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65-427: A second edition of the rules, changing the rulebook format and some of the gameplay, was published in 1986 and included in those games sold after that date. Magic Realm has been out of print since 1998, when Avalon Hill went out of business. Due to its uniqueness and complexity, the game has achieved cult status with some gamers. Some of these have written an unofficial 'Third Edition' of the rules that clarifies many of

130-673: A trademark search revealed that Oak Technology used the name Oak . Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share. Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. Accompanying Gage's announcement, Marc Andreessen , Executive Vice President of Netscape Communications Corporation , unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support. On January 9, 1996, Sun Microsystems formed

195-446: A virtual machine ), a compiler and a set of libraries ; there may also be additional servers and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of hardware and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to run identically on all of them. The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example,

260-563: A 4 out of 9. Goldberg commented that "As the rules become more sophisticated (and this is a complex game when all the rules are used), the murky rules require as much interpretation as a Supreme Court decision. There could have been a great game in Magic Realm , but it was aborted early in the life-cycle of this game." Eric Goldberg again reviewed Magic Realm in Ares Magazine #2 and commented that "For all its faults, Magic Realm contains

325-647: A challenging and error-prone task. The team also worried about the C++ language's lack of portable facilities for security, distributed programming , and threading . Finally, they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices. Bill Joy had envisioned a new language combining Mesa and C. In a paper called Further , he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an object-oriented environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ (a proposed development that he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in favor of creating

390-407: A lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM. To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap. The Java virtual machine heap is the area of memory used by

455-513: A new language, which he called Oak , after the tree that stood just outside his office. By the summer of 1992, the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform, including the Green OS , the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first demonstration, on September 3, 1992, focused on building a personal digital assistant (PDA) device named Star7 that had a graphical interface and

520-610: A proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the cable industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user, so Firstperson lost their bid to SGI . An additional deal with The 3DO Company for a set-top box also failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the television industry, the company was rolled back into Sun. In June and July 1994 – after three days of brainstorming with John Gage (the Director of Science for Sun), Gosling, Joy, Naughton, Wayne Rosing , and Eric Schmidt  –

585-466: A short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs. Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a just-in-time compiler instead of an interpreter. Although Java programs are cross-platform or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs

650-610: A small office on Sand Hill Road in Menlo Park, California . They aimed to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities. The team originally considered using C++, but rejected it for several reasons. Because they were developing an embedded system with limited resources, they decided that C++ needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors. The language's lack of garbage collection meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory,

715-495: A smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green Project was spun off to become Firstperson , a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, and the team relocated to Palo Alto, California . The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices, and when Time Warner issued a request for proposal (RFP) for a set-top box , Firstperson changed their target and responded with

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780-501: A standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. The word "Java", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that

845-630: A supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the legacy Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018. The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the Java programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called

910-530: A very simple memory model where objects are allocated on the heap (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use escape analysis optimization to allocate on the stack instead) and all variables of object types are references . Memory management is handled through integrated automatic garbage collection performed by the JVM. The latest version is Java 22 released in March 2024, and

975-517: A wealth of excellent ideas. If the game had been realistically planned and well executed, it would have been one of the best fantasy board games ever produced. Unfortunately, the lofty goals set for the game caused it to fall flat on its face. The design remains like the legendary Don Quixote: forever tilting at windmills." Also in 1980, Denis Loubet reviewed Magic Realm in The Space Gamer No. 28. Loubet commented that "If you can wade through

1040-480: Is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the Java Virtual Machine , or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications, after

1105-606: Is a set of computer software and specifications that provides a software platform for developing application software and deploying it in a cross-platform computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of computing platforms from embedded devices and mobile phones to enterprise servers and supercomputers . Java applets , which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, sandboxed environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in HTML pages. Writing in

1170-542: Is an artist who has worked on several pen-and-paper role-playing games and video games , including the MMORPG Ashen Empires . Loubet designed a set of miniatures called Cardboard Heroes (1980), featuring full-color cardboard figures intended for use with fantasy roleplaying games, published by Steve Jackson Games . Loubet, Jennell Jaquays , and Jeff Dee produced several more Cardboard Heroes sets. Richard Garriott commissioned Loubet to paint

