This created opposition from

810-576: A steady growth trend over the century. Some Hawaiians left the islands during the period of the Hawaiian Kingdom . For example, Harry Maitey became the first Hawaiian in Prussia . The Native Hawaiian population has increased outside the state of Hawaii , with states such as California and Washington experiencing dramatic increases in total population. Due to a notable Hawaiian presence in Las Vegas ,

891-409: A story via its movements and gestures. Hula Kahiko is a traditional style. Its interpretive dance is known for its grace and romantic feel. Dances are accompanied by percussion instruments and traditional chanting . The traditional instruments include the pahu hula , kilu or puniu , ipu , hano or ʻphe hano ihu , ka , pu , oeoe , pahupahu kaʻekeʻeke , hokio , and wi . Dancers add to

SECTION 10

#1733093836547

972-504: Is a creole that developed during the plantation era in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, mixing words and diction from the various ethnic groups living in Hawaii then. ʻŌlelo Hawaiʻi later became an official language of the State of Hawaii, alongside English . The state enacted a program of cultural preservation in 1978. Programs included Hawaiian language immersion schools, and

1053-461: Is a self-governing corporate body of the State of Hawaii created by the 1978 Hawaii State Constitutional Convention . OHA's mandate is to advance the education, health, housing and economics ( Kānaka Maoli ) Native Hawaiians. It relies on ʻohana , moʻomeheu and ʻāina to effect change. OHA conducts research and advocacy to shape public policies. OHA works with communities to share information and build public support for Hawaiian issues. OHA

1134-531: Is approximately 0.4 Ma (400,000 years). The only active volcanism in the last 200 years has been on the southeastern island, Hawaiʻi, and on the submerged but growing volcano to the extreme southeast, Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Loʻihi). The Hawaiian Volcano Observatory of the USGS documents recent volcanic activity and provides images and interpretations of the volcanism. Kīlauea had been erupting nearly continuously since 1983 when it stopped August 2018. Almost all of

1215-550: Is celebrated with canoe races and luaus across the islands. Every June 11 Kānaka Maoli celebrate King Kamehameha day . Kamehameha I was the king who unified the islands and established the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. He was known as a fearless warrior, wise diplomat, and the most respected leader in the history of the Hawaiian monarchy. The holiday is celebrated with parades and lei draping ceremonies, where Kānaka Maoli bring lei (flower necklaces) to King Kamehameha statues located across

1296-624: Is located in the CDP. Leeward Community College operates Wai‘anae Moku in Maili CDP. Native Hawaiians Native Hawaiians (also known as Indigenous Hawaiians , Kānaka Maoli , Aboriginal Hawaiians , or simply Hawaiians ; Hawaiian : kānaka , kānaka ʻōiwi , Kānaka Maoli , and Hawaiʻi maoli ) are the Indigenous Polynesian people of the Hawaiian Islands . Hawaii

1377-480: Is reinforced by the cultivation of taro , a plant that is said to be the manifestation of Hāloa. The represents the deep roots that tether Hawaiians to the islands, as well as symbolizing the branching networks that Hawaiian people created. Hula is one of Hawai'is best-known indigenous artforms. Traditionally, hula was a ritualistic dance performed to honor the gods and goddesses. Hula is typically categorized as either Hula Kahiko or Hula ʻAuana . Each hula tells

1458-533: Is released when the slope fails, or slips, causing an earthquake. This type of seismicity is unique because the forces driving the system are not always consistent over time, since rates of volcanic activity fluctuate. Seismic hazard near active, seaward volcanic flanks is high, partially because of the especially unpredictable nature of the forces that trigger earthquakes, and partially because these events occur at relatively shallow depths. Flank earthquakes typically occur at depths ranging from 5 to 20 km, increasing

1539-471: Is situated entirely on an archipelago, and the only state not geographically connected with North America . The Northwestern islands (sometimes called the Leeward Islands) and surrounding seas are protected as a National Monument and World Heritage Site . The Hawaiian Islands have a total land area of 6,423.4 square miles (16,636.5 km ). Except for Midway, which is an unincorporated territory of

