125-528: Traditional Madayikavu (Māḍāyik्kavu), also known as Thiruvarkadu Bhagavathi Temple, is a significant ancient Kaula Shakti shrine in Kerala , located near Pazhayangadi , Kannur . With a distinguished history spanning over two millennia, the Kavu (sacred grove) was administered by various regional dynasties. The Bhagavathi was revered by these dynasties as their royal family deity, and they also carried out renovations of
250-439: A Kaula's parts is realized through mutual reflection. Reflection ( pratibimba ) is used here in the sense of "containing an image of the other objects inside", a concept similar to that of the hologram. The number of possible interactions and reflections between the members of a Kaula is much larger than the number of elements it contains. Kashmir Shaivism declares that each part is in fact Akula (Shiva) in essence; thus there
375-519: A ceremonial trumpet, as part of religious practices, for example puja . The chank trumpet is sounded during worship at specific points, accompanied by ceremonial bells and singing. As it is an auspicious instrument, it is of purity and brilliance ( Om , Devas , Brahman the Almighty Supreme creator, referred to in mantras , the Gayatri mantra explains a meditation on the brilliance of the sun), it
500-459: A collection of esoteric texts and rituals focused on harnessing inner power through spiritual disciplines. Characterized by distinctive rituals and symbolism connected with the worship of Shakti and Shiva. These practices often have deeper meanings and interpretations within the tradition. Subdivided into four categories based on the goddesses worshipped: Kuleśvarī, Kubjikā, Kālī, and Tripurasundarī. Temple Rites and Spiritual Attainment : This temple
625-412: A dense forest. The legend continues that upon the conch landing, the rock and the forest began to tremble. In Malayalam, "virra" means "trembling" and "kaadu" means "forest". This trembling is believed to be the reason for the name of the place. Over a while, it is believed to have changed from Thiruvirayal Kadu to Thiruvarkadu. A Special Form of Address: Tantrics and Kalaripayattu martial artists call
750-644: A focus on developing Madayikavu, where Malayali Namboothiris lacked authority. Decline of Kolathunad By the 17th century, the Kolaswarupam's political authority was shared with the Nileswaram (Allada swaroopam) and Arakkal kingdom . Internal power within the Kolaswaroopam was divided among several kovilakams. The Keralolpathi identifies four kovilakams sharing political authority: Talora Kovilakam, Arathil Kovilakam, Muttathil Kovilakam, and Karipathu Kovilakam, while
875-402: A form of bodily enlightenment where, through the power of mantras, he comes to recognize the divinities within the body. Initiation into mantric practice is based on a transfer of power and the link (lineage) of the heart. The word or phoneme is not useful in itself, as it does not have efficiency unless the disciple received his initiation from an authentic master. While the manifest reality
1000-473: A free force, entering the senses and producing extroverted samādhi . At this point, consciousness, mind, senses and physical body are "dissolved" into oneness, expanded into the spiritual light of consciousness. As a consequence, any perception of the exterior reality becomes nondual. It becomes possible to live submerged in a continuous state of union with Shiva even while performing regular day-to-day activities. This form of extroverted, all-inclusive samādhi
1125-511: A high spire and a noticeable siphonal canal (in other words, the shell comes to a noticeable point on both ends). Conches that are sometimes referred to as "true conches" are marine gastropod s in the family Strombidae , specifically in the genus Strombus and other closely related genera. For example, Lobatus gigas , the queen conch, is a true conch. True conch are identified by their long spire. Many other species are also often called "conch", but are not at all closely related to
1250-618: A horn and referred to as a conch. The English word "conch" is attested in Middle English , coming from Latin concha (shellfish, mussel ), which in turn comes from Greek konchē (same meaning) ultimately from Proto-Indo-European root * konkho- , cognate with Sanskrit word śaṅkha . Conch are species of sea snail in the phylum Mollusca. Their shells consist of about 95% calcium carbonate and 5% organic matter. Conch are harvested for their edible meat and decorative shell. The shells are often used for decoration and as
1375-476: A level that is considered to exist beyond time and space, where the powers of knowledge and action are unfettered, there are no conditioning desires or needs to be fulfilled and bliss is directly present in consciousness. Kaula's basic method is the experience of the freedom of consciousness in the heart, ultimately reflected in the center of the being as Khechari Mudra . This mudra (attitude) means "the ability of consciousness to freely move ( charati ) about in
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#17330939085321500-517: A living testament to the bygone era of Swaroopams, their rulers, and their deep-seated faith in the divine. The region faced several external threats during the eighteenth century. The first came in the form of a Canara invasion (Nayakas of Bednur - The capital shifted from Keladi to Bednur during 17th centaury) in 1732, at the invitation of the Arakkal kingdom. Basavappa Nayaka II was the ruler in Bednur. Under
1625-595: A musical instrument. The meat of conches are often eaten raw in salads or cooked in burgers, chowders , fritters , and gumbos . Conch is indigenous to the Caribbean and West Indies . Conch is particularly popular in the Bahamas , Turks and Caicos , and Jamaica . In Bahamas, conch is often cooked into fritters. In Jamaica conch is eaten in stews and curries. In the Dominican Republic , Grenada , and Haiti , conch
1750-447: A positive (affirmative) approach: instead of prescribing self-limitations and condemning various actions, it embraces such actions in a spiritual light. Thus, sexuality, love, social life and artistic pursuits are considered vectors of spiritual evolution. The main focus in Kaula is on practical methods for attaining liberation , rather than engaging in complex philosophical debate. Whatever
1875-551: A powerful boon from Brahma , the Hindu God of creation. This boon made them invincible to any man or god. Filled with arrogance, they attacked the Devas (celestial beings) and wreaked havoc across the heavens. Faced with this threat, the Devas sought help from various gods and sages. However, due to Darika and Danavendra's boon, their attempts were futile. Finally, they approached Sage Narada , known for his wisdom and knowledge. Narada advised
2000-481: A precursor to the magnificent temple observed today. Additionally, the word ‘Maadam’ also signifies a ‘ Watchtower ’. Notably, the temple is perched atop a rocky hill, providing an unobstructed panoramic view that extends to the sea. Remnants of an ancient fort, constructed by the Mushika King Vallabha, along with four watchtowers, can still be found here. Given the historical link between the royal families and