1235-418: Is extremely long. Preparing the treasure setup card can take 30 min or more and the actual building of the board before you can begin can also take a fair amount of time, particularly for the inexperienced player. In addition, the unique combat system takes some time getting used to. To aid in this effort, and to bend the learning curve, the game system allows to play truncated versions known as encounters . In

1300-805: Is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM. The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a distribution of Java technology by Oracle Corporation . It implements the Java Language Specification (JLS) and the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) and provides the Standard Edition (SE) of the Java Application Programming Interface (API). It is derivative of the community driven OpenJDK which Oracle stewards. It provides software for working with Java applications. Examples of included software are

1365-415: Is provided to simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of dynamically loadable libraries that applications can call at runtime. Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the pre-existing OS libraries. Instead, the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of

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1430-451: Is similar in purpose to the JVM. Like the JVM, the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection, and allows .NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems. .NET included a Java-like language first named J++ , then called Visual J# that was incompatible with the Java specification. It was discontinued 2007, and support for it ended in 2015. The JVM specification gives

1495-493: The .NET Framework , appearing since 2002, which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language, although many other languages have been made for JVM since. Like Java, .NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the Common Language Runtime (CLR), which

1560-535: The Java compiler , which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java Runtime Environment (JRE), complementing the JVM with a just-in-time (JIT) compiler , converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries. The essential components in

1625-623: The Java programming language is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as byte code in a Java virtual machine (JVM); byte code compilers are also available for other languages, including Ada , JavaScript , Kotlin (Google's preferred Android language), Python , and Ruby . In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including Clojure , Groovy , and Scala . Java syntax borrows heavily from C and C++ , but object-oriented features are modeled after Smalltalk and Objective-C . Java eschews certain low-level constructs such as pointers and has

1690-513: The Oracle Solaris operating system and SPARC architecture. The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand-alone JVM (HotSpot), the Java standard library ( Java Class Library ), a configuration tool, and—until its discontinuation in JDK 9—a browser plug-in. It is the most common Java environment installed on personal computers in

1755-541: The for-each loop , generics , autoboxing and var-args . Java SE 6 (December 11, 2006) – Codename Mustang . It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as JavaScript using Mozilla 's Rhino engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with Java SE and dropped the ".0" from the version number. Other major changes include support for pluggable annotations ( JSR 269 ), many GUI improvements, including native UI enhancements to support

1820-523: The C++/ C programming languages. Engineer Patrick Naughton had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C application programming interfaces (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the NeWS project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed Scott McNealy about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to NeXT ; McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e-mail explaining how to fix

1885-408: The JVM for dynamic memory allocation . In HotSpot the heap is divided into generations : The permanent generation (or permgen ) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap. The permanent generation was removed from Java 8. Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in

1950-436: The JVM specification. (Instead, Google 's Android development tools take Java programs as input and output Dalvik bytecode, which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices.) The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement was 8u201 and, the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202. The last Oracle JRE implementation, regardless of its licensing scheme,

2015-467: The Java Virtual Machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit. Third parties have produced many compilers or interpreters that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to the Java language. These include: The success of Java and its write once, run anywhere concept has led to other similar efforts, notably

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2080-545: The Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The java.net and java.io libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide

2145-621: The Java platform. The Java Language Specification (JLS) specifies the language; changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901. Sun released JDK 1.1 on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive retooling of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT) event model, inner classes added to the language, JavaBeans , and Java Database Connectivity (JDBC). J2SE 1.2 (December 8, 1998) – Codename Playground . This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded Java 2 and

2210-517: The Java virtual machine, a compiler, performance monitoring tools, a debugger, and other utilities that Oracle considers useful for Java programmers. Oracle releases the current version of the software under the Oracle No-Fee Terms and Conditions (NFTC) license. Oracle releases binaries for the x86-64 architecture for Windows, macOS, and Linux based operating systems, and for the aarch64 architecture for macOS and Linux. Previous versions supported

