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69-524: Brian 'BJ' Caldwell (born December 17, 1975) is an American sailor . He spent seven years cruising the South Pacific with his parents when he was young, returning to Hawaii at age 15. He departed Hawaii aged 19 and completed his voyage on September 28, 1996. He was the youngest solo circumnavigator, finishing at the age of 20, making him the first person under age 21 to circumnavigate. He has raced in France in

138-424: A "Chief's Ticket". The chief engineer, commonly referred to as "The chief", or just "chief", is responsible for all operations and maintenance that have to do with all machinery and equipment throughout the ship. He is paid on par with the captain, and holds the same rank as the captain. The second engineer or first assistant engineer is the officer responsible for supervising the daily maintenance and operation of

207-488: A United Nations agency, and the Nautical Institute seek improved international standards for mariners. One's service aboard ships typically extends for months at a time, followed by protracted shore leave. However, some seamen secure jobs on ships they like and stay aboard for years. In rare cases, veteran mariners choose never to go ashore when in port. Further, the quick turnaround of many modern ships, spending only

276-429: A certificate of competence are called ratings . They assist in all other tasks that can arise during a voyage. This includes for example, mooring, cleaning of the ship and its holds and repairing broken lines and ropes. These are physically challenging jobs and have to be done regardless of the weather. The boatswain is the highest rankings unlicensed (rating) in the deck department. The boatswain generally carries out

345-630: A chance to see the world also appeal to many seafarers. Whatever the calling, those who live and work at sea invariably confront social isolation. Findings by the Seafarer's International Research Center indicate a leading cause of mariners leaving the industry is "almost invariably because they want to be with their families". U.S. merchant ships typically do not allow family members to accompany seafarers on voyages. Industry experts increasingly recognize isolation, stress, and fatigue as occupational hazards. Advocacy groups such as International Labor Organization,

414-608: A lifeboat and later went on to write the James Bond movies Never Say Never Again and Thunderball . Members of the American Beat Movement Allen Ginsberg , Jack Kerouac , Bob Kaufman , and Herbert Huncke were all Merchant Mariners. It is perhaps not surprising that the writers of Moby Dick , The American Practical Navigator , and Two Years Before the Mast were Merchant Mariners. It might be surprising that

483-410: A mariner's off-duty time at sea is largely a solitary affair, pursuing hobbies, reading, writing letters, and sleeping. Internet accessibility is fast coming to the sea with the advent of cheap satellite communication, mainly from Inmarsat . The availability of affordable roaming SIM cards with online top-up facilities have also contributed to improved connection with friends and family at home. Erik

552-485: A matter of hours in port, limits a seafarer's free-time ashore. Moreover, some seafarers entering U.S. ports from a watch list of 25 countries deemed high-risk face restrictions on shore leave due to security concerns in a post 9/11 environment. However, shore leave restrictions while in U.S. ports impact American seamen as well. For example, the International Organization of Masters, Mates & Pilots notes

621-413: A much safer position. Most newer vessels are air conditioned, soundproofed from noisy machinery, and equipped with comfortable living quarters. These amenities have helped ease the sometimes difficult circumstances of long periods away from home. Also, modern communications such as email, instant messaging and social media platforms link modern mariners to their families. Nevertheless, some mariners dislike

690-401: A new degree of flexibility and job sharing has arisen, as the workload of each crew member also increases. The captain or master is the ship's highest responsible officer, acting on behalf of the ship's owner. Whether the captain is a member of the deck department or not is a matter of some controversy, and generally depends on the opinion of an individual captain. When a ship has a third mate,

759-548: A professional seaman and specialist in navigation, rather than as a military commander and was originally a warrant officer who ranked with, but after, the lieutenants and was eventually renamed to "navigating lieutenant" in 1867. The Captain of Marines was the commissioned officer in command of the Royal Marines on the ship. The Purser was the officer responsible for all administrative duties and ship's supplies, such as food and drink, clothing, bedding, candles. The purser

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828-868: A ship includes: American ships also carry a qualified member of the engine department . Other possible positions include motorman, machinist , electrician , refrigeration engineer and tankerman. A typical steward's department for a cargo ship is a chief steward , a chief cook and a steward's assistant . All three positions are typically filled by unlicensed personnel. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus, compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Galley's roles may include baking. A chief steward's duties may overlap with those of