2125-421: A railway bridge across the river—specifically, one of the pillars kept collapsing. A sacred Shankhu (conch shell) was discovered near the site. Subsequently, the local villagers undertook a major renovation of the temple, which coincided with the successful completion of the bridge. The latest renovations at the temple are currently underway. The Malabar Devaswom Board currently manages the temple. Previously, it
2250-412: A recognized area of rich biodiversity . The hill thrives with a variety of plant and flower life, especially during the rainy and spring seasons. The abundant nature here attracts countless butterflies and birds, turning Maadayippara into a significant migration route. Yet, during the summer months, a contrasting dry period prevails, occasionally leading to fires in the area. The dry season is thought to be
2375-549: A result, the Cheraman Perumal of that era relocated northward to Gokarna, where he encountered and married three North Indian Kshatriya princesses on a Shiva pilgrimage. One of the princess's daughters, Ambalika, became the designated crown princess and subsequently married Ravivarman. Keralavarman, born to Ambalika in 724 AD, founded the Kolathiri dynasty. His lineage continued with his niece's son, Udayavarman, who succeeded him as
2500-466: A shimmering, slightly iridescent effect known as flame structure. The effect is a form of chatoyancy , caused by the interaction of light rays with the microcrystals in the pearl's surface, and it somewhat resembles moiré silk. The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped the sea and often depicted conch shells in their art. Quetzalcoatl , the Aztec god of wind and learning, wears around his neck
2625-461: A social level deconditioning is realized by detaching from traditional restrictions with regard to what is considered pure and impure and through the adoption of the spiritual family of the guru. At the mental level freedom is attained by the awakening of Kundalini through asana , pranayama , mudra or mantras , the amplification and sublimation of the vital and mental energy and the elevation of consciousness. The culmination of this process
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#17330939085322750-494: A tremendous power and respiratory capacity. Hence, blowing it daily helps keep the lungs healthy. A newlywed Bengali bride wears bangles called shakha paula , made from coral and conch-shell powder. They have been a part of Bengali custom and tradition. In an ancient era, the Bengali farming community is thought to have resided near the river. They collected conch shells and powdered them to create bangles. They also used red coral for
2875-523: A water source even during the dry summers. Furthermore, the hill bears the remnants of an ancient fort, adding to its historical significance. According to oral and written records, the site may have originally been a simple Kavu (sacred grove). Over time, it evolved into a temple complex, receiving patronage from the Mushika, Kolathunad, and Chirakkal dynasties, along with support from nearby provinces. During British rule, an incident occurred while constructing
3000-489: Is a connection between the parts through their common Akula substrate. As each part contains Akula , in its essence, it automatically contains everything, this is how the mutual reflection is said to be realized. Almost half of the Tantraloka is dedicated to rituals, usually evoking the union of complementary sets such as man and woman, a faculty and its object or inhalation and exhalation. The practice of ritual may involve
3125-556: Is a contraction ( saṃkoca ) of totality, thus in each Kula there is a contracted form of the universe, a contracted form of Shiva ( Akula ) himself. Such an affirmation has been popularized under slogans like "Consciousness is Everything" in some recent Kashmir Shaivism related publications for the public. Often at the highest level of reality Shiva and Shakti form the supreme couple, or the ultimate Kula (family). Shiva, under various names ( anuttara - absolute, prakāśa - uncreated light, cit - supreme consciousness, Akula - beyond
3250-408: Is a method by which the adept unites with a purified yoginī and receives the unique experience of the illuminated consciousness. He is to see her as both his lover and guru. The energy generated during the tantric sexual act is considered a form of "subtle emission", while the act of ejaculation is considered a form of physical emission. In Kashmir Shaivism, the energy of emission ( visarga śakti )
3375-461: Is adjusted by moving one's hand in and out of the aperture; the deeper the hand, the lower the note. Various species of large marine gastropod shells can be turned into blowing shells, but some of the best-known species used are the sacred chank or shankha Turbinella pyrum , the Triton's trumpet Charonia tritonis , and the queen conch Strombus gigas . One of the most famous musical instruments
3500-510: Is another sanctum of Shastha facing east inside the temple. The idols of Paathala Bhairavi and Kaala Bhairava are also in this sanctum. Kaula (Hinduism) Saiddhantika Non - Saiddhantika Kaula , also known as Kula , Kulamārga ("the Kula path") and Kaulācāra ("the Kaula tradition"), is a Tantric tradition which is characterised by distinctive rituals and symbolism connected with
3625-561: Is associated with the Shakta Kaula Sampradaya follows specific ritual practices. These practices may involve overcoming internal limitations represented by the Ashtapaashas (eight fetters): Ghrina (hatred), Lajjaa (shame), Bhaya (fear), Shanka (doubt), Jugupsa (reproach/insulting others), Kula (family/ professional pride), Jaati (caste/creed), Sheela (inability to unlearn poor conduct and relearn) Overcoming these internal limitations
3750-546: Is commonly eaten in curries or in a spicy soup. It is locally referred to as lambi . In Puerto Rico , conch is served as a ceviche , often called ensalada de carrucho (conch salad), consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice, olive oil, vinegar, garlic, green peppers, and onions. It is also used to fill empanadas . In Panama , conch is known as cambombia and is often served as ceviche de cambombia , consisting of raw conch marinated in lime juice, chopped onions, finely chopped habaneros , and often vinegar. Conch
3875-461: Is considered crucial for meditation, particularly within the Kaula Sampradaya tradition. The theological belief suggests that by mastering the Ashtapaashas, a devotee's consciousness can be elevated through the grace of the goddess Bhagavathi. This elevation is often described as a transformation from primal emotions to a state of conscious wisdom. Thiruvarkkad Bhagavathi temple is believed to be