2275-524: The JavaSoft group to develop the technology. While the so-called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java (with it e.g. more used server-side) or the most popular way to run code client-side (JavaScript took over as more popular), it still is possible to run Java (or other JVM languages such as Kotlin) in web browsers, even after JVM support has been dropped from them, using e.g. TeaVM . On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made

2340-543: The Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the Windows XP platform, but is known to work there. Thus, due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8,

2405-622: The Second Edition rules there are 4 encounters - as opposed to 7 in the First Edition -, each one introducing a new game concept. This allows the players to master one part of the rules before learning the next section. Robin Warren has written a java application called Realm Speak that simulates both solo and multiplayer Magic Realm on a computer for either offline, LAN or internet play. The application decreases setup time to zero and also permits

2470-694: The bulk of its implementation of Java available under the GNU General Public License (GPL). The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK ( Java Development Kit ) 1.0 on January 23, 1996, as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard library . Since J2SE 1.4 the Java Community Process (JCP) has governed the evolution of the Java Language. The JCP uses Java Specification Requests (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to

2535-534: The company. Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects. McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun, and the Stealth Project started. The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the Green Project , with James Gosling and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work in

2600-684: The core classes. A Java Plug-in was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a JIT compiler for the first time. J2SE 1.3 (May 8, 2000) – Codename Kestrel . Notable changes included the bundling of the HotSpot JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE ;1.2 JVM), JavaSound , Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) and Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA). J2SE 1.4 (February 6, 2002) – Codename Merlin . This became

2665-604: The developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning Java Runtime Environment . Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes). Java SE 9 and 10 have higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to Internet Explorer 11 or other web browsers), and Oracle dropped 32-bit compatibility for all platforms, i.e. only Oracle's " 64-bit Java virtual machines (JVMs) are certified". Denis Loubet Denis Loubet

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2730-576: The discontinuation of the Java browser plug-in, any web page might have potentially run a Java applet, which provided an easily accessible attack surface to malicious web sites. In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug-in was the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites. Java applets were removed in Java 11, released on September 25, 2018. The Java platform and language began as an internal project at Sun Microsystems in December 1990, providing an alternative to

2795-565: The first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59. Major changes included regular expressions modeled after Perl , exception chaining , an integrated XML parser and XSLT processor ( JAXP ), and Java Web Start . J2SE 5.0 (September 30, 2004) – Codename Tiger . It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number. Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including

2860-417: The game is quite challenging, and the chances of your character dying at the hands of monsters, hostile natives, or another perfidious character are significant. The game has many unique features that were groundbreaking for its time that can make repeat play very enjoyable: notably the random distribution of treasure sites, monsters, treasures, and spell cards and the novel board which is built collectively by

2925-541: The game's ambiguities. Many websites exist today to promote the game. In the game, a player takes the role of one (or more) of sixteen different characters. Each character has different abilities, strengths, weaknesses, and different allies and foes among the native groups and visitors that can appear on the board. Once characters have been chosen, each player chooses individual victory conditions based on 5 categories: Great Treasures , Spells , Fame , Notoriety and Gold . The player allocates between 2-5 points (depending on

2990-664: The game. Example: the Swordsman might choose 2 points in Great Treasures, 1 in Fame and 2 in Gold, meaning that to win he needs to have 2 great treasures, 10 fame, and 60 gold pieces. As the Swordsman has no magical ability he would not be after spells. Another character like the Wizard might choose differently, perhaps decreasing the need for gold and great treasures to obtain spells for casting. Winning

3055-521: The laptop and desktop form factor . Mobile phones including feature phones and early smartphones that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting Micro Edition of the Java platform. Meanwhile, most modern smartphones, tablet computers , and other handheld PCs that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the Android operating system , which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with

3120-827: The latest long-term support (LTS) version is Java 21 released in September 2023, which is one of a few LTS versions still supported, down to Java 8 LTS. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including Amazon , IBM , Azul Systems , and AdoptOpenJDK . Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8, because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues. Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10, and 12–16, and 18–20) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to "immediately transition" to

3185-466: The level he plays at) to the categories in any way he wishes. The allocation usually corresponds to the type of character played. The player will then attempt to obtain these goals through fighting with monsters, trading and various quests and searches for treasure and items, and encounters with other characters and the various beings in the Realm. The player who first achieves his personal victory conditions wins

