Provençal ( / ˌ p r ɒ v ɒ̃ ˈ s ɑː l / , also UK : /- s æ l / , US : / ˌ p r oʊ -, - v ən -/ ; Occitan : provençau or prouvençau [pʀuvenˈsaw] ) is a variety of Occitan , spoken by people in Provence and parts of Drôme and Gard . The term Provençal used to refer to the entire Occitan language, but more recently it has referred only to the variety of Occitan spoken in Provence. However, it can still be found being used to refer to Occitan as a whole, e.g. Merriam-Webster states that it can be used to refer to general Occitan, though this is going out of use.
59-634: Grasse ( French pronunciation: [ɡʁas] ; Provençal Occitan : Grassa in classical norm or Grasso in Mistralian norm [ˈɡɾasɔ] ; traditional Italian : Grassa ) is the only subprefecture of the Alpes-Maritimes department in the Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur region on the French Riviera . In 2017, the commune had a population of 50,396. Considered
118-536: A full language, distinct from Occitan. The Regional Council of Provence has variously labelled Provençal as a dialect of Occitan or as a distinct language, depending on different lobbies and political majorities. The main subdialects of Provençal are: Gavòt (in French Gavot ), spoken in the Western Occitan Alps, around Digne , Sisteron , Gap , Barcelonnette and the upper County of Nice , but also in
177-514: A key ingredient of many perfumes, was brought to southern France by the Moors in the 16th century. Twenty-seven tonnes of jasmine are now harvested in Grasse annually. There are numerous old 'parfumeries' in Grasse, such as Galimard , Molinard and Fragonard , each with tours and a museum. The trade in leather and tanning work developed during the twelfth century around the small canal that runs through
236-659: A pH of 8.5. In 1927, liquid shampoo was improved for mass production by German inventor Hans Schwarzkopf in Berlin; his name became a shampoo brand sold in Europe. Originally, soap and shampoo were very similar products; both containing the same naturally derived surfactants , a type of detergent . Modern shampoo as it is known today was first introduced in the 1930s with Drene , the first shampoo using synthetic surfactants instead of soap. Early shampoos used in Indonesia were made from
295-576: A part of the Ardèche , is not exactly a subdialect of Provençal, but rather a closely related Occitan dialect, also known as Vivaro-Alpine . So is the dialect spoken in the upper valleys of Piedmont , Italy ( Val Maira , Val Varaita , Val Stura di Demonte , Entracque , Limone Piemonte , Vinadio , Sestriere ). Some people view Gavòt as a variety of Provençal since a part of the Gavot area (near Digne and Sisteron) belongs to historical Provence. When written in
354-429: A perfume. Also, food flavourings, which have developed since the 1970s, account for over half of production output today. This represents almost half of the production of French perfumes and aromas and around 7-8% of total global activity. However, during the 1960s and 1970s large international groups gradually bought up local family factories (Chiris, Givaudan-Roure and Lautier, for example). Soon after their production
413-602: A program to certify functional claims based on third-party testing. Shampoos made for treating medical conditions such as dandruff or itchy scalp are regulated as OTC drugs in the US marketplace. In the European Union, there is a requirement for the anti-dandruff claim to be substantiated as with any other advertising claim, but it is not considered to be a medical problem. A number of contact allergens are used as ingredients in shampoos, and contact allergy caused by shampoos
472-456: A reputation for high quality. But the leather smelled bad, something that did not please the glove wearing nobility . This is when Jean de Galimard , a tanner in Grasse, came up with the idea of scented leather gloves. He offered a pair of scented gloves to Catherine de' Medici , who was seduced by the gift. Thereafter, the product spread through the Royal Court and high society, and this made
531-511: A thick, viscous liquid. Other essential ingredients include salt ( sodium chloride ), which is used to adjust the viscosity, a preservative and fragrance . Other ingredients are generally included in shampoo formulations to maximize the following qualities: Many shampoos are pearlescent . This effect is achieved by the addition of tiny flakes of suitable materials, e.g. glycol distearate , chemically derived from stearic acid , which may have either animal or vegetable origins. Glycol distearate
590-441: A type of moisturizing shampoo. Shampoo for infants and young children is formulated so that it is less irritating and usually less prone to produce a stinging or burning sensation if it were to get into the eyes. For example, Johnson's Baby Shampoo advertises under the premise of "No More Tears". This is accomplished by one or more of the following formulation strategies. The distinction in 4 above does not completely surmount