1620-520: Is the Lūʻau . A lūʻau is a traditional Hawaiian banquet, commonly featuring foods such as poi , poke , lomi-lomi salmon , kalua pig , haupia , and entertainment such as ukulele music and hula. One of the most important holidays is Prince Kuhio Day . Celebrated every year since 1949 on his birthday (March 26), the holiday honors Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole , a Congressman who succeeded in helping Native Hawaiian families become landowners. It

1701-423: Is the god from whom all Hawaiians originate. Hawaiian culture is caste -oriented, with specific roles based on social standing. Caste roles are reflected in how land was controlled. Each island was divided into moku , which were given to people of high standing and kept within the family. Each moku was split into smaller ahupua'a , each of which extended from the sea to the top of the nearest mountain. This

SECTION 20

#1733093836547

1782-594: The 2010 U.S. census , people with Native Hawaiian ancestry were reported to be residents in all 50 of the U.S. states, as well as Washington, D.C. and Puerto Rico. Within the U.S. in 2010, 540,013 residents reported Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander ancestry alone, of which 135,422 lived in Hawaii. In the United States overall, 1.2 million people identified as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, either alone or in combination with one or more other races. The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population

1863-640: The Americas . The current 293,000 include dual lineage Native Hawaiian and mixed lineage/multi-racial people. This was the highest number of any Kānaka Maoli living on the island until 2014, a period of almost 226 years. This long spread was marked by an initial die-off of 1-in-17, which would gradually increase to almost 8–10 dying from contact to the low point in 1950. The 1900 U.S. census identified 37,656 residents of full or partial Native Hawaiian ancestry. The 2000 U.S. census identified 283,430 residents of Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander ancestry, showing

1944-694: The Apology Resolution , which had previously passed Congress. This resolution "apologizes to Kānaka Maoli on behalf of the people of the United States for the overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii". In the early 2000s, the Congressional delegation of the State of Hawaiʻi introduced the Native Hawaiian Federal Recognition Bill (Akaka bill), an attempt to recognize and form a Native Hawaiian government entity to negotiate with state and federal governments. The bill would establish, for

2025-472: The Earth's mantle . The islands are about 1,860 miles (3,000 km) from the nearest continent and are part of the Polynesia subregion of Oceania . The U.S. state of Hawaii occupies the archipelago almost in its entirety (including the mostly uninhabited Northwestern Hawaiian Islands ), with the sole exception of Midway Atoll (a United States Minor Outlying Island ). Hawaii is the only U.S. state that

2106-656: The Kalama Valley protests , the Waiāhole-Waikāne struggle , the Kahoolawe island protests, and protests over the presence and management of astronomical observatories atop Hawaii's mountains, most notably the Thirty Meter Telescope protests . The Hawaiian language (or ʻ Ōlelo Hawaiʻi ) was once the language of native Hawaiian people; today, Kānaka Maoli predominantly speak English . A major factor for this change

2187-605: The Kona area. The initial earthquake was followed approximately five minutes later by a magnitude 5.7 aftershock . Minor to moderate damage was reported on most of the Big Island. Several major roadways became impassable from rock slides, and effects were felt as far away as Honolulu , Oahu, nearly 150 miles (240 km) from the epicenter . Power outages lasted for several hours to days. Several water mains ruptured. No deaths or life-threatening injuries were reported. On May 4, 2018, there

2268-657: The Māʻiliʻili Stream , and 1.5 miles north of Nanakuli . As of the census of 2000, there were 5,943 people, 1,359 households, and 1,178 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 6,241.5 inhabitants per square mile (2,409.9/km). There were 1,502 housing units at an average density of 1,577.5 per square mile (609.1/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 11.07% White , 0.91% African American , 0.24% Native American , 22.56% Asian , 23.89% Pacific Islander , 1.09% from other races , and 40.23% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.67% of

2349-515: The Sandwich Islands by Europeans (not by Kānaka Maoli , the people native to the islands), the present name for the archipelago is derived from the name of its largest island, Hawaiʻi. The archipelago sits on the Pacific plate . The islands are exposed peaks of a great undersea mountain range known as the Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain , formed by volcanic activity over a hotspot in