3250-492: The look and feel of Windows Vista , and improvements to the Java Platform Debugger Architecture (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting. Java SE 7 (July 28, 2011) – Codename Dolphin . This version developed under JSR 336. It added many small language changes including strings in switch, try-with-resources and type inference for generic instance creation. The JVM

3315-458: The platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification. Different platforms target different classes of device and application domains : Java Platform, Standard Edition (Java SE) is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for desktop and server environments. Java SE

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3380-412: The players from hexagonal tiles that can be put together in literally millions of ways following a few simple rules to ensure the connectivity of the paths. The ability of characters with magical skills to enchant hex tiles during play, causing the tiles to flip over and changing the paths and adding magic colors to the tile, is another unique and intriguing feature. However, the setup preparation time

3445-638: The published product was badly finished." However, Palmer found the game "highly innovative." He concluded by giving the game an Excitement rating of 3 out of 5, saying, "If you are interested in a relatively simple and well-defined introduction to fantasy role-playing, the game might meet your needs." In a retrospective review of Magic Realm in Black Gate , Jeff Stehman said "Players choose their own victory conditions, setting goals of Gold, Fame, Notoriety, Usable Spells, and Great Treasures. They travel roads, caves, hidden paths and secret passages that stretch across

3510-485: The rules to be grasped slowly but surely, and the colourful board and counters set the scene and create the atmosphere. As a FRP game, D&D is a better buy, but as a game Magic Realm has a flavour all its own." In Issue 79 of the UK magazine Games & Puzzles , Nick Palmer called the game "a plunge into the deep end of fantasy gaming for the hitherto conventionally-oriented Avalon Hill, and while it has many strong points

3575-481: The rules, Magic Realm is worth buying. The components alone justify the price. If you can play the game, so much the better. If you can't figure out the rules, then make up your own, so you can still use the playing pieces." Colin Reynolds reviewed Magic Realm for White Dwarf #19, giving it an overall rating of 7 out of 10, and stated that "As a game, it excels. The programmed instruction by use of Encounters allows

3640-495: The same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements. The Java JRE is installed on a large number of computers. End users with an out-of-date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure. Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality. Before

3705-465: The same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems. Most of the system library is also written in Java. For instance, the Swing library paints the user interface and handles the events itself, eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components. The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries,

3770-519: The team re-targeted the platform for the World Wide Web . They felt that with the advent of graphical web browsers like Mosaic the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie Blade Runner ), renamed HotJava in 1995. Sun renamed the Oak language to Java after

3835-456: The twenty tiles making up the board, and you're not likely to see the same board configuration twice." Java application 21.0.5 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 17.0.13 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] 11.0.25 LTS (October 15, 2024 ; 40 days ago  ( 2024-10-15 ) ) [±] Java

3900-429: The use of various expansions, alternate counter art and alternate characters. In addition, the app enforces all of the complex written rules for Magic Realm version 2, eliminating the chances for error, and greatly increasing the challenge for players. The app runs on Mac and PC computers, for Windows, macOS/OS X and Linux operating systems. In 1980, Eric Goldberg reviewed Magic Realm in Ares Magazine #1, rating it

3965-416: The version name "J2SE" ( Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition ) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE ( Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition ) and J2ME ( Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition ). Major additions included reflection , a collections framework, Java IDL (an interface description language implementation for CORBA interoperability), and the integration of the Swing graphical API into

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4030-404: Was 9.0.4. Since Java Platform SE 9, the whole platform also was grouped into modules . The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them, instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device. In most modern operating systems (OSs), a large body of reusable code

4095-467: Was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java ;7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and

4160-620: Was extended with support for dynamic languages, while the class library was extended among others with a join/fork framework, an improved new file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as SCTP . Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015. In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7, " remotely exploitable " security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced. Java SE 8 (March 18, 2014) – Codename Kenai . Notable changes include language-level support for lambda expressions ( closures ) and default methods,

4225-417: Was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). The heart of the Java platform is the "virtual machine" that executes Java bytecode programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only forward compatible . There

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