649-403: A worldwide reputation for Grasse. The seventeenth century became the heyday of "Glovers Perfumers"; however, high taxes on leather and competition from Nice brought a decline for the leather industry in Grasse, and production of leather fragrance ceased. The rare scents from the Grasse ( lavender , myrtle , jasmine, rose , orange blossom and wild mimosa ) did win the title for the Grasse as
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#1733094013426708-474: A year. Grasse's particular microclimate encouraged the flower farming industry. It is warm and sufficiently inland to be sheltered from the sea air. There is an abundance of water, thanks to its location in the hills and the 1860 construction of the Siagne canal for irrigation purposes. The town is 350 m (1,148.29 ft) above sea level and 20 km (12 mi) from the coast ( Côte d'Azur ). Jasmine ,
767-428: Is a hair care product, typically in the form of a viscous liquid, that is used for cleaning hair . Less commonly, shampoo is available in solid bar format. Shampoo is used by applying it to wet hair, massaging the product into the scalp, and then rinsing it out. Some users may follow a shampooing with the use of hair conditioner . Shampoo is typically used to remove the unwanted build-up of sebum (natural oils) in
826-547: Is a condition characterized by excess oils. Dry scales can be prevented and treated with shampoos that contain sulfur or salicylic acid and which can be used on both cats and dogs. Emollient shampoos are efficient in adding oils to the skin and relieving the symptoms of a dry and itchy skin. They usually contain oils such as almond , corn , cottonseed , coconut , olive , peanut , Persia, safflower , sesame , lanolin , mineral or paraffin oil . The emollient shampoos are typically used with emulsifiers as they help distributing
885-585: Is a wax. Many shampoos also include silicone to provide conditioning benefits. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandates that shampoo containers accurately list ingredients on the products container. The government further regulates what shampoo manufacturers can and cannot claim as any associated benefit. Shampoo producers often use these regulations to challenge marketing claims made by competitors, helping to enforce these regulations. While
944-452: Is called ksuna (Sanskrit: क्षुण) in ancient Indian texts and its fruit pulp contains saponins which are a natural surfactant. The extract of soapberries creates a lather which Indian texts called phenaka (Sanskrit: फेनक). It leaves the hair soft, shiny and manageable. Other products used for hair cleansing were shikakai ( Acacia concinna ), hibiscus flowers, ritha ( Sapindus mukorossi ) and arappu ( Albizzia amara ). Guru Nanak ,
1003-589: Is home to Grasse Cathedral , the seat of the Roman Catholic former Diocese of Grasse which was headed by the Bishops of Grasse . The town is home to the Lycée Amiral-de-Grasse and since 2019 one of two seats of the higher education engineering college ECAM-EPMI . RC Grasse is the local football club, whereas RO Grasse the local rugby union club. The town is the setting in the final chapters of
1062-569: Is obtained by soaking and rubbing the bark of the vine Gugo ( Entada phaseoloides ), producing a lather that cleanses the scalp effectively. Gugo is also used as an ingredient in hair tonics . Certain Native American tribes used extracts from North American plants as hair shampoo; for example the Costanoans of present-day coastal California used extracts from the coastal woodfern , Dryopteris expansa . Before quinoa can be eaten
1121-1044: Is well known. Patch testing can identify ingredients to which patients are allergic, after which a physician can help the patient find a shampoo that is free of the ingredient to which they are allergic. The US bans 11 ingredients from shampoos, Canada bans 587, and the EU bans 1328. Cosmetic companies have developed shampoos specifically for those who have dandruff . These contain fungicides such as ketoconazole , zinc pyrithione and selenium disulfide , which reduce loose dander by killing fungi like Malassezia furfur . Coal tar and salicylate derivatives are often used as well. Alternatives to medicated shampoos are available for people who wish to avoid synthetic fungicides. Such shampoos often use tea tree oil , essential oils or herbal extracts. Many companies have also developed color-protection shampoos suitable for colored hair; some of these shampoos contain gentle cleansers according to their manufacturers. Shampoos for color-treated hair are
1180-633: The Indian subcontinent during the colonial era . It dated to 1762 and was derived from the Hindi word cā̃pō ( चाँपो , pronounced [tʃãːpoː] ), itself derived from the Sanskrit root chapati ( चपति ), which means 'to press, knead, or soothe'. Sake Dean Mahomed , an Indian traveller, surgeon, and entrepreneur, is credited with introducing the practice of shampoo or "shampooing" to Britain. In 1814, Mahomed, with his Irish wife Jane Daly, opened