2430-670: The Society Islands around 1025 to 1120 C.E., and in the Marquesas Islands sometime between 1100 and 1200 C.E. The Hawaiian Islands were discovered and settled by polynesian people who arrived sometime between 940 and 1200 AD. The first recorded and sustained contact with Europeans occurred by chance when British explorer James Cook sighted the islands in January 1778 during his third voyage of exploration . Aided by European military technology, Kamehameha I conquered and unified

2511-409: The USGS . Hawaii accounted for 7.3% of the United States' reported earthquakes with a magnitude 3.5 or greater from 1974 to 2003, with a total 1533 earthquakes. Hawaii ranked as the state with the third most earthquakes over this time period, after Alaska and California . On October 15, 2006, there was an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.7 off the northwest coast of the island of Hawaii, near

Māʻili, Hawaii - Misplaced Pages Continue

2592-654: The United States Census Bureau , the CDP has a total area of 2.8 square miles (7.3 km), of which 1.7 square miles (4.4 km) is land and 1.1 square miles (2.8 km), or 38.92%, is water. It is located on the Waimea Coast of Oʻahu, between the ocean-front Māʻili Beach Park and the Lualualei Valley at the foot of the Waianae Range . It is located 1.4 miles south of the town of Waianae , separated by

2673-549: The list of extinct animals of the Hawaiian Islands . As of 2009 , many of the remaining endemic species are considered endangered . On June 15, 2006, President George W. Bush issued a public proclamation creating Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument under the Antiquities Act of 1906. The Monument encompasses the northwestern Hawaiian Islands and surrounding waters, forming the largest marine wildlife reserve in

2754-501: The magma of the hotspot has the composition of basalt , and so the Hawaiian volcanoes are composed almost entirely of this igneous rock. There is very little coarser-grained gabbro and diabase . Nephelinite is exposed on the islands but is extremely rare. The majority of eruptions in Hawaiʻi are Hawaiian-type eruptions because basaltic magma is relatively fluid compared with magmas typically involved in more explosive eruptions, such as

2835-510: The trade winds on their north and east flanks (the windward side) as a result of orographic precipitation . Coastal areas in general and especially the south and west flanks, or leeward sides, tend to be drier. In general, the lowlands of Hawaiian Islands receive most of their precipitation during the winter months (October to April). Drier conditions generally prevail from May to September. The tropical storms , and occasional hurricanes , tend to occur from July through November. During

2916-576: The 1820s based on a census conducted by American missionaries, 82,203 in the 1850 Hawaiian Kingdom census, 40,622 in the final Hawaiian Kingdom census of 1890, 39,504 in the sole census by the Republic of Hawaii in 1896, and 37,656 in the first census conducted by the United States in 1900. Thereafter the Native Hawaiian population in Hawaii increased with every census, reaching 680,442 in 2020 (including people of mixed heritage). In 1893 Queen Liliʻuokalani

2997-471: The 301 non-Hawaiians polled, almost eight in 10 (78 percent) supported federal recognition, 16 percent opposed it, with 6 percent unsure." A Zogby International poll commissioned in 2009 by the Grassroot Institute of Hawaii indicated that a plurality (39%) of Hawaiʻi residents opposed it and that 76% indicated that they were unwilling to pay higher taxes to offset any resulting tax revenue loss due to

3078-489: The Big Island. The volcanoes on the remaining islands are extinct as they are no longer over the Hawaii hotspot. The Kamaʻehuakanaloa Seamount is an active submarine volcano that is expected to become the newest Hawaiian island when it rises above the ocean's surface in 10,000–100,000 years. Hazards from these volcanoes include lava flows that can destroy and bury the surrounding surface, volcanic gas emissions, earthquakes and tsunamis listed above, submarine eruptions affecting

3159-419: The Hawaiian Islands. Explosive volcanic activity can cause tsunamis. The island of Molokaʻi had a catastrophic collapse or debris avalanche over a million years ago; this underwater landslide likely caused tsunamis. The Hilina Slump on the island of Hawaiʻi is another potential place for a large landslide and resulting tsunami. The city of Hilo on the Big Island has been most affected by tsunamis, where