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4000-510: Is considered to be a form of ānanda (bliss). Depending on the orientation of one's consciousness, introverted or extroverted, emission can be of two kinds: rested and risen. In Śānta , the rested form of emission, focus is absorbed just on one's own Self in an act of transcendence. In Udita , the risen form, the focus is projected on the Self ( atman ) of one's lover – a state associated with immanence. Santodita (beyond udita and śānta )
4125-462: Is described as Kula (a variant form of the term Kaula ), the unifying factor, the Deity, is termed Akula . "A" means "beyond", or "non", thus "Akula" is "beyond kula". As the substrate of all manifestation is Akula , such is also the basis of any Kula . So Kula families are united by a common substrate, the transcendent Akula . In every one of its instances, on various levels of the universe, Kula
4250-832: Is imported into the United States. The Florida Keys were a major source of queen conches until the 1970s, but the conches are now scarce and all harvesting of them in Florida waters is prohibited and individuals who have harvested them have been punished by law enforcement. In the Turks and Caicos Islands , the Conch Festival is held in November each year at the Three Queens Bar/Restaurant in Blue Hills. Local restaurateurs compete for
4375-623: Is mentioned in Hindu texts like the Vishnu Purana and the works of the Greek geographer Strabo (64 BC to 24 AD, best known for his work Geographica ). Until the 11th century, the Mushika kings followed a patrilineal system of succession. Subsequently, the inheritance pattern shifted to matrilineal succession. Pandya invasions during the 6th and 7th centuries caused significant turmoil in South Malabar. As
4500-580: Is often played in a Lakshmi puja in temple or at home. In the story of Dhruva , the divine conch plays a special part. The warriors of ancient India blew conch shells to announce battle, as is described in the beginning of the war of Kurukshetra, in the Hindu epic the Mahabharata . The god of preservation, Vishnu , is said to hold a special conch, Panchajanya, that represents life, as it has come out of life-giving waters. According to Hindu mythology, Devas (gods) and Asuras (demons) once decided to churn
4625-592: Is overlaid onto the earlier bindu -oriented system. Also, M. P. Pandit, a distinguished expert on Trika, once wrote an interesting note about liberation through Kashmir Shaivism: "There are four ways of effecting this liberation: Kaula Marga, where the individual pursues yogic practices; Shakti Marga, mainly through the awakening and rise of the Kundalini Power; Shunya Marga, arriving at the non-duality of Shiva through an act of Grace; Ananda Marga, instant self-recognition resulting in perpetual bliss." The translation of
4750-400: Is pleasant and positive can be integrated in its practice. The principal means employed in the Kaula practice are the spiritual family, the practice of initiation rituals, the couple (sexual rituals such as maithuna ), the body (spiritual alchemy inside one's own body), the energy (shakti) (controlled especially through the use of mantras and mystical phonemes) and the consciousness (seen as
4875-444: Is said to be the substantial cause of manifestation (manifestation is made of Cit , "like pots are made of clay") and also the efficient cause ("like the potter is the efficient cause in the activity of creating pots"). Conch Conch ( US : / k ɒ ŋ k / konk , UK : / k ɒ n tʃ / kontch ) is a common name of a number of different medium-to-large-sized sea snails . Conch shells typically have
5000-419: Is spiritual illumination. Absolute freedom is to be found only in the revelation of the unity of the spirit with God, a state described as Atma-vyapti or re-absorption into the true Self ( atman ) or Shiva-vyapti : re-absorption into the supreme consciousness of Shiva. To be free is to be absolved from the necessity of rebirth conditioned by karmic constraints. Consciousness expands into pure reality ,
5125-434: Is the colour most associated with the conch pearl, such that these pearls are sometimes referred to simply as "pink pearls". In some gemological texts, non-nacreous gastropod pearls used to be referred to as "calcareous concretions" because they were porcellaneous (shiny and ceramic-like in appearance), rather than nacreous (with a pearly luster). The Gemological Institute of America and World Jewellery Confederation now use
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5250-438: Is the only impurity and knowledge is pure. As long as one is identified with the supreme consciousness, there is nothing impure. The adept is unaffected by any external impurity and makes use of what is reprehensible to attain transcendence. Here arises the antinomian and asocial character of Kaula and the left-handed forms of tantra. Kaula sacrifice ( yajna ) is defined primarily as an inward act. Any action performed with
5375-496: Is the path" ( gurur upāyaḥ ). This statement from the most revered sacred text of Kashmir Shaivism, the Śiva Sutras , summarizes the school's conception of the guru-disciple relationship. Kaula functions as a form of guru yoga , where the disciple's only essential practice is to surrender himself to his guru, accepting the spiritual impulse bestowed upon him by his master. Disciples eminently open towards their guru's spiritual influence are named spiritual sons and held to know
5500-430: Is the pinnacle of spiritual evolution, bhairavi mudra , jagadananda or bhava samadhi . The yogi experiences everything as pure light and ecstasy ( cit-ananda ) and does not feel any difference between interior and exterior any more. Abhinavagupta: "The couple ( yamala ) is consciousness itself, the unifying emission and the stable abode. It is the absolute, the noble cosmic bliss consisting of both Shiva and Shakti. It
5625-407: Is the supreme secret of Kula ; neither quiescent nor emergent, it is the flowing font of both quiescence and emergence." (Tantraloka) The sexual practices of the Kaula schools, also known as "the secret ritual", are performed with an "external Shakti" (sexual partner) as opposed to the purely meditative practices which involve only one's own spiritual energies (the "interior Shakti"). The role of
5750-401: Is the uniting form, cause of both śānta and udita emissions. Santodita is described as universal bliss ( cidānanda ), undivided consciousness, kaula (the group of two as one) and an "outflow of the pulsation of Shiva and Shakti". This kind of translation from the physical act to the mental and to consciousness itself is a characteristic of the tantric world view. Mantric meditation is
5875-568: Is very popular in Italy and among Italian Americans . Called sconcigli , it is eaten in a variety of ways, but most often in salads or cooked in a sauce for pasta. It is often included as one of the dishes prepared for the Feast of the Seven Fishes . In East Asian cuisines, conch is often cut into thin slices and then steamed or stir-fried . Eighty per cent of the queen conch meat in international trade