897-407: A superior midshipman, still waiting to pass his examination for lieutenant or to receive his commission, but taking rather more responsibility aboard ship. Six master's mates were allowed on a first rate , three on a third rate , and two on most frigates . A Midshipman was an apprentice officer who had previously served at least three years as a volunteer, officer's servant or able seaman , and

966-412: A trend of U.S. shipping terminal operators restricting seamen from traveling from the ship to the terminal gate. Further, in cases where transit is allowed, special "security fees" are at times assessed. Such restrictions on shore leave coupled with reduced time in port by many ships translate into longer periods at sea. Mariners report that extended periods at sea living and working with shipmates who for

1035-497: A variety of professions and ranks, each of which carries unique responsibilities which are integral to the successful operation of an ocean-going vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories: the deck department, the engineering department, the steward's department, and others. Officer positions in the deck department include but are not limited to: master and his chief , second and third officers. The official classifications for unlicensed members of

1104-520: A wide variety of positions, given the vast array of technologies, missions, and circumstances that ships have been subjected to over the years. There are some notable trends in modern or twenty-first century seamanship. Usually, seafarers work on board a ship between three and six years. Afterwards, they are well prepared for working in the European maritime industry ashore. Generally, there are some differences between naval and civilian seafarers. One example

1173-496: Is a qualified OICNW watch-stander, junior to the second mate. When on navigational watch, the third mate directs the bridge team, maneuvering the vessel, keeping it safe and on track. The third mate's primary duty is matters of safety, inspecting gear lockers, lifeboats, and all equipment on board ensuring that it is safe and operational. Other duties include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor details and training and instructing crew members. They are normally part of

1242-497: Is an unlicensed member of the engine department, same requirement with the oiler both having the Able Seafarer Engine Certificate STCW A-III/5. The oiler is an unlicensed member of the engine department, with more experience than a wiper and having the Able Seafarer Engine Certificate STCW A-III/5. The wiper is an unlicensed member of the engine department, usually with the least experience and having

1311-415: Is another regular task. Engineering staff is required to have training in firefighting and first aid. Additional duties include maintaining the ship's boats and performing other nautical tasks. Engineers play a key role in cargo loading/discharging gear and safety systems, though the specific cargo discharge function remains the responsibility of deck officers and deck workers. A common engineering crew for

1380-463: Is nationality on merchant vessels, which is usually diverse and not identical like on military craft. As a result, special cross-cultural training is required – especially with regard to a lingua franca . Another notable trend is that administrative work has increased considerably on board, partly as an effect of increased focus on safety and security. A study shows that due to this development certain skills are missing and some are desired, so that

1449-486: Is the senior unlicensed crew member working in the steward's department of a ship. The position corresponds to that of the boatswain in the deck department, the pump man in an oil tanker, and the electrician (but not ETO) in the engine department of a container ship or general cargo ship. It is the equivalent to a chief petty officer in the Navy, and equal to a captain rank in the kitchen. The chief cook directs and participates in

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1518-832: The Federal Communications Commission as GMDSS operators and electrical officers as GMDSS maintainers. Morse code has not been used on French ships since 1997 and on U.S. ones since 1999 However, an FCC certificate for radiotelegraphy may still be obtained. The chief steward directs, instructs, and assigns personnel performing such functions as preparing and serving meals; cleaning and maintaining officers' quarters and steward department areas; and receiving, issuing, and inventorying stores. The chief steward also plans menus; compiles supply, overtime, and cost control records. The steward may requisition or purchase stores and equipment. Additional duties may include baking bread, rolls, cakes, pies and pastries. The chief cook

1587-460: The Mini Transat 6.50 , Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race , Fastnet , Transpacific Yacht Race and other sailing races. Caldwell departed from Honolulu , Hawaii on June 1, 1995, traveling to Vanuatu , Cocos (Keeling) , Mauritius , Durban , Cape Town , St. Helena , Grenada , Panama , and returning to Honolulu on September 28, 1996. Caldwell reported a number of difficulties on his voyage, "I

1656-627: The steward's assistant , the chief cook , and other Steward's department crewmembers. A person in the United States Merchant Marine has to have a Merchant Mariner's Document issued by the United States Coast Guard in order to serve as a chief steward. All chief cooks who sail internationally are similarly documented by their respective countries because of international conventions and agreements. The only time that steward department staff are charged with duties outside