3240-559: The Hawaiian Sovereignty movement who believed that Kānaka Maoli should not have to navigate US structures to regain sovereignty and viewed the process as incomplete. The outcome ultimately allowed nation-to-nation relationships if Kānaka Maoli created their own government and sought that relationship. The government formation process was stopped by Justice Anthony Kennedy , using his earlier precedent in Rice v. Cayetano that "ancestry

3321-471: The Hawaiian language and incorporate Hawaiian subject matter. These schools are not exclusive to native Hawaiians. Kānaka Maoli are eligible for an education from Kamehameha Schools (KS), established through the last will and testament of Bernice Pauahi Bishop of the Kamehameha Dynasty . The largest and wealthiest private school system in the United States, KS was intended to benefit orphans and

Māʻili, Hawaii - Misplaced Pages Continue

3402-584: The Native American Programs Act was amended to include Kānaka Maoli . This paved the way for Kānaka Maoli to become eligible for some federal assistance programs originally intended for continental Native Americans . Today, Title 45 CFR Part 1336.62 defines a Native Hawaiian as "an individual any of whose ancestors were natives of the area which consists of the Hawaiian Islands prior to 1778". On November 23, 1993, U.S. President Bill Clinton signed United States Public Law 103–150, also known as

3483-606: The Philippines to work in the cane and pineapple fields. The government of Japan organized and gave special protection to its people, who comprised about 25 percent of the Hawaiian population by 1896. The Hawaiian monarchy encouraged this multi-ethnic society, initially establishing a constitutional monarchy in 1840 that promised equal voting rights regardless of race, gender, or wealth. The population of Native Hawaiians declined precipitously from an unknown number prior to 1778 (estimated to be around 300,000). It fell to around 142,000 in

3564-476: The United States, these islands and islets are administered as Hawaii —the 50th state of the United States. The eight major islands of Hawaii (Windward Islands) are listed above. All except Kaho'olawe are inhabited. The state of Hawaii counts 137 "islands" in the Hawaiian chain. This number includes all minor islands (small islands), islets (even smaller islands) offshore of the major islands (listed above), and individual islets in each atoll. These are just

3645-414: The absence of such predators. The growing population of humans, especially through European and American colonisation and development, has also led to deforestation , forest degradation , treeless grasslands, and environmental degradation . As a result, many species which depended on forest habitats and food became extinct—with many current species facing extinction. As humans cleared land for farming with

3726-623: The act. The bill did not pass. In 2005, with the support of U.S. Senator Daniel Inouye , federal funding through the Native Hawaiian Education Act created the Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law at UH Mānoa William S. Richardson School of Law . The program became known as Ka Huli Ao: Center for Excellence in Native Hawaiian Law. Ka Huli Ao focuses on research, scholarship, and community outreach. Ka Huli Ao maintains

3807-583: The amended Treaty of Reciprocity that would have damaged Hawaiian trade, and opened up part of 'Oahu for the Pearl Harbor military base. The event was challenged by Grover Cleveland , but was eventually supported by President William McKinley in his Manifest Destiny plan, which harmed indigenous peoples in the continental United States and Hawai'i. The change left Kānaka Maoli as the only major indigenous group with no "nation-to-nation" negotiation status and without any degree of self determination. In 1974,

3888-742: The andesitic magmas that produce some of the spectacular and dangerous eruptions around the margins of the Pacific basin. Hawaiʻi island (the Big Island) is the biggest and youngest island in the chain, built from five volcanoes. Mauna Loa , taking up over half of the Big Island, is the largest shield volcano on the Earth. The measurement from sea level to summit is more than 2.5 miles (4 km), from sea level to sea floor about 3.1 miles (5 km). The Hawaiian Islands have many earthquakes , generally triggered by and related to volcanic activity. Seismic activity, as

3969-528: The ascension of Queen Liliuokalani to the Hawaiian Throne in 1891, Sanford Dole created the "Committee of Safety" overthrew the monarchy . This was in part due to the Queen's rejection of the 1887 Constitution, which severely limited her authority. This diminished traditional governance and installed a US-backed, plantation-led government. One reason for the overthrow was over Kalākaua 's unwillingness to sign

