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113-423: The series is set in a Canadian boarding school for boys called Macdonald Hall (named for John A. Macdonald , the first prime minister of Canada), located somewhere north of the city of Toronto along Highway 48 and seven miles south of the fictitious town of Chutney. The school's enrollment is around 700 students. The lead characters are Bruno Walton and Melvin "Boots" O'Neal, Macdonald Hall students who have

226-485: A total institution like boarding school has a significant impact and changed their perception and interaction with social relationships. Hypochondriac Hypochondriasis or hypochondria is a condition in which a person is excessively and unduly worried about having a serious illness. Hypochondria is an old concept whose meaning has repeatedly changed over its lifespan. It has been claimed that this debilitating condition results from an inaccurate perception of

339-668: A Marine training center in Seattle, WA. Ruth Sidwell, Wilma Dorf, and Vanessa Robinson - three students, briefly sketched. Mr. Thomas Hartley — The Headmaster at York Academy, the rival school to Macdonald Hall. Three Macdonald Hall series books were TV adapted as the "Bruno & Boots" miniseries, with Go Jump in the Pool , This Can't Be Happening at Macdonald Hall , and The War with Mr. Wizzle (as The Wizzle War ), starring Jonny Gray , Callan Potter and Peter Keleghan and debuting on April 1, 2016 firstly with Go Jump In The Pool , on

452-551: A business integral to the country's economy. Their boarding schools offer instruction in several major languages and have a large number of quality facilities organized through the Swiss Federation of Private Schools . In 2015, a Swiss boarding school named A+ World Academy was established on the Norwegian Tall Ship Fullriggeren Sørlandet. Some of the most expensive boarding schools in the world include

565-484: A combination of architectural styles that vary from modern to hundreds of years old. Food quality can vary from school to school, but most boarding schools offer diverse menu choices for many kinds of dietary restrictions and preferences. Some boarding schools have a dress code for specific meals like dinner or for specific days of the week. Students are generally free to eat with friends, teammates, as well as with faculty and coaches. Extra curricular activities groups, e.g.

678-646: A dormitory, bedroom, or cubicle. In case students are provided with a cubicle, then each student must be provided with a window and a floor area of 5.0 m at the least. A bedroom for a single student should be at least of the floor area of 6.0 m . Boarding schools must provide a total floor area of at least 2.3 m living accommodation for every boarder. This should also be incorporated with at least one bathtub or shower for every ten students. Boarding schools manifest themselves in different ways in different societies. For example, in some societies children enter at an earlier age than in others. In some societies,

791-629: A few exist in Russia - in Moscow, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg, though several boarding schools still operate in former Soviet republics, and even some new ones are being opened (e.g. MSU Gymnasium in Moscow, Russia, or Nazarbayev schools all over Kazakhstan). Other schools were associated with orphanages after which all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs (schools for

904-534: A five-year shorter life expectancy compared to those without symptoms. Hypochondriasis is categorized as a somatic amplification disorder—a disorder of "perception and cognition" —that involves a hyper-vigilance of situation of the body or mind and a tendency to react to the initial perceptions in a negative manner that is further debilitating. Hypochondriasis manifests in many ways. Some people have numerous intrusive thoughts and physical sensations that push them to check with family, friends, and physicians. For example,

1017-627: A long association with boarding; see, for example, deaf education and Council of Schools and Services for the Blind . Some boarding schools offer an immersion into democratic education , such as Summerhill School . Others are international, such as the United World Colleges . The term boarding school often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world which are modeled on these. A typical boarding school has several separate residential houses, either within

1130-498: A long tradition of boarding school education and the term public school has an elitist association. There are also some state boarding schools , many of which serve children from remote areas. In some societies and cultures, boarding schools are the most privileged educational option (such as Eton and Harrow in the UK, which have produced several prime ministers), whereas in other contexts, they serve as places to segregate children deemed

1243-510: A moonbeam!") which seems to be amplified by his uneasiness around Bruno Walton. He is usually at the forefront of any of damage that happens at the Hall. Perry Elbert - A student and gymnast living in Dormitory 2 who mistrusts and dislikes Bruno, mostly because he almost always ends up getting inadvertently injured (and/or embarrassed) whenever Bruno's around, and therefore hates him with a passion. He