1239-549: The Indian subcontinent , a variety of herbs and their extracts have been used as shampoos since ancient times. The first origin of shampoo came from the Indus Valley Civilization . A very effective early shampoo was made by boiling Sapindus with dried Indian gooseberry (amla) and a selection of other herbs, using the strained extract. Sapindus , also known as soapberries or soapnuts, a tropical tree widespread in India,
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#17330940134261298-421: The business tax for the city comes from the perfume sector and that is ahead of tourism and services. The main activity of perfumery in Grasse is in the production of natural raw materials ( essential oils , concretes , absolutes , resinoids and molecular distillation ) and the production of concentrate, also called the juice. A concentrate is the main product that when diluted in at least 80% alcohol provides
1357-467: The husk and straw ( merang ) of rice . The husks and straws were burned into ash, and the ashes (which have alkaline properties) are mixed with water to form lather . The ashes and lather were scrubbed into the hair and rinsed out, leaving the hair clean, but very dry. Afterwards, coconut oil was applied to the hair in order to moisturize it. Filipinos have been traditionally using gugo before commercial shampoos were sold in stores. The shampoo
1416-399: The saponin must be washed out from the grain prior to cooking. Pre-Columbian Andean civilizations used this soapy by-product as a shampoo. Shampoos can be classified into four main categories: Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant , most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate , with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water to form
1475-508: The 1940s, five thousand tons were produced annually. However, in early 2000, production was less than 30 tons for all flowers combined. In the Middle Ages , Grasse specialised in leather tanning. Once tanned, the hides were often exported to Genoa or Pisa , cities that shared a commercial alliance with Grasse. Several centuries of this intense activity witnessed many technological advances within tanning industries. The hides of Grasse acquired
1534-632: The 20th century saw other authors like Joseph d'Arbaud , Batisto Bonnet and Valère Bernard . It has been enhanced and modernized since the second half of the 20th century by writers such as Robèrt Lafont , Pierre Pessemesse , Claude Barsotti , Max-Philippe Delavouët [ Wikidata ] , Philippe Gardy [ Wikidata ] , Florian Vernet [ Wikidata ] , Danielle Julien [ Wikidata ] , Jòrgi Gròs [ Wikidata ] , Sèrgi Bec [ Wikidata ] , Bernat Giély , and many others. Shampoos Shampoo ( / ʃ æ m ˈ p uː / )
1593-516: The French painter native of the town. Other sights include: Grasse was the birthplace of: Grasse was the death place of: Other notables associated with Grasse: Grasse is twinned with: Proven%C3%A7al dialect Provençal is also the customary name given to the older version of the Occitan language used by the troubadours of medieval literature , when Old French or the langue d'oïl
1652-660: The Mistralian norm (" normo mistralenco "), definite articles are lou in the masculine singular, la in the feminine singular and li in the masculine and feminine plural ( lis before vowels). Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e remains; the feminine ending is -o (this is the opposite of the neighbouring Italian masculine gender). Nouns do not inflect for number, but all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -o ) become -i , and all plural adjectives take -s before vowels. When written in
1711-536: The advantage of its knowledge of raw materials, facilities, contractors, etc. In addition, major brands such as Dior and Chanel have their own plantations of roses and jasmine in the vicinity of Grasse. Three perfumeries, Fragonard, Molinard and Galimard opened their doors to the public and offer free tours that explain the processes of producing a perfume. It is possible to create one's own perfume, eau de perfume or eau de toilette and participate in all stages of manufacture from picking flowers to bottling. The town
1770-950: The better baby shampoos. Sulfate-free shampoos are composed of natural ingredients and free from both sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium laureth sulfate . These shampoos use alternative surfactants to cleanse the hair. Shampoo intended for animals may contain insecticides or other medications for treatment of skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas or mange . These must never be used on humans. While some human shampoos may be harmful when used on animals, any human haircare products that contain active ingredients or drugs (such as zinc in anti-dandruff shampoos) are potentially toxic when ingested by animals. Special care must be taken not to use those products on pets. Cats are at particular risk due to their instinctive method of grooming their fur with their tongues. Shampoos that are especially designed to be used on pets , commonly dogs and cats , are normally intended to do more than just clean