4050-402: The average family size was 4.35. In the CDP the population was spread out, with 35.0% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 27.2% from 25 to 44, 18.4% from 45 to 64, and 9.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 28 years. For every 100 females there were 103.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98.3 males. The median income for a household in the CDP

4131-629: The city is sometimes called the "Ninth Island" in reference to the eight islands of Hawaii. Several cultural preservation societies and organizations were established. The largest is the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum , established in 1889 and designated as the Hawaiʻi State Museum of Natural and Cultural History. The museum houses the largest collection of native Hawaiian artifacts, documents, and other information. The museum has links with major colleges and universities throughout

SECTION 50

#1733093836547

4212-457: The effect using ʻuli , puʻili , ʻiliʻili , papahehi , and kalaʻau . Hula ʻAuana was influenced by later Western factors. It is accompanied by non-traditional musical instruments and colorful outfits. It became popularized with tourists and it is this form that is most widely practiced beyond the islands. Ukuleles and guitars are common. The Hawaiian people celebrate traditions and holidays. The most popular form of celebration in Hawaii

4293-459: The first time, a formal political and legal relationship between a Native Hawaiian entity and the US government. Proponents consider the legislation to be an acknowledgement and partial correction of past injustices. They included Hawaiʻi's Congressional delegation, as well as former Governor Linda Lingle . Opponents include the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights , (who doubted the constitutionality of creating

4374-544: The hazard to local infrastructure and communities. Earthquakes and landslides on the island chain have also been known to cause tsunamis . Most of the early earthquake monitoring took place in Hilo , by missionaries Titus Coan and Sarah J. Lyman and her family. Between 1833 and 1896, approximately 4 or 5 earthquakes were reported per year. Today, earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by

4455-468: The importation of industrialized farming practices through European and American encroachment, monocultural crop production replaced multi-species systems . The arrival of the Europeans had a more significant impact, with the promotion of large-scale single-species export agriculture and livestock grazing. This led to increased clearing of forests, and the development of towns, adding many more species to

4536-453: The in-rushing water is accentuated by the shape of Hilo Bay . Coastal cities have tsunami warning sirens. A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Chile hit the islands on February 27, 2010. It was relatively minor, but local emergency management officials utilized the latest technology and ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The Governor declared it a "good drill" for

4617-458: The island chief. In contrast to the European system of feudalism , Hawaiian peasants were never bound to the land and were free to move as they chose. Kānaka Maoli refer to themselves as kama'aina , a word meaning "people of the land", because of their connection to and stewardship of the land. It was also part of the spiritual belief system that attributes their origin to the land itself. This

4698-514: The islands and drape them from his cast bronze arms and neck to honor his contributions to the people of Hawaiʻi. Native Hawaiian culture underwent a renaissance beginning in the 1970s. It was in part triggered by the 1978 Hawaiʻi State Constitutional Convention , held 200 years after the arrival of Captain Cook. At the convention, state government committed itself to the study and preservation of Hawaiian culture, history, and language. Hawaiian culture

4779-634: The islands for the first time, establishing the Kingdom of Hawaii in 1795. The kingdom became prosperous and important for its agriculture and strategic location in the Pacific. American immigration, led by Protestant missionaries , and Native Hawaiian emigration, mostly on whaling ships but also in high numbers as indentured servants and as forced labour, began almost immediately after Cook's arrival. Americans established plantations to grow crops for export. Their farming methods required substantial labor. Waves of permanent immigrants came from Japan , China , and

4860-400: The islands on the northwest end of the archipelago are older and typically smaller, due to longer exposure to erosion . The age of the archipelago has been estimated using potassium-argon dating methods. From this study and others, it is estimated that the northwesternmost island, Kure Atoll , is the oldest at approximately 28 million years (Ma); while the southeasternmost island, Hawaiʻi ,