1725-706: The Armourer, the Gunners mate and the Yeoman of the Powder room. The Boatswain (/ˈboʊsən/), bo's'n, bos'n, or bosun, was the warrant officer of the deck department. As deck crew foreman, the boatswain planned the day's work and assigned tasks to the deck crew. As work was completed, the boatswain checked the completed work was done correctly. He supervised the Ropemaker, the Boatswain's mate and

1794-447: The ETO does not carry out an assigned engine room watch. Instead, he is normally on call 24 hours a day and generally works a daily shift carrying out electrical and electronic maintenance, repairs, installations, and testing. Some shipping companies do not carry electrical officers on their ship to cut down the manning cost, and the electrical duties are carried by an engineer. This is usually

1863-475: The Engine Room Watch Rating (ERWR) Certificate STCW A-III/4. The electro-technical officer sometimes referred to as the electrical engineer is in charge of all the electrical systems on the ship. The electrical engineer is one of the most vital positions in the technical hierarchy of a ship and engineer is responsible for their assigned work under the chief engineer's instructions. Unlike engineers,

1932-545: The Manila Amendment) on June 25, 2010, to introduce the certified position of electro-technical officer in place of electrical officer. With advancements in satellite communications leading to the widespread adoption of the Global Maritime Distress and Safety System the old position of radio officer is far less common, although a U.S. Coast Guard license is still issued for it. Ship officers may be licensed by

2001-776: The Red and his son Leif Erikson were the first notable mariners known to sail in a primitive, partly man powered vessel across the Arctic and the North Atlantic Ocean. Barbarossa Hayrettin Pasha (Turkish: Barbaros Hayrettin Paşa or Hızır Hayrettin Paşa; also Hızır Reis before being promoted to the rank of Pasha and becoming the Kaptan-ı Derya (Fleet Admiral) of the Ottoman Navy) (c. 1478 – 4 July 1546)

2070-630: The Sailmaker. The carpenter was the warrant officer who was responsible for the maintenance and repair of the wooden components of the ship. He supervised the Caulker, the Carpenter's mate and the Master-at-arms . Originally, a master's mate was an experienced petty officer, who assisted the master, but was not in line for promotion to lieutenant. By the mid-eighteenth century, he was far more likely to be

2139-536: The United States Coast Guard. Pilots are also merchant marine officers and are licensed by the Coast Guard. Mariners spend extended periods at sea. Most deep-sea mariners are hired for one or more voyages that last for several months. There is no job security after that. The length of time between voyages varies by job availability and personal preference. The rate of unionization for these workers in

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2208-517: The United States is about 36 percent, much higher than the average for all occupations. Consequently, merchant marine officers and seamen, both veterans and beginners, are hired for voyages through union hiring halls or directly by shipping companies. Hiring halls fill jobs by the length of time the person has been registered at the hall and by their union seniority. Hiring halls typically are found in major seaports. At sea, on larger vessels members of

2277-759: The Victoria Cross and the Medal of Honor . American merchant seamen have won the Medal of Honor in the Korean War and Vietnam War , and one went on to become the "Father of the American Navy." One does not have to look far to find merchant seamen who became war heroes in Scotland , France , New Zealand , Peru , or Denmark . Since World War II, a number of merchant seamen have become notorious criminals. American William Colepaugh

2346-498: The bridge team and navigating the ship. The second mate is the third most-experienced deck department officer after the captain/master and chief mate. The second mate's primary duty is navigational, which includes updating charts and publications, keeping them current, making passage plans, and all aspects of ship navigation. The second mate's other duties may include directing line handlers, cargo watches, directing anchor detail and training and instructing crew members. The third officer

2415-427: The captain does not stand watch . The captain is responsible for the day-to-day affairs of the ship under their command. It is their responsibility to ensure that all the departments perform to the requirements. Therefore, the heads of the various departments answer to them. The captain represents the owner and hence is called "master." The captain is officially not considered to be a crew member, which seems to resolve