1829-489: The city. This activity produced a strong unpleasant odour. At the time of the Renaissance perfume manufacturers began production of gloves, handbags and belt (clothing), to meet the new fashion from Italy with the entourage of Queen Catherine de Medici . The countryside around the city began to grow fields of flowers, offering new scents from the city. In 1614, the king recognized the new corporation of "glovers perfumers". In
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1888-402: The claims may be substantiated, however, the testing methods and details of such claims are not as straightforward. For example, many products are purported to protect hair from damage due to ultraviolet radiation . While the ingredient responsible for this protection does block UV, it is not often present in a high enough concentration to be effective. The North American Hair Research Society has
1947-474: The classical norm (" nòrma classica "), definite articles are masculine lo [lu], feminine la [la], and plural lei/leis [lej/lejz = li/liz]. Nouns and adjectives usually drop the Latin masculine endings, but -e [e] remains; the feminine ending is -a [ɔ]. Nouns inflect for number, all adjectives ending in vowels ( -e or -a ) become -ei/-eis [ej/ejz = i/iz] in some syntactic positions, and most plural adjectives take -s . Pronunciation remains
2006-537: The controversy over the use of shampoo ingredients to mitigate eye sting produced by other ingredients, or the use of the products so formulated. The considerations in 3 and 4 frequently result in a much greater multiplicity of surfactants being used in individual baby shampoos than in other shampoos, and the detergency or foaming of such products may be compromised thereby. The monoanionic sulfonated surfactants and viscosity-increasing or foam stabilizing alkanolamides seen so frequently in other shampoos are much less common in
2065-476: The crowd. Garlands of jasmine decorate the town centre, and the fire department fills a fire truck with jasmine-infused water to spray on the crowds. There are fireworks, free parties, folk music groups and street performers. There is also an annual international exhibition of roses ("Expo Rose") held in May each year. Grasse station offers railway connections with Cannes , Nice and Ventimiglia . From 1909 to 1938,
2124-498: The details of the treatment made him famous. The book acted as a marketing tool for his unique baths in Brighton and capitalised on the early 19th-century trend for seaside spa treatments. During the early stages of shampoo in Europe , English hair stylists boiled shaved soap in water and added herbs to give the hair shine and fragrance . Commercially made shampoo was available from
2183-509: The emollients. These include ingredients such as cetyl alcohol , laureth-5 , lecithin , PEG-4 dilaurate, stearic acid , stearyl alcohol , carboxylic acid , lactic acid , urea , sodium lactate , propylene glycol , glycerin , or polyvinylpyrrolidone . Although some of the pet shampoos are highly effective, some others may be less effective for some condition than another. Yet, although natural pet shampoos exist, it has been brought to attention that some of these might cause irritation to
2242-539: The first commercial "shampooing" vapour masseur bath in England, in Brighton . He described the treatment in a local paper as "The Indian Medicated Vapour Bath (type of Turkish bath), a cure to many diseases and giving full relief when everything fails; particularly Rheumatic and paralytic, gout, stiff joints, old sprains, lame legs, aches and pains in the joints". This medical work featured testimonies from his patients, as well as
2301-430: The form of pastes or creams were formerly marketed in jars or tubes. The contents were wet but not completely dissolved. They would apply faster than solids and dissolve quickly. Antibacterial shampoos are often used in veterinary medicine for various conditions, as well as in humans before some surgical procedures . Closely associated with environmentalism , the " no poo " movement consists of people rejecting
2360-465: The founder and the first Guru of Sikhism , made references to soapberry tree and soap in the 16th century. Cleansing the hair and body massage (champu) during one's daily bath was an indulgence of early colonial traders in India. When they returned to Europe, they introduced the newly learned habits, including the hair treatment they called shampoo. The word shampoo entered the English language from