4941-557: The land and instills a sense of community. The Hawaiian Kingdom was formed in 1795, when Kamehameha the Great , of the then-independent island of Hawaiʻi , conquered the independent islands of Oʻahu , Maui , Molokaʻi , and Lānaʻi to form the kingdom. In 1810, Kauaʻi and Niʻihau joined the Kingdom, the last inhabited islands to do so. The Kingdom received many immigrants from the United States and Asia . The Hawaiian sovereignty movement seeks autonomy or independence for Hawaii. In

SECTION 60

#1733093836547

5022-521: The mouth of the Māʻiliʻili Stream, and Tumbleland in the center of the beach park. The water conditions are treacherous during winter-time, but usually calm during summer. The beach park has a lifeguard station, a playground, beach facilities, restrooms, picnic tables, and showers. Māʻili is located at 21°25′6″N 158°10′43″W  /  21.41833°N 158.17861°W  / 21.41833; -158.17861 (21.418333, -158.178736). According to

5103-633: The needy, with preference given to Kānaka Maoli . The schools educate thousands of children of native Hawaiian children ancestry and offers summer and off-campus programs not restricted by ancestry. KS practice of accepting primarily gifted students , has been controversial in the native Hawaiian community. Many families feel that gifted students could excel anywhere, and that the Hawaiian community would be better served by educating disadvantaged children to help them become responsible community contributors. Many Kānaka Maoli attend public schools or other private schools. The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)

5184-482: The next major event. A tsunami resulting from an earthquake in Japan hit the islands on March 11, 2011. It was relatively minor, but local officials ordered evacuations in preparation for a possible major event. The tsunami caused about $ 30.1 million in damages. Only the two Hawaiian islands furthest to the southeast have active volcanoes: Haleakalā on Maui, and Mauna Loa , Mauna Kea , Kilauea , and Hualalai , all on

5265-473: The ocean, and the possibility of an explosive eruption. There is no definitive date for the Polynesian discovery of Hawaii . However, high-precision radiocarbon dating in Hawaii using chronometric hygiene analysis, and taxonomic identification selection of samples, puts the initial such settlement of the Hawaiian Islands sometime between 940-1250 C.E., originating from earlier settlements first established in

5346-428: The population is estimated to have been between 250,000 and 800,000. This was the peak of the Native Hawaiian population. During the first century after contact, Kānaka Maoli were nearly wiped out by diseases brought by immigrants and visitors. Kānaka Maoli had no resistance to influenza , smallpox , measles , or whooping cough , among others. These diseases were similarly catastrophic to indigenous populations in

5427-408: The population. There were 1,359 households, out of which 42.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 58.9% were married couples living together, 19.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 13.3% were non-families. 9.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 4.22 and

5508-525: The residents of Niʻihau . Alongside 'Ōlelo Hawai'i , some Maoli spoke the little studied Hawai'i Sign Language. In Hawaii, the public school system is operated by the Hawaiʻi State Department of Education rather than local school districts. Under the administration of Governor Benjamin J. Cayetano from 1994 to 2002, the state's educational system established Hawaiian language immersion schools. In these schools, all courses are taught in

5589-561: The world to facilitate research. The Polynesian Voyaging Society reignited interest in Polynesian sailing techniques, both in ship construction and in instrument-free navigation. The Society built multiple double-hulled canoes, beginning with Hōkūleʻa and followed by Makali'i, Alingano Maisu, and Mo‘okiha O Pi‘ilani. The canoes and their worldwide voyages contributed to the renewal and appreciation of Hawaiian culture. Native Hawaiian culture grew from their Polynesian roots, creating

5670-420: The world. In August 2010, UNESCO 's World Heritage Committee added Papahānaumokuākea to its list of World Heritage Sites . On August 26, 2016, former President Barack Obama greatly expanded Papahānaumokuākea, quadrupling it from its original size. The Hawaiian Islands are tropical but experience many different climates, depending on altitude and surroundings. The islands receive most rainfall from

5751-422: Was $ 45,786, and the median income for a family was $ 48,068. Males had a median income of $ 33,229 versus $ 21,211 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $ 13,185. About 19.3% of families and 21.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 28.3% of those under age 18 and 9.1% of those age 65 or over. The Hawaii Department of Education operates the public schools. Maili Elementary School