6000-555: Is worshipped as a fierce protector against evil and a powerful symbol of feminine strength. The story of Darika and Bhadrakali highlights the battle between good and evil and the importance of seeking help when faced with seemingly insurmountable challenges. Tantra Shastra encompasses six main traditions: Shaivam, Vaishnavam, Shakteyam, Souram, Ganapathyam, and Kaumaram. All six traditions have flourished in Kerala and other parts of India for thousands of years. This practice spread widely since
6125-587: The "Heart of the Lord" ( aham ) is the substrate of the family of 36 elements forming all manifestation. The concept of "Spiritual Heart" is so important that even the supreme realization in Kashmir Shaivism is described in relation to it. The Khechari Mudra is an attitude described as "the ability of consciousness to freely move ( charati ) about in the space ( kha ) of the heart". ("kha"+"charati" forming "kechari") Similarly to other tantric schools, Kaula chooses
6250-498: The "wind breastplate" ehecailacocozcatl , "the spirally voluted wind jewel" made of a conch shell. Blowing a conch was considered a religious act. A shankha shell (the shell of a T. pyrum , a species in the gastropod family Turbinellidae ) is often referred to in the West as a conch shell or a chank shell. This shell is used as an important ritual object in Hinduism . The shell is used as
6375-642: The 'Kolathu Naalu Swaroopam' ("Four Swaroopams of the Kolathiri"), existed within its domain. These kingdoms, considered subordinates to Kolathunad, were: During the Kalasha Uthsavam of Maadayikavu the Theyyam of these Swaroopam's are performed. Other Notable Kingdoms and Their Deities Further north in Kannur district lay the following noteworthy kingdoms: Smaller Swaroopams: The region also encompassed several smaller Swaroopams: Theyyam Performances: Reverence for
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#17330939085326500-666: The 15th century CE. The noted kings are: The Mushika Vamsa Kavya , a Sanskrit epic poem by Athulan (court poet of King Shrikantan, 11th-12th century CE), chronicles the history of the Mushika kings up to the 12th century. Following the decline of the Chera Empire around the 12th century AD, a political vacuum emerged in Kerala. This paved the way for the rise of independent kingdoms known as Swaroopams. These Swaroopams were ruled by joint families following matrilineal lineages. In North Kerala, two prominent Swaroopams emerged: The Kolathiri dynasty, rulers of Kolathunad, trace their lineage to
6625-636: The Americas can be seen in the form of historical artifacts at the Museo Larco in Lima , Peru , and Museo Nacional de Antropología in Mexico City , Mexico . Many kinds of molluscs can produce pearls . Pearls from the queen conch, S. gigas , are rare and have been collectors' items since Victorian times. Conch pearls occur in a range of hues, including white, brown, and orange, with many intermediate shades, but pink
6750-572: The Bhagavathi "Tiruvarkkad Achchi." In ancient Malayalam, "Achan" also meant "senior male teacher" and "Achchi" meant "senior female teacher" in Kalari martial arts schools. This title was also used for other leaders, like the head of the Mantravada (Sorcery) school ("Kalakattu Illathachan") and senior ministers. The legend is based on Markandeya Purana . Two Danavas (demons), Darika and Danavendra, received
6875-482: The Bhagavathi became too fierce, and the rituals needed to worship her conflicted with the pure rituals performed at Rajarajeshwaram. Shiva, seeking a solution, called upon his disciple Parashurama. Parashurama invoked the Bhagavathi within the Rajarajeshwaram Temple and placed her in a sacred conch shell. He then threw the conch westwards. The conch flew through the air and landed on a large rock surrounded by
7000-475: The Bhagavathi's sanctum faces west and is positioned slightly southeast. Directly opposite the Bhagavathi's sanctum lies the Mathrusaala, a shrine dedicated to the seven mothers ( Saptha mathrika ): Brahmi, Vaishnavi, Kaumari, Shankari, Varahi, Indrani, and Chamundeshwari. The Mathrusaala itself faces north towards Shiva's sanctum. Within the Mathrusaala, Ganapathy faces east, while Veerabhadra faces west. There
7125-577: The Bhattakaaras of Kashmir. Some Bhattakaras migrated from Kashmir to Kerala and established thirteen Shakta temples across Kerala. These include: The temple rites are followed in Koula sampradaya . A sub-tradition of Shaktism, the Shakta Kaula Sampradaya is a specific tradition within Shaktism, a Hindu denomination that reveres the goddess Shakti as the supreme reality or ultimate power. Shaktism : Focuses on
7250-453: The Deities : Theyyam performances pay homage to the deities of these erstwhile kingdoms. The songs sung by the Theyyam artists narrate the legends of the region, keeping their memories of the royal families and kingdom alive. Invocations are made to the kingdom deities, seeking their blessings and protection. The Theyyam costumes, with their vibrant colors and elaborate headgear, often reflect
7375-469: The Devas to seek help from Shiva , the Hindu god of dissolution. Upon hearing their pleas, Shiva opened his third eye, and from the flames emerged a fierce and beautiful goddess - Bhadrakali . Bhadrakali, armed with weapons from various gods, was unstoppable. She fought a relentless battle against the demons. Legend says every drop of Darika's blood that fell on the ground would create another Darika. To prevent this, Bhadrakali, in her ferocious form, licked up
7500-1032: The Karipathu Kovilakam claimed superiority. These kovilakams further branched out, creating a network of 'political houses' within the Kolaswaroopam. The Dutch records indicate that the Palli Kovilakam and the Udayamangalam Kovilakam held greater political influence in later periods. The military conquests of the Samoothiri of Kozhikode , the Canara invasion, and, most significantly, the Mysorean invasion contributed to Kolathunad's decline. The Arakkal Kingdom's alliance with Mysore forced many Kolathiri royals to seek refuge in South Malabar. Those who remained were killed or captured and deported to Srirangapatanam , and their palaces and mansions destroyed. The decline of
7625-738: The Kavu at multiple junctures throughout history. The deity enshrined within Madaayikkavu is the Fierce form of Bhadrakali , revered as the Mother temple of all Bhadrakali shrines in North Kerala. The temple complex houses deities Shiva , Saptha Mathrika , Ganapathy , Veerabhadra , Kshetrapala , and Shasthavu . The shrine is believed to be the last resort for removing Occult Sorcery (Black Magic and Witchcraft). The Maadayikavu temple stands atop Maadayippara Hill ,
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#17330939085327750-522: The Kuleśvarī texts and can be considered as part of the Kulamārga. These subcategories emerged as cults with a wide range of practices—some with mild practices involving worship of Siva or Sadasiva as a householder deity while others involved worshiping ferocious goddesses with blood, alcohol and erotic offerings. In later Hatha Yoga , the Kaula visualization of kundalini rising through a system of chakras
