27-495: Canellales Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Magnoliids , Magnoliidae or Magnolianae are a clade of flowering plants . With more than 10,000 species, including magnolias , nutmeg , bay laurel , cinnamon , avocado , black pepper , tulip tree and many others, it is the third-largest group of angiosperms after the eudicots and monocots . The group is characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves. Some members of
54-456: A different name to that group or place the group at a different taxonomic rank . For example, the composition of Cronquist's subclass Magnoliidae is nearly the same as Thorne's (1992) superorder Magnolianae, despite the difference in taxonomic rank. Because of these difficulties and others, the synoptic table below imprecisely compares the definition of "magnoliid" groups in the systems of four authors. For each system, only orders are named in
81-510: A minute quantity of the oil causes nausea , vomiting, hallucinations, and shallow rapid breathing. It is very toxic, and can severely damage the kidneys. In addition to its former use as a food additive, safrole from either Sassafras or Ocotea cymbarum is also the primary precursor for synthesis of MDMA ( methylenedioxymethamphetamine ), commonly known as the drug ecstasy. Other magnoliids also are known for their narcotic, hallucinogenic, or paralytic properties. The Polynesian beverage kava
108-576: A subclass. In their systems, the name Magnoliidae is used for a much larger group including all dicotyledons . This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system. Dahlgren divided his Magnolianae into ten orders , more than other systems of the time, and unlike Cronquist and Thorne, he did not include the Piperales . Thorne grouped most of his Magnolianae into two large orders, Magnoliales and Berberidales , although his Magnoliales
135-485: Is an order of flowering plants (4,170 recognized species). It necessarily includes the family Piperaceae but other taxa have been included or disincluded variously over time. Well-known plants which may be included in this order include black pepper , kava , the many Peperomias , pepper elder , lizard's tail , birthwort , and wild ginger . The two perianthless families Piperaceae and Saururaceae are mainly herbaceous plants possessing highly reduced flowers. In
162-469: Is extracted in the form of a fat and used in soaps and candles , as well as in shortenings . Other fragrant volatile oils are extracted from Aniba rosaeodora ( bois-de-rose oil ), Cinnamomum porrectum , Cinnamomum cassia , and Litsea odorifera for scenting soaps. Perfumes also are made from some of these oils; ylang-ylang comes from the flowers of Cananga odorata , and is used by Arab and Swahili women. A compound called nutmeg butter
189-504: Is prepared from the pulverized roots of Piper methysticum , and has both sedative and narcotic properties. It is used throughout the Pacific in social gatherings or after work to relax. Likewise, some native peoples of the Amazon take a hallucinogenic snuff made from the dried and powdered fluid exuded from the bark of Virola trees. Another hallucinogenic compound, myristicin , comes from
216-631: Is produced from the same tree as the spice of that name, but the sweet-smelling "butter" is used in perfumery or as a lubricant rather than as a food. Canellales Canellales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants , one of the four orders of the magnoliids . It is recognized by the most recent classification of flowering plants, the APG IV system . It is defined to contain two families: Canellaceae and Winteraceae , which comprise 136 species of fragrant trees and shrubs . The Canellaceae are found in tropical America and Africa, and
243-506: Is the avocado ( Persea americana ), which is believed to have been cultivated in Mexico and Central America for nearly 10,000 years. Now grown throughout the tropics, it probably originates from the Chiapas region of Mexico or Guatemala , where "wild" avocados may still be found. The soft pulp of the fruit is eaten fresh or mashed into guacamole . The ancient peoples of Central America were also
270-445: The APG IV system , of 2016, this order is placed in the clade magnoliids and is circumscribed as follows: Canellales Aristolochiaceae Piperaceae Saururaceae Laurales Magnoliales This is an expansion from the APG system , of 1998, which used the same placement (in the magnoliids ) but used this circumscription: The Cronquist system , of 1981, placed the order in
297-636: The Winteraceae were considered to be a primitive family (due to the structure of the xylem and carpel , a structure which now seems to be derived from xylem and carpels more typical of the angiosperms as a whole). The Canellaceae was often considered to be related to the Myristicaceae . However, studies starting in 1999, based on molecular phylogeny or morphology, have supported uniting these two families. Piperales Canellaceae Winteraceae Laurales Magnoliales Piperales Piperales
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#1732883974210324-494: The botanical name of a subclass , and "magnoliids" is an informal name that does not conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants . The circumscription of a subclass will vary with the taxonomic system being used. The only requirement is that it must include the family Magnoliaceae . The informal name "magnoliids" is used by some researchers to avoid the confusion that recently surrounds
351-610: The rank of order. Under those systems, larger clades were usually referred to by informal names, such as "magnoliids" (plural, not capitalized) or "magnoliid complex". The formal name in Linnean nomenclature was specified in a separate APG publication as the existing name "Magnolianae" Takht. (1967). The APG III recognizes a clade within the angiosperms for the magnoliids. The circumscription is: Chloranthales Canellales Piperales Laurales Magnoliales monocots Ceratophyllales eudicots The clade includes most of