2484-437: The captain. Lieutenants were numbered by their seniority within the ship, so that a frigate (which was entitled to three lieutenants) would have a first lieutenant, a second lieutenant, and a third lieutenant. A first-rate was entitled to six lieutenants, and they were numbered accordingly. The "Sailing Master " was a naval officer trained in and responsible for the navigation of a sailing vessel. The rank can be equated to

2553-728: The city of Sydney, Australia . Merchant mariner Douglass North went from seaman to navigator to winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Economics. Jimmy Carter went on to become the 39th president of the United States after service in the US Navy. Members of the British Merchant Navy have won the Distinguished Service Cross and have had careers taking them from 'Deck Boy Peter' to Air Marshal Sir Beresford Peter Torrington Horsley KCB, CBE, LVO, AFC . Canadian merchant seamen have won

2622-493: The command team during emergencies and drills. The Third mate typically stands the 0800 to 1200 hrs and 2000 to 0000 hrs navigation watch as 'officer-in-charge of the navigational watch' (OICNW), directing the bridge team. A deck cadet or trainee navigational officer or nautical apprentice is an apprentice who has to learn the basic duties of a deck officer on board a ship. Deck cadets after sufficient sea time and exams attain certificate of competency of OICNW. Mariners without

2691-411: The controversy mentioned above. Deck officers are licensed mariners who are responsible for the navigation and safe passage of the ship. The chief mate is the head of the deck department on a merchant's vessel, second-in-command after the ship's master. The chief mate's primary responsibilities are the vessel's cargo operations, its stability, and supervising the deck crew. The mate is responsible for

2760-425: The deck department are able seaman and ordinary seaman . With some variation, the chief mate is most often charged with the duties of cargo mate. Second Mates are charged with being the medical officer in case of a medical emergency. All three mates each do four-hour morning and afternoon shifts on the bridge, when underway at sea. A common deck crew for a ship includes: A ship's engineering department consists of

2829-776: The deck department usually stand watch for four hours and are off for eight hours, seven days a week. Mariners work in all weather conditions. Working in damp and cold conditions often is inevitable, although ships try to avoid severe storms while at sea. It is uncommon for modern vessels to suffer disasters such as fire, explosion, or a sinking. Yet workers face the possibility of having to abandon ship on short notice if it collides with other vessels or runs aground. Mariners also risk injury or death from falling overboard and from hazards associated with working with machinery, heavy loads, and dangerous cargo. However, modern safety management procedures, advanced emergency communications, and effective international rescue systems place modern mariners in

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2898-409: The deck department. An ordinary seaman (OS) generally helps out with work that able seamen do. Other tasks include standing lookout, and generally cleaning duties. The engineers are also called technical officers. They are responsible for keeping the ship and the machinery running. Today, ships are complex units that combine a lot of technology within a small space. This includes not only the engine and

2967-634: The engine department. He or she reports directly to the chief engineer and is the Executive head of the ECR (Engine Control Room) The third engineer or second assistant engineer is usually in charge of boilers, fuel, auxiliary engines, condensate and feed systems, and is the third most senior marine engineer on board. Depending on usage, "the Second" or "the Third" is also typically in charge of fueling (a.k.a. bunkering), granted

3036-443: The gruel commonly served in the sick bay.[7] A small number of doctors with a prestigious medical education were ranked as physicians; they would supervise surgeons on ships or run hospitals on shore. The Chaplain led the ship's religious services. As an ordained minister , his social status meant he was made an officer. The Gunner was the warrant officer in charge of the ship's naval artillery and other weapons. He supervised

3105-481: The highest ranked electro-technical officer will report directly to the chief engineer. On special class ships such as FPSOs , the electro-technical officer can sometimes earn nearly the same wage as a chief engineer due to the complexity of the electrical systems on the ship. As the technology advances, more automation and electronic circuits are replacing conventional and electrical systems. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO) amended STCW 95 (also known as

3174-424: The long periods away from home and the confinement aboard ship. They consequently leave the profession. Professional mariners live on the margins of society, with much of their life spent beyond the reach of land. They face cramped, stark, noisy, and dangerous conditions at sea. Yet men and women still go to sea. For some, the attraction is a life unencumbered with the restraints of life ashore. Seagoing adventure and