7875-743: The Malayali Brahmins. The tensions between the Kolathiri and Malayali Brahmins, exacerbated by the oppression of the untouchable castes, fostered the development and expansion of the, then pre-existing religious art form Theyyam . Kolathiri eventually had to bow down to the Perinchellur Namboothiri yogam. The tensions between the Royal family and the Malayali Namboothiri community of Perinchellur (comprising Taliparamba Rajarajeshwaram temple and Payyanur Subrahmanya Swamy temple) might have led to
8000-604: The Mushika dynasty. The Mushika Vamsa Kavya , an 11th-century sanskrit epic by Athulan, chronicles the royal family's history until that time, identifying them as mythological Chandravanshi Kshatriyas of the Heheya clan. Between the 9th and 12th centuries, the Mushika dynasty governed the Chirakkal region of northern Malabar, while the southern Thalassery-Wayanad area was part of the Second Chera Kingdom. Possibly descended from
8125-536: The Mysore kingdom. Hyder Ali 's initial attack in 1766 marked the beginning of a tumultuous period for the region. His subsequent campaigns, culminating in the destructive raids by the army of Tipu Sultan (1789-1790), inflicted significant damage upon the Madayikavu temple and the surrounding area. Hyder Ali’s forces, aided by the Arakkal kingdom and a rebel prince, Kappu Thampan, orchestrated these attacks. The Kolathiri Raja
8250-680: The Sanketa Maryada, the Taliparamba Yogam and Sabha jointly decided to demolish the Karippathu Kovilakam, the residence of Udayavarmman. This eventually led to social clashes between Tulu Brahmins, Malayali Brahmins, the Royal family, the Kalaris they owned, and conflicts with classes of people they considered untouchables. The Tulu Brahmins showed more aversion towards untouchables as they did not have any previous societal bonding compared to
8375-650: The Udayamangalam division in Kolathunadu can be attributed to several factors. By the 17th century, the Kolaswarupam’s political authority was shared with two other lineages in North Kerala—the Nileswaram Swaroopam and the Arakkal kingdom, which claimed independent political identities. Additionally, the Udayamangalam branch was excluded from assuming the title of Rājā, leading to the abandonment of
8500-615: The ancient Nannan dynasty of Ezhi mala, the Mushikas were perhaps Chera vassals. However, some scholars dispute this, arguing that the absence of a Mushika ruler among the signatories on the Terisappalli and Jewish Copper Plates, which list the rulers of Eranadu and Valluvanadu, suggests their independence. Intermarriage was common between the Mushika dynasty and the Muvendhar rulers (the three kingdoms Cholas, Cheras, and Pandyas). The Mushika dynasty
8625-442: The ancient title of Kolathiri Rājā. Consequently, the ruling family (Palli division) monopolized the right of succession as Rājā, and the title of Kolathiri was no longer used. The Kolathunad Swaroopam and Its Subordinate Kingdoms The Kolathunad Swaroopam was ruled by the king addressed as Kolathiri. The Kolathunad Swaroopam's control over its entire claimed territory was not absolute. Numerous smaller kingdoms, collectively known as
8750-438: The best and most original conch dishes, which are then judged by international chefs. Other competitions, events, and music performances occur. Conch shells can be used as wind instruments . They are prepared by cutting a hole in the spire of the shell near the apex and then blowing into the shell as if it were a trumpet, as a blowing horn . Sometimes a mouthpiece is used, but some shell trumpets are blown without one. Pitch
8875-438: The better. The concepts of purity, sacrifice, freedom, the spiritual master ( guru ) and the heart are core concepts of the Kaula tradition. In this sacrifice, the wise man should use the very ingredient which is forbidden in the series of scriptures. It is immersed in the nectar-of-the-left. ( Tantrāloka ) Actions or objects are not seen impure in themselves, rather the attitude is the determinant factor. Spiritual ignorance
9000-514: The blood before it could touch the ground. Finally, Bhadrakali defeated and beheaded Darika, ending his reign of terror. However, even after victory, Bhadrakali's thirst for blood remained. The Devas pleaded with Shiva to calm her down. Engulfed in the rage of victory over Darika, Bhadrakali continued her rampage. Unbeknownst to her, Shiva, concerned about her uncontrollable fury, lay down in her path. Blinded by rage, Bhadrakali didn't notice him and accidentally kicked him. The contact with Shiva shattered
9125-436: The causal body or soul). Thus external world, body, mind and soul are considered kindred parts of the whole, concretisation of the supreme consciousness . From this perspective, Kula is the totality of manifestation, in gross, subtle and supreme form. Even if Cit is not directly involved in the process of manifestation (as it is said to be unmanifest), it is always present in every possible facet of manifestation. Thus, it
9250-431: The construction of a mandala , visualization of a goddess or group of goddesses ( Śakti ), recitation ( japa ), performed in a state of "rest inside the creative awareness" ( camatkāra ), oblation into fire and its internalized version – the burning of the objects and means of knowledge into the "fire" of non-dual consciousness ( parāmarśa ). The power of a ritual lies in its repetition. A pure disciple will attain
9375-581: The coronation site of the ancient Mushika kingdom. The location also has an ancient military fort built by Mushika Kingdom. The 11th king of the Mushika dynasty , Shatasoman (Sutasoman), renovated the Perinchallur (Talipparamba) temple, where the family deity Bhadrakali was worshipped. Centuries later, in 344 AD, the Kola Swaroopam is credited with raising the Bhagavathi temple. Initially, the Kola Swaroopam, which
9500-506: The cosmic couple Shiva and Shakti . The term Aham refers to the same reality as other terms like anuttara (unsurpassed), Akula (beyond the group), Shiva (The Lord), Cit (supreme consciousness) as well as "feminine" aspects as Ananda and Shakti . Each term brings a specific viewpoint, but none of them can fully describe the Supreme Reality. On the individual level, the heart is the binding force of all conscious experiences –
9625-407: The couple, the body, the central channel of the subtle breath ( susumna ), the mind and Shakti . Kaula stresses the language of self-sufficiency, liberation and freedom. Socially the Kaula may be viewed as an alternative society, complete in itself, which supports the freedom of the devotee from interior mental and egotistic limitations and from exterior social and cultural preconceptions. At