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1356-442: A person who has a minor cough may think that they have tuberculosis . Or sounds produced by organs in the body, such as those made by the intestines, might be seen as a sign of a very serious illness to patients dealing with hypochondriasis. Other people are so afraid of any reminder of illness that they will avoid medical professionals for a seemingly minor problem, sometimes to the point of becoming neglectful of their health when

1469-415: A physician has evaluated a person and reassured them that their concerns about symptoms do not have an underlying medical basis or, if there is a medical illness, their concerns are far in excess of what is appropriate for the level of disease. It is also referred to hypochondriaism which is the act of being in a hypochondriatic state, acute hypochondriaism. Many hypochondriacs focus on a particular symptom as

1582-464: A practice developed by early medieval times of sending boys to be taught by literate clergymen, either in monasteries or as pages in great households . The King's School, Canterbury , arguably the world's oldest boarding school, dates its foundation from the development of the monastery school in around 597 AD. The author of the Croyland Chronicle recalls being tested on his grammar by Edward

1695-695: A problem to their parents or wider society. The United States and Canada forcibly assimilated indigenous children in the Canadian Indian residential school system and American Indian boarding school institutions . Some functioned essentially as orphanages , e.g. the G.I. Rossolimo Boarding School Number 49 in Russia. Tens of millions of rural children are now educated at boarding schools in China . Therapeutic boarding schools offer treatment for psychological difficulties. Military academies provide strict discipline . Education for children with special needs has

1808-408: A self-help book or online treatment platform. Effects are typically sustained over time. There is also evidence that antidepressant medications such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors can reduce symptoms. In some cases, hypochondriasis responds well to antipsychotics , particularly the newer atypical antipsychotic medications. Among the regions of the abdomen , the hypochondrium

1921-433: A sense of entitlement to social class or hierarchy and power. Boarding schools are seen by certain families as centres of socialization where students mingle with others of similar social hierarchy to form what is called an old boy network . Elite boarding school students are brought up with the assumption that they are meant to control society. Significant numbers of them enter the political upper class of society or join

2034-453: A serious condition may exist and go undiagnosed. Yet others live in despair and depression, certain that they have a life-threatening disease and no physician can help them. Some consider the disease as a punishment for past misdeeds. Hypochondriasis is often accompanied by other psychological disorders. Bipolar disorder , clinical depression , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), phobias , and somatization disorder , panic disorder are

2147-411: A serious illness, constant self-examination and self-diagnosis , and a preoccupation with one's body. Many individuals with hypochondriasis express doubt and disbelief in the doctors' diagnosis , and report that doctors’ reassurance about an absence of a serious medical condition is unconvincing, or short-lasting. Additionally, many hypochondriacs experience elevated blood pressure, stress, and anxiety in

2260-431: A student recreational center where food can be purchased during specified hours. Boarding schools also have infirmary , a small room with first aid or other emergencies medical aid. Students generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds; they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times. Depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options: full (students stay at

2373-709: A system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior students. Houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. Houses or dorms usually include study-bedrooms or dormitories , a dining room or refectory where students take meals at fixed times, a library and possibly study carrels where students can do their homework. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, and occasionally storage facilities for bicycles or other sports equipment. Some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. In some schools, each house has students of all ages, in which case there

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2486-504: A tradition has developed in which families send their children to the same boarding school for generations. One observation that appears to apply globally is that a significantly larger number of boys than girls attend boarding school and for a longer span of time. The practice of sending children, particularly boys, to other families or to schools so that they could learn together is of very long-standing, recorded in classical literature and in UK records going back over 1,000 years. In Europe,

2599-529: A well-earned reputation for mischief. For all their troublemaking, however, the pair have a deep loyalty to the school and many of the books have them and their friends going to great lengths to support it. It is unknown how old they are, but they are too young to shave. The school's headmaster is William R. Sturgeon, also known as "The Fish" by the students. This unwanted nickname comes not only