3243-500: The members of a ship's crew that operates and maintains the propulsion and other systems on board the vessel. Marine engineering staff also deal with the "hotel" facilities on board, notably the sewage , lighting, air conditioning and water systems. Engineering staff manages bulk fuel transfers, from a fuel-supply barge in port. When underway at sea, the second and third engineers will often be occupied with oil transfers from storage tanks, to active working tanks. Cleaning of oil purifiers

3312-456: The most part are strangers takes getting used to. At the same time, there is an opportunity to meet people from a wide range of ethnic and cultural backgrounds. Recreational opportunities have improved aboard some U.S. ships, which may feature gyms and day rooms for watching movies, swapping sea stories , and other activities. And in some cases, especially tankers, it is made possible for a mariner to be accompanied by members of his family. However,

3381-416: The officer holds a valid Person In Charge (PIC) endorsement for fuel transfer operations. The fourth engineer or third assistant engineer is junior to the second assistant engineer/third engineer in the engine department. Trainee Marine Engineer or Engine cadet is a student or apprentice in training to become an Engineer Officer, usually as part of a study program with a maritime college . The motorman

3450-412: The personnel of all watercraft regardless of the mode of transport, and encompasses people who operate ships professionally, be it for a military navy or civilian merchant navy , as a sport or recreationally. In a navy , there may be further distinctions: sailor may refer to any member of the navy even if they are based on land; while seaman may refer to a specific enlisted rank . Seafarers hold

3519-472: The preparation and serving of meals; determines timing and sequence of operations required to meet serving times; inspects galley and equipment for cleanliness and proper storage and preparation of food. The Captain was a commissioned officer naval officer in command of a ship and was addressed by naval custom as "captain" while aboard in command, regardless of the officer's actual rank. The Lieutenants were commissioned officers immediately subordinate to

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3588-413: The propulsion system, but also, for example, the electrical power supply, devices for loading and discharging, garbage incineration and fresh water generators. An engineer is commonly considered a high officer in ranking in the ship. The chief engineer on a merchant vessel is the official title of someone qualified to oversee the engine department. The qualification for this position is colloquially called

3657-409: The safety and security of the ship, as well as the welfare of the crew on board. The chief mate typically stands the 4–8 navigation watch as 'officer-in-charge of the navigational watch' (OICNW), directing the bridge team. Some crews have additional Third mates, which allow the chief mate to not stand navigational watch, and focus more on cargo and deck operations. Additional duties include maintenance of

3726-399: The ship's hull, cargo gears, accommodations, life-saving appliances, and firefighting appliances. The chief mate also trains the crew and cadets on various aspects like safety, firefighting, search and rescue, and other contingencies. The chief officer assumes command of the whole ship in the absence or incapacitation of the master. The second mate is a qualified OICNW watch stander, directing

3795-496: The steward department is during the execution of the fire and boat drill. Various types of staff officer positions may exist on board a ship, including junior assistant purser, senior assistant purser, purser , chief purser, medical doctor , professional nurse , marine physician assistant, and hospital corpsman . In the USA these jobs are considered administrative positions and are therefore regulated by Certificates of Registry issued by

3864-482: The steward's department, and other. The reasoning behind this is that a ship's bridge , filled with sophisticated navigational equipment, requires skills differing from those used on deck operations – such as berthing, cargo and/or military devices – which in turn requires skills different from those used in a ship's engine room and propulsion, and so on. The following is only a partial listing of professions and ranks. Ship operators have understandably employed

3933-428: The tasks instructed by the chief mate, directing the able seamen and ordinary seamen. The boatswain generally does not stand a navigational watch. An able seaman (AB) works under the boatswain, completing tasks such as working mooring lines, operating deck gear, standing anchor details, and working cargo. An able seaman also stands a navigational watch, generally as a lookout or helmsman. The lowest ranking personnel in

4002-518: The third engineer. However, many companies realized that electrical and electronic system requires some extra attention and therefore require an expert to attend them. This is especially true on diesel electric ships or vessels equipped with systems such as dynamic positioning. On larger vessels such as cruise ships, electro-technical officers can have ranks within their profession, such position names include, lead ETO, 1st electrician, chief electrical officer or chief electrical engineer. In this situation,