9750-585: The deity's supremacy served to protect and enhance the power of the Brahminic settlements, ensuring that no earthly ruler could govern the land of the deity or challenge their authority. Defying the local Brahmins, the ruler underwent the Hiranyagarbha rebirth ritual to reclaim Kshatriya status with the assistance of Sagara-Dwijas Brahmins from Gokarnam and Tulunadu . Following this, the Kolathiri Rajas adopted
9875-642: The down-looking, sixth face of Mahashakti (Adhomukhi). Tantraloka calls it Patalaamnaya, where asuras and nagas reside. Adharaamnaya is also its name. Elsewhere it is called Bauddhaamnaya and is bound to Vajrayogini equated by Tibetans with Hatakeshvari. Here the parallel with Hinduism is evident because Hinduist deity Hatakeshvara with his consort rules in Vitala, the second realm of asuras in Patala. Of course, much more popular daivic and manushya commands prevail among Kulas and Kaulas, though they are still shrouded in secrecy - for
10000-573: The dual teachings of combat and healing in Kalaripayattu. Centuries later, seeking to restore their lost Kshatriya rituals due to Nair intermarriage and matrilineal succession, the Kolathiri king Udhayavarman turned to the Namboothiri settlements in Taliparamba for support in the ritual(Yaga followed by Hiranyagarbham ritual) to become a Kshatriya king. However, he was denied, being told that he
10125-404: The epitome of one's whole being and of the universe itself). The first phase of development is linked to the attainment of a state of non-duality described as an "absorption into the spiritual heart", nirvikalpa samadhi or experiencing the " uncreated light " of consciousness ( prakāśa ) (read a number of subjective accounts of this experience). Group practices, which are restricted to
10250-399: The family Strombidae, including Melongena species (family Melongenidae ) and the horse conch Triplofusus papillosus (family Fasciolariidae ). Species commonly referred to as conches also include the sacred chank or shankha shell ( Turbinella pyrum ) and other Turbinella species in the family Turbinellidae . The Triton's trumpet (family Charoniidae ) may also be fashioned into
10375-525: The first millennial CE. However, Kaumaram finds its most prominent presence in Tamil Nadu, with its practice diminishing elsewhere in recent centuries. In Kerala, the practice of Shakteya Tantra is particularly widespread because the 'Grama Devatha' (Village Deity) of a majority of the villages are 'Mother Goddess,' whom they address as 'Bhagavathi'. This deep reverence for the Divine Feminine contributes to
10500-638: The formation of the Swaroopams, the region was influenced by the ancient Mushika Dynasty (also referred to as Ezhimala dynasty) that once ruled over North Malabar. Historical accounts suggest the Mushika dynasty ruled North Malabar for centuries, possibly predating the rise of the Kolathiri in the Kannur and Kasaragod districts. The Mushika influence is believed to have extended from Vadakara in Kozhikode district to Mangalore in present-day Karnataka. Though details are scarce, historical accounts suggest their rule predated
10625-553: The groups of manifestation) and Shakti , under a similar plethora or names ( Vimarsa - reflection in consciousness, Visarga - creative energy that emits the Universe, Kundalini - fundamental energy of the body, spanda - atemporal vibration, Kauliki - that which is "sprung" in Kula ). The two are always in indissoluble union in a perfect state of bliss. Ultimately there is no difference between Shiva and Shakti, they are different aspects of
10750-490: The highest state of consciousness by their direct link to their guru's illuminated heart. The guru is considered to form a single Self (atman) with his disciples. As such, he leads the disciples to the discovery of their own Atman with his own consciousness, exalted into the supreme state. Aham , the heart or "subjective I", is a central concept in Kaula ideology, conceived of as the most sacred reality, home of consciousness ( Cit ) and bliss ( Ananda ), place of union of
10875-414: The individual being is considered a Kula composed of eight elements: five senses, ego ( ahamkar ), the mind and the intellect. These eight are not disconnected, unrelated processes but rather a unified, interrelated family ("kaula") based on consciousness as the common substrate. Kaula prescribes practices that reintegrate the eight "rays" of the soul into the supreme consciousness. On the cosmic level,
11000-512: The locality. Therefore the historical details of these kingdoms are described in Thottam Pattu (ballads) of the Theyyam . Theyyam performances are held at the temple during festivals. During these festivals, Theyyams and Oracles known as "Komaram" sing ballad called "Thottam pattu." These songs offer a rich historical background of the region's kingdoms and folklore. The Mushika Dynasty Before
11125-409: The members of a kaula (family), include rituals, festivities, initiations and the secretive tantric sexual union. The purposes of this practice are the initiation of novices, the expansion of consciousness and expression of the bliss already attained as participants become more and more advanced. The key to the effectiveness of group practice is held to reside in the harmony of minds and hearts of
11250-459: The millatry commander Gop alaji, Canara forces swiftly overran Prince Kunhi Ambu’s forts in northern Kolathunad. They captured Kudali and Dharmapatanam by early 1734. However, with English East India Company support, the Canara were expelled by 1736. This victory came at a considerable cost, plunging the region into debt. The Nayakas attacked again during 1737. To prevent further incursions, a peace treaty
11375-517: The most common form of tantric practice. In the Kaula system, this practice is associated especially with the group of phonemes . The 50 phonemes ( varṇa ) of the Sanskrit alphabet are used as "seed" mantras denoting various aspects of consciousness ( cit ) and energy ( śakti ). The group ( kula ) of Sanskrit phonemes form a complete description of reality, from the lowest ("earth") to the highest (Śiva consciousness) level. The ritual "setting out" of
11500-407: The ocean to get a special divine nectar. This divine nectar, also known as amrit , was known to give immortality to whoever drank it. All the gods were on one side of it and the demons were on the other end. The churning ( samudra manthan ) produced a number of things from the ocean. One of the first things to come out of it was lethal poison called halahala . Everyone was terrified, as the poison
11625-468: The origin of the nearby village’s name, Eripuram, which translates to ‘Burned Village’. Within Maadayippara Hill there is another shrine, Vadukundu Shiva Temple, and a temple pond—the central location for the temple’s ‘Aarattu’ festival. Notably, the hill features another pond named 'Juuda kkulam' (meaning "Jew Pond"), believed to be associated with past Jewish traders. Remarkably, this very pond remains