2419-421: The friction of the hair fibres which may cause damage to the hair cuticle, making it feel rough and drying out the scalp. Stiff, non-pourable clear gels to be squeezed from a tube were once popular forms of shampoo, and can be produced by increasing a shampoo's viscosity . This type of shampoo cannot be spilled, but unlike a solid, it can still be lost down the drain by sliding off wet skin or hair. Shampoos in
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2478-582: The hair without stripping out so much as to make hair unmanageable. Shampoo is generally made by combining a surfactant , most often sodium lauryl sulfate or sodium laureth sulfate , with a co-surfactant, most often cocamidopropyl betaine in water. The sulfate ingredient acts as a surfactant , trapping oils and other contaminants, similarly to soap . Shampoos are marketed to people with hair. There are also shampoos intended for animals that may contain insecticides or other medications to treat skin conditions or parasite infestations such as fleas . In
2537-453: The inflammation, cure the condition and ease the symptoms at the same time while providing comfort to the pet. Antiseborrheic shampoos are those especially designed for pets with scales or those with excessive oily coats. These shampoos are made of sulfur, salicylic acid , refined tar (which cannot be used on cats), selenium sulfide (cannot be used on cats) and benzoyl peroxide. All these are meant to treat or prevent seborrhea oleosa, which
2596-401: The middle of the eighteenth century, the perfumery was experiencing a very important development. Leading companies dating from this period includes the oldest French perfumerie, and third oldest parfumerie in Europe, Galimard established in 1747. Introduction of new production methods turned perfume making into a real industry that could adapt to new market demands. In the nineteenth century,
2655-522: The novel Perfume by Patrick Süskind . It was featured in the film based on the novel Perfume: The Story of a Murderer (2006). Three perfume factories offer daily tours and demonstrations, which draw in many of the region's visitors. In addition to the perfumeries, Grasse's other main attraction is the Cathedral, dedicated to Notre Dame du Puy and founded in the 11th century. In the interior, are three works by Rubens and one by Jean-Honoré Fragonard ,
2714-435: The perfume capital of the world. Harvesting jasmine was a labour-intensive business only a few decades ago. Flowers had to be hand picked at dawn, when their scent is the most developed and immediately to be treated by cold enfleurage . A network of sixty companies employs 3,500 people in the city and surrounding area. Additionally, about 10,000 residents of Grasse are indirectly employed by the perfume industry. Almost half of
2773-1020: The pet if it is misused. Generally, insecticidal pet shampoos contain pyrethrin , pyrethroids (such as permethrin and which may not be used on cats) and carbaryl . These ingredients are mostly found in shampoos that are meant to fight against parasite infestations. Antifungal shampoos are used on pets with yeast or ringworm infections. These might contain ingredients such as miconazole , chlorhexidine , providone iodine , ketoconazole or selenium sulfide (which cannot be used on cats). Bacterial infections in pets are sometimes treated with antibacterial shampoos. They commonly contain benzoyl peroxide , chlorhexidine , povidone iodine, triclosan , ethyl lactate , or sulfur. Antipruritic shampoos are intended to provide relief of itching due to conditions such as atopy and other allergies. These usually contain colloidal oatmeal , hydrocortisone , Aloe vera , pramoxine hydrochloride, menthol , diphenhydramine , sulfur or salicylic acid. These ingredients are aimed to reduce
2832-569: The pet's coat or skin. Most of these shampoos contain ingredients which act different and are meant to treat a skin condition or an allergy or to fight against fleas . The main ingredients contained by pet shampoos can be grouped in insecticidals, antiseborrheic, antibacterials, antifungals, emollients , emulsifiers and humectants . Whereas some of these ingredients may be efficient in treating some conditions, pet owners are recommended to use them according to their veterinarian 's indications because many of them cannot be used on cats or can harm
2891-641: The pets will lick their coats, especially in the case of cats. Pet shampoos which include fragrances , deodorants or colors may harm the skin of the pet by causing inflammations or irritation. Shampoos that do not contain any unnatural additives are known as hypoallergenic shampoos and are increasing in popularity. Solid shampoos or shampoo bars can either be soap-based or use other plant-based surfactants, such as sodium cocoyl isethionate or sodium coco-sulfate combined with oils and waxes. Soap-based shampoo bars are high in pH (alkaline) compared to human hair and scalps, which are slightly acidic. Alkaline pH increases