378-527: The Winteraceae are part of the Antarctic flora (found in diverse parts of the southern hemisphere). Although the order was defined based on phylogenetic studies, a number of possible synapomorphies have been suggested, relating to the pollen tube, the seeds, the thickness of the integument , and other aspects of the morphology . Until 1999, these two families were not considered to be closely related. Instead
405-473: The bark of Magnolia have long been used in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific investigation of magnolol and honokiol have shown promise for their use in dental health. Both compounds demonstrate effective anti-bacterial activity against the bacteria responsible for bad breath and dental caries . Several members of the family Annonaceae are also under investigation for uses of a group of chemicals called acetogenins . The first acetogenin discovered
432-487: The basal groups of the angiosperms. This clade was formally named Magnoliidae in 2007 under provisions of the PhyloCode . The Cronquist system (1981) used the name Magnoliidae for one of six subclasses (within class Magnoliopsida = dicotyledons ). In the original version of this system the circumscription was: Both Dahlgren and Thorne classified the magnoliids ( sensu APG) in superorder Magnolianae , rather than as
459-422: The circumscription later published under APG II. Comparison of classification systems is often difficult. Two authors may apply the same name to groups with different composition of members; for example, Dahlgren's Magnoliidae includes all dicots , whereas Cronquists' Magnoliidae is only one of five dicot groups. Two authors may also describe the same group with nearly identical composition, but each may then apply
486-539: The compound as a poison to tip their arrows in hunting. Not all the effects of chemical compounds in the magnoliids are detrimental. In previous centuries, sailors would use Winter's Bark from the South American tree Drimys winteri to ward off the vitamin-deficiency of scurvy . Today, benzoyl is extracted from Lindera benzoin (common spicebush) for use as a food additive and skin medicine, due to its anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties. Drugs extracted from
513-525: The first to cultivate several fruit-bearing species of Annona . These include the custard-apple ( A. reticulata ), soursop ( A. muricata ), sweetsop or sugar-apple ( A. squamosa ), and the cherimoya ( A. cherimola ). Both soursop and sweetsop now are widely grown for their fruits in the Old World as well. Some members of the magnoliids have served as important food additives, such as black pepper , nutmeg , bay laurel and cinnamon . Oil of sassafras
540-577: The name "Magnoliidae." More recently, the group has been redefined under the PhyloCode as a node-based clade comprising the Canellales , Laurales , Magnoliales , and Piperales . Chase & Reveal have proposed "Magnoliidae" as the name used for the entire group of flowering plants, and the formal name "Magnolianae" for the group of four orders discussed here. The APG III (2009) and its predecessor systems did not originally use formal botanical names above
567-531: The spice nutmeg. As with safrole, ingestion of nutmeg in quantities can lead to hallucinations, nausea, and vomiting, with symptoms lasting several days. A more severe reaction comes from poisoning by rodiasine and demethylrodiasine , the active ingredients in fruit extract from Chlorocardium venenosum . These chemicals paralyze muscles and nerves, resulting in tetanus -like reactions in animals. The Cofán peoples of westernmost Amazon in Colombia and Ecuador use
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#1732883974210594-488: The subclass Magnoliidae of class Magnoliopsida [=dicotyledons] and used this circumscription: The Engler system , in its update of 1964, placed the order in subclassis Archichlamydeae in class Dicotyledoneae [=dicotyledons] and used this circumscription: The Wettstein system , latest version published in 1935, assigned the order to the Monochlamydeae in subclass Choripetalae of class Dicotyledones . It used
621-400: The subclass are among the earliest angiosperms and share anatomical similarities with gymnosperms like stamens that resemble the male cone scales of conifers and carpels found on the long flowering axis. According to molecular clock calculations, the lineage that led to magnoliids split from other plants about 135 million years ago or 160-165 million years ago. "Magnoliidae" is
648-587: The table. All orders included by a particular author are listed and linked in that column. When a taxon is not included by that author, but was included by an author in another column, that item appears in unlinked italics and indicates remote placement. The sequence of each system has been altered from its publication in order to pair corresponding taxa between columns. The magnoliids is a large group of plants, with many species that are economically important as food, drugs, perfumes, timber, and as ornamentals, among many other uses. One widely cultivated magnoliid fruit
675-399: Was uvaricin , which has anti- leukemic properties when used in living organisms. Other acetogenins have been discovered with anti- malarial and anti-tumor properties, and some even inhibit HIV replication in laboratory studies. Many magnoliid species produce essential oils in their leaves, bark, or wood. The tree Virola surinamensis (Brazilian "nutmeg") contains trimyristin , which
702-531: Was divided into suborders along lines similar to the ordinal groupings used by both Cronquist and Dahlgren. Thorne revised his system in 2000, restricting the name Magnoliidae to include only the Magnolianae, Nymphaeanae, and Rafflesianae, and removing the Berberidales and other previously included groups to his subclass Ranunculidae. This revised system diverges from the Cronquist system, but agrees more closely with
729-458: Was formerly used as a key flavoring in both root beer and in sarsaparilla . The primary ingredient responsible for the oil's flavor is safrole , but it is no longer used in either the United States or Canada . Both nations banned the use of safrole as a food additive in 1960 as a result of studies that demonstrated safrole promoted liver damage and tumors in mice. Consumption of more than
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