11750-402: The participants. When a compatible spiritual group is created, it can greatly accelerate the spiritual evolution of its members. Abhinavagupta declares that such a group can enter a state of oneness and universal consciousness without effort. He explains this by the notion of reflection ( pratibimba ), a process of unification, an effortless overflow of spiritual energy. The relation between
11875-439: The phonemes imitates the emanation of the cosmos from the supreme I-consciousness of Śiva. In another ritual, the phonemes are identified with specific zones of the body through the practice of nyāsa , infusing the body with spiritual energy. This mystical state of culminates in the kaula of the body (perfection of the ensemble of organs, senses and mind) and such a being is known as a siddha (accomplished one). The adept attains
12000-443: The physical body due to the activity of the spiritual energy ( śakti ) and may be called tantric body alchemy (see internal alchemy ). Starting from the expanded consciousness of the self ( atman ), the body (and in the end, the exterior reality too) is infused with the experience of non-duality. The non-dual, experienced initially only in consciousness, is extended to the whole body. The kaula adept will discover kaulika –
12125-465: The power ( siddhi ) of identification with the Universal Consciousness experienced in the physical body, generated spontaneously, without any effort (formal meditation, postures – asana , concentration Dharana and other forms of exertion in yoga). This process is described as the descent of the energy of the non-dual consciousness into the physical. Then consciousness manifests as
12250-428: The prominence of Shakteya Tantra in the region. In Kashmir , a collection of sacred texts known as "Panchasthavi" was once prevalent. These texts included Laghustuthi, Ghatasthi, Charchasthuthi, Ambasthuthi, and Sakalajananeestuthi. These five texts belonged to the "Sreevidya Samprathaaya" tradition, which encompasses practices like Aanavopayam, Saakthopayam, Saambhavopayam, and Anupoyam. These practices were followed by
12375-408: The purpose of evoking the supreme reality is said to be sacrifice. However, if sacrifice were performed only interiorly, there would be a lack of externality and therefore limitation and dualism. That is why Kaula adepts also perform symbolic external sacrifices making use of a sacred place and various rituals. There are six main types of sacrifice according to the "six supports"; external reality,
12500-571: The rise of the Kolathiri in Kannur and Kasaragod districts. Some sources claim the Kolathiri rulers are descendants of the Moshika dynasty. The Mushika dynasty reigned over a vast area in North Malabar, with its headquarters shifting between Ezhimala , Taliparamba , Madayi , Srikandapuram and Valapattanam . The period of their rule is estimated to be between the Sangam period (before 3rd century CE) and
12625-545: The ruler of Kolathunadu. The Kolathiri dynasty forged matrimonial alliances with the Mushika Kingdom. Rise of the Kolathiris The Kolathiri royal flag featured a Naandakam Vaal (sword) and a Nenmeni-vaka flower. According to legend, possibly allegorical, Parashurama assisted their coronation and bestowed the sword as a symbol of authority. The Nenmeni-vaka flower symbolizes Ayurveda and medicine, reflecting
12750-412: The same reality. The supreme "family" by definition spans both manifestation and transcendence. In Kashmir Shaivism, Supreme Consciousness ( Cit , identical to Akula ) is considered to be the substrate of manifestation. Consciousness is the ultimate principle, the monad of the universe, always present as substrate in every external object, be it gross (physical), subtle (mental) or subtlest (relating to
12875-429: The sexual Kaula ritual is to unite the couple, yogini (initiated woman) and siddha (initiated man), and induce one in the other a state of permanent awakening. This achievement is made possible by the intensity of their love. In their exalted state, the two become absorbed into the consciousness of the Self. Becoming united on all the levels, physical, astral, mental and even in their consciousness, they reconstitute
13000-477: The siddhas belong to the siddha stream proper which relates to daityas and danavas, a curious mind is yet to find something textual about that). Kaula sects are noted for their extreme exponents who recommend the flouting of taboos and social mores as a means of liberation. Such practices were often later toned down to appeal to ordinary householders, as in Kashmiri Shaivism . There also exists an idea about
13125-423: The simple term "pearl"—or, where appropriate, the more-descriptive term "non-nacreous pearl"—for such items, and, under Federal Trade Commission rules, various mollusk pearls may be referred to as "pearls" without qualification. Although not nacreous, the surfaces of fine conch pearls have a unique appearance. The microstructure of conch pearls comprises partly aligned bundles of microcrystalline fibers that create
13250-532: The slaughter of cattle within the sacred precincts, were perpetrated by the invaders. A local Nair warrior, Vengayil Chathukutty, avenged this sacrilege by beheading the culprit and earning the title of Nayanar. Eventually, the Chirakkal king, locally known as Koonan Raja, initiated the task of restoring the temple. Temple Layout and Deities : The Madayi Kavu Temple adheres to a Tantric architectural style known as Rurujith Vidhanam. In this style, Shiva's sanctum sanctorum (innermost shrine) faces east. Adjacent to it,
13375-448: The space ( kha ) of the heart". The disciple learns to recognize Śiva as the ultimate reality. The practices pertaining to consciousness are explained in such texts as Vijñāna Bhairava Tantra , Spanda Kārikās and Śiva Sūtras . Kashmiri Shaivism describes freedom as svātantrya - the freedom to create, maintain and destroy the universe pertaining to Śiva himself. It is considered that Śiva, above any restriction or conditioning, creates
13500-469: The supreme couple of Shiva and Shakti. The Kaula sacrifice is reserved for the few, the elite who can maintain a state of Bhairava (spiritual illumination) in sexual union. Other couples, even if they reproduce the ritual to the letter (as perceived from outside), if they do not attain Bhairava consciousness, are merely engaging in a sexual act. "Initiation by the mouth of the yogini ( yoginī-vaktra )",
13625-407: The supreme deity, in some regions the god Shiva, elsewhere a goddess. Another meaning sometimes given to the term kaula is that of a "group of people" engaged together in the practice of spiritual discipline. Kaula practices are based on tantra , closely related to the siddha tradition and Shaktism (if those siddhas relate themselves to divya or manava streams, one can easily find their texts; if
13750-485: The supreme state even by simply staying for a short time in presence of a guru without any instruction, but less prepared ones need reinforcement and gradual accumulation. Kaula puts a special emphasis on the physical body in spiritual practice "as a vessel of the Supreme" and, as such, not an obstacle tortured in ascetic practices. Repeated submergence into the state of non-duality is supposed to induce secondary effects on