2950-459: The raw materials began to be imported from abroad. During the twentieth century the creation of synthetic products brought the democratization and affordability of perfumes and their spin-offs; ( shampoos and deodorants , cream (pharmaceutical) and detergents , food flavouring for cookies, ice cream and dairy products, beverages, convenience foods , confectionery , preserves and syrups). In 1905, six hundred tons of flowers were harvested while in
3009-456: The same in both norms (Mistralian and classical), which are only two different ways to write the same language. The IETF language tags register oc-provenc-grmistr for the Mistralian orthography and oc-provenc-grclass for the classical one. Modern Provençal literature was given impetus by Nobel laureate Frédéric Mistral and the association, Félibrige , which he founded with other writers, such as Théodore Aubanel . The beginning of
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#17330940134263068-400: The skin of the pet. Natural ingredients that might be potential allergens for some pets include eucalyptus , lemon or orange extracts and tea tree oil . On the contrary, oatmeal appears to be one of the most widely skin-tolerated ingredients that is found in pet shampoos. Most ingredients found in a shampoo meant to be used on animals are safe for the pet as there is a high likelihood that
3127-451: The societal norm of frequent shampoo use. Some adherents of the no poo movement use baking soda or vinegar to wash their hair, while others use diluted honey. Further methods include the use of raw eggs (potentially mixed with salt water), rye flour, or chickpea flour dissolved in water. Other people use nothing or rinse their hair only with conditioner. In the 1970s, ads featuring Farrah Fawcett and Christie Brinkley asserted that it
3186-658: The town centre was connected to the railway station by the Grasse Funicular . Grasse has had a prospering perfume industry since the end of the 18th century. Grasse is the centre of the French perfume industry and is known as the world's perfume capital ( la capitale mondiale des parfums ). Many "noses" (or, in French, "les nez" (plural)/"le nez" (singular)) are trained or have spent time in Grasse to distinguish over 2,000 kinds of scents. Grasse produces over two-thirds of France's natural aromas (for perfume and for food flavourings). This industry turns over more than 600 million euros
3245-610: The turn of the 20th century. A 1914 advertisement for Canthrox Shampoo in American Magazine showed young women at camp washing their hair with Canthrox in a lake; magazine advertisements in 1914 by Rexall featured Harmony Hair Beautifier and Shampoo. In 1900, German perfumer and hair-stylist Josef Wilhelm Rausch developed the first liquid hair washing soap and named it "Champooing" in Emmishofen, Switzerland. Later, in 1919, J.W. Rausch developed an antiseptic chamomile shampooing with
3304-469: The world's capital of perfume , Grasse obtained two flowers in the Concours des villes et villages fleuris and was made Ville d'Art et d'Histoire (City of Art and History). There is an annual Fête du Jasmin or La Jasminade , at the beginning of August. The first festival was on August 3–4, 1946. Decorated floats drive through the town, with young women in skimpy costumes on board, throwing flowers into
3363-552: Was limited to the northern areas of France. Thus, the ISO 639-3 code for Old Occitan is [pro]. In 2007, all the ISO 639-3 codes for Occitan dialects, including [prv] for Provençal, were retired and merged into [oci] Occitan. The old codes ([prv], [auv], [gsc], [lms], [lnc]) are no longer in active use, but still have the meaning assigned to them when they were established in the Standard. Some groups have called for Provençal's recognition as
3422-488: Was often relocated overseas. Just 30 years ago most companies were focused on the production of raw materials. However, an overwhelming majority of the modern fragrances contain synthetic chemicals in part or in whole. Grasse perfume companies have therefore adapted by turning to aromatic synthesis and especially to food flavourings and successfully ended a long stagnation. The Grasse perfume industry cannot compete against large chemical multinationals, but it benefits greatly from
3481-411: Was unhealthy not to shampoo several times a week. This mindset is reinforced by the greasy feeling of the scalp after a day or two of not shampooing. Using shampoo every day removes sebum , the oil produced by the scalp. This causes the sebaceous glands to produce oil at a higher rate, to compensate for what is lost during shampooing. According to Michelle Hanjani, a dermatologist at Columbia University,
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