4071-497: The visual arts. French pilot's assistant Paul Gauguin later became a leading post-impressionist painter and pioneered modern art's synthetist style. American seaman Haskell Wexler later won two Academy Awards , the latter for a biography of his shipmate Woody Guthrie . British Merchant Navy member Ken Russell later directed films such as Tommy , Altered States and The Lair of the White Worm . Merchant seaman Johnny Craig

4140-421: The word "sailor" has come to mean many things. Sailor may refer to: Steward%27s department Seafaring is a tradition that encompasses a variety of professions and ranks. Each of these roles carries unique responsibilities that are integral to the successful operation of a seafaring vessel. A ship's crew can generally be divided into four main categories : the deck department, the engineering department,

4209-540: The writers of Borat , A Hard Day's Night , and Cool Hand Luke were. A number of U.S. Merchant Mariners from World War II later played well known television characters. The list includes Milburn Drysdale on The Beverly Hillbillies , Archie Bunker on All in the Family , Peter Falk on Columbo , Jim Rockford on The Rockford Files , Steve McGarret on Hawaii Five-O , Uncle Jesse Duke on The Dukes of Hazzard and Cheyenne Bodie on Cheyenne . An ancient term,

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4278-533: Was Muhammad Ali's assistant trainer and cornerman, and Joe Gold went on to make his fortune as the bodybuilding and fitness guru of Gold's Gym . Other sporting notables include Dutchman Henk de Velde known for sailing solo around the world, and Briton Matthew Webb who was the first person to swim the English Channel without the use of artificial aid. Irish Merchant Navy member Kevin McClory spent 14 days in

4347-664: Was already a working comic book artist before he joined up, but Ernie Schroeder would not start drawing comics until after returning home from World War II. Merchant sailors have also made a splash in the world of sport. In football, with Fred Blackburn in England and the likes of Dan Devine and Heisman Trophy winner Frank Sinkwich in the U.S. In track and field, American seamen Cornelius Johnson and Jim Thorpe both won Olympic medals, though Thorpe did not get his until 30 years after his death. Seamen Jim Bagby Jr. and Charlie Keller went on to Major League Baseball. Drew Bundini Brown

4416-659: Was an Ottoman admiral who dominated the Mediterranean for decades. He was born on the island of Lesbos/ Mytilini and died in Istanbul, the Ottoman capital. Merchant seamen have gone on to make their mark on the world in a number of interesting ways. Traian Băsescu , who started his career as a third mate in 1976 was the president of Romania from 2004 to 2014. Arthur Phillip joined the Merchant Navy in 1751 and 37 years later founded

4485-606: Was convicted as a Nazi spy in World War II and Fritz Sauckel was convicted as a Nazi war criminal. Briton Duncan Scott-Ford was hanged for treachery in World War II. George Hennard was an American mass murderer who claimed 23 victims on a rampage at Luby's Cafeteria in Killeen, Texas . And Perry Smith's own murderous rampage was made famous in Truman Capote 's non-fiction novel In Cold Blood . Mariners are well represented in

4554-516: Was originally known as "the clerk of burser". Pursers received no pay but were entitled to profits made through their business activities. In the 18th century a purser would buy his warrant for £65 and was required to post sureties totalling £2,100 with the Admiralty. They maintained and sailed the ships and were the standing officers of the navy, staying with the ships in port between voyages as caretakers supervising repairs and refitting. The Surgeon

4623-467: Was rolled by a big wave in the Indian Ocean , I was almost run down by a supertanker. I encountered a lot of storms, especially around South Africa. But nothing that unexpected. It's a given on a circumnavigation." Sailor The profession of the sailor is old, and the term sailor has its etymological roots in a time when sailing ships were the main mode of transport at sea, but it now refers to

4692-428: Was roughly equivalent to a present-day petty officer in rank and responsibilities. After serving at least three years as a midshipman or master's mate, he was eligible to take the examination for lieutenant. Promotion to lieutenant was not automatic, and many midshipmen took positions as master's mates for an increase in pay and responsibility aboard ship. The Clerk was a literate worker who did administrative work on

4761-476: Was the medical officer of the ship. Surgeons were ranked by the Navy Board based on their training and social status. Surgeons were wardroom warrant officers with a high status, billeted along with the other officers in the wardroom. Surgeons were assisted by surgeon's mates, who after 1805 were called "assistant surgeons". The surgeon and his mates were assisted by boys, who were called "loblolly boys", named after

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