13875-419: The symbolism associated with these deities. For a Theyyam artist, understanding the region and the specific Swaroopam (dynasty) associated with the temple is essential. Even the Thottam Pattu (ballads) and other intricacies of the same Theyyam can vary based on different Swaroopams. This intricate relationship between Theyyam and the region's history helps preserve a unique cultural heritage. The art form serves as
14000-538: The temple, the term ‘Maadayi ppara’ might also refer to the rock or hill where the watchtower stood. Interestingly, the Malayalam word ‘Maadam’ could have influenced the temple’s name, ‘Maadaayi Kavu. The following folklore explains the etymology of the name Thiruvarkadu. According to a legend, the Bhagavathi originally resided in the Rajarajeshwara Temple ( Taliparamba ), near the western gate. However, over time,
14125-589: The term kula in English is considered difficult and has raised some problems for researchers. The basic meaning is "family", "group" or "self-contained unit". This is explained by Gavin Flood as referring to the retinues of minor goddesses depicted in the schools' literature. Philosophically the term is said to represent a unifying connectedness, beneath the various objects, processes and living entities of this world, which may be identified with these goddesses as aspects of
14250-592: The title Perumal and were celebrated as "Vadakkan Perumal" (Northern Kings) in the Keralolpathi . These Brahmins (237 households settled in belts near the Perumba River called Anjudesam -Cheruthazham, Kulappuram, Arathil, Kunneru Vararuchimangalam. Another group of 257 Tulu Samudra Brahmins joined). These Brahmins adopted Namboothiri customs and they settled in North Kerala (Later 143 households moved to Tiruvalla . They were addressed as Embranthiri). As Udayavarmman breach
14375-512: The trance of her rage, and a wave of horror washed over her. She realized in a devastating moment that she had kicked her father. Shame and shock overwhelmed her. Her mouth gaped open, her tongue protruding. Seeing Bhadrakali's distress, Shiva transformed into a baby. Triggering her maternal instincts, Bhadrakali gently picked up the baby and cradled him, her anger dissolving into a sense of protectiveness. This act of nurturing calmed Bhadrakali, and she returned to her serene form. Legacy: Bhadrakali
14500-478: The universe of his free will as a playful expression of his spirit ( lila ). Here the kaulas are unlike Advaita and Veda , where there is the conception that maya (cosmic illusion) is superimposed upon the brahman (absolute), inducing a sort of illusory creation. Here, creation is considered real, and the will to create is considered free and unfettered. Svatantrya is identical to Ananda (bliss) and vimarśa (reflexive consciousness/auto-consciousness). "Guru
14625-532: The worship of Shakti and Shiva that is associated with cremation-ground or charnel ground sceticism, found in Shaktism and Shaivism . Kaula preserves some of the distinctive features of the Kāpālika tradition, from which it is derived. It is subdivided into four subcategories of texts based on the goddesses Kuleśvarī, Kubjikā, Kālī , and Tripurasundarī respectively. The Trika texts are closely related to
14750-459: The worship of the goddess Shakti, the feminine aspect of the divine often seen as the dynamic energy and creative force behind the universe. Recognizes a multitude of goddesses, including Durga, Kali, Parvati, Saraswati, and Lakshmi. Emphasizes rituals and practices focused on attaining liberation or enlightenment through devotion to the divine feminine. Shakta Kaula Sampradaya : A sub-tradition within Shaktism known for its association with Tantra,
14875-496: Was a Shudra (a lower caste) and that they do not agree to any other king apart from the deity of Rajarajeshwaram Temple , 'Perum Thrikkovilappan' (Shiva). The Brahminic settlements in Payyannur are the earliest in Kerala and were very powerful. They considered the deity 'Perum Thrikkovilappan' as the sole 'Empuraan' (Emperor-Ruler of Kings), establishing a hierarchy where the deity is at the apex of authority and power. This projection of
15000-681: Was a revered shrine of the Chirakkal Royal Family and belonged to the Chirakkal Devaswom. Situated in Madayi near Pazhayangadi , the temple is more popularly known as Madayi Kavu. The Thiruvarkkad temple, constructed by the Kolathunad dynasty, is situated within a Kavu (sacred grove). It’s plausible that the site initially housed a Maadam (മാടം, small loft) used for lighting lamps—a common feature in many Kavus. This Maadam could have acted as
15125-413: Was divided into four parts, was eventually reduced to two: Udayamangalam and Palli. Following the dissolution of Udayamangalam division Palli division only remained. The kingdom of Palli division hence was known as Chirakkal. Chirakkal Royal Family took over the administration of Madayi kavu and revered Bhagavathi as their family deity. The temple had the influence of almost all Swaroopams (kingdoms) around
15250-514: Was established in 1737, delineating the Madayi River as the northern boundary of Kolathunad. The English East India Company also secured its trading interests through a treaty with the Nayakas of Bednur. Mysore Invasions and Subsequent Restoration The relative peace following these early conflicts was short-lived. The latter half of the eighteenth century witnessed a series of devastating invasions by
15375-667: Was forced into exile to British fort in Thalassery after the Arakkal Raja seized and burned his palace. Despite earlier agreements, the British East India Company failed to provide promised protection. To consolidate power, Hyder Ali reinstated the Chirakkal Raja in 1776, in an agreement to join the Mysore army in suppressing Pazhassi Raja of Kottayam. The temple bore the brunt of these conflicts. Acts of desecration, including
15500-694: Was found in the Marsoulas cave in the Pyrenees Mountains , in France , in 1932. CT scans showed how ancient humans adapted the Concho to make it a musical instrument, such as creating a mouthpiece that was held together by an organic matter like clay or wax . Researchers from the Sorbonne , together with a professional horn player, were able to use it again as a musical instrument and play it. Examples of this practice in
15625-421: Was potent enough to destroy entire creation, so they went to Lord Shiva for protection and he consumed the poison to safeguard the universe. Lord Shiva took the poison in his mouth, but did not swallow it. Shankha also was one of divine objects that was obtained from samudra manthan . Also, the sound of the conch is believed to drive away the evil spirits. The blowing of the conch or "the shankha " needs
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