5832-522: Was a 6.9 earthquake in the zone of volcanic activity from Kīlauea . Earthquakes are monitored by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory run by the USGS . The Hawaiian Islands are subject to tsunamis , great waves that strike the shore. Tsunamis are most often caused by earthquakes somewhere in the Pacific. The waves produced by the earthquakes travel at speeds of 400–500 miles per hour (600–800 km/h) and can affect coastal regions thousands of miles (kilometers) away. Tsunamis may also originate from

5913-509: Was a proxy for race" in ancestry-based elections, but the voting itself was not stopped . Hawaiian Islands The Hawaiian Islands ( Hawaiian : Mokupuni Hawaiʻi ) are an archipelago of eight major volcanic islands , several atolls , and numerous smaller islets in the North Pacific Ocean , extending some 1,500 miles (2,400 kilometers) from the island of Hawaiʻi in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll . Formerly called

5994-415: Was an 1896 law that required that English "be the only medium and basis of instruction in all public and private schools". This law excluded the Hawaiian language from schools. In spite of this, some Kānaka Maoli (as well as non- Kānaka Maoli ) learned ʻŌlelo Hawaii . As with other Hawaii locals, Kānaka Maoli typically speak Hawaiian Creole English (referred to locally as Pidgin ) in daily life. Pidgin

6075-457: Was from Samoa . Some writers claim that earlier settlers in Hawaiʻi were forced into remote valleys by newer arrivals. They claim that stories about the Menehune , little people who built heiau and fishponds , prove the existence of ancient peoples who settled the islands before the Hawaiians, although similar stories exist throughout Polynesia. At the time of Captain Cook 's arrival in 1778,

6156-477: Was given control over certain public lands, and acquired other land-holdings for the provision of housing, supporting agriculture, and supporting cultural institutions. The lands initially given to OHA were originally crown lands of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, which had gone through various forms of public ownership since the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom. In 1893, during the Hawaiian rebellions of 1887–1895 and after

6237-724: Was illegally deposed and placed under house arrest by businessmen (who included members of the Dole family ) with help from the U.S. Marines . The Republic of Hawaii governed for a short time until Hawaii was annexed by the United States in 1898 as the Territory of Hawaii . In 1959, the islands became the 50th American state . The islands are home to a multitude of endemic species. Since human settlement, first by Polynesians , non native trees, plants, and animals were introduced. These included species such as rats and pigs, that have preyed on native birds and invertebrates that initially evolved in

6318-653: Was introduced into Hawaiʻi's public schools, teaching Hawaiian art, lifestyle, geography, hula, and Hawaiian language. Intermediate and high schools were mandated to teach Hawaiian history to all their students. Many aspects of Hawaiian culture were commercialized to appeal to visitors from around the world. This includes hula, use of the word "Aloha", lei , and the assimilation of Hawaiian culture into non-native lifestyles. This has provided significant financial support for cultural practices, while emphasizing aspects that have popular appeal over those that respect tradition. Statutes and charter amendments were passed acknowledging

6399-499: Was one of the fastest-growing groups between 2000 and 2010. The history of Kānaka Maoli , like the history of Hawaii, is commonly broken into four major periods: One theory is that the first Polynesians arrived in Hawaii in the 3rd century from the Marquesas by travelling in groups of waka , and were followed by Tahitians in AD 1300, who conquered the original inhabitants. Another is that

6480-436: Was settled at least 800 years ago by Polynesians who sailed from the Society Islands . The settlers gradually became detached from their homeland and developed a distinct Hawaiian culture and identity in their new home. They created new religious and cultural structures, in response to their new circumstances and to pass knowledge from one generation to the next. Hence, the Hawaiian religion focuses on ways to live and relate to

6561-408: Was to ensure that each ahupua'a provided all necessary resources for survival, including hardwoods and food sources. Each ahupua'a was managed by managers, who were charged by the island chief to collect tributes from the residents. Splits of the ahupua'a were based on the level of tribute. The major subdivisions were 'Ili . Each 'Ili gave a tribute to the chief of the ahupua'a and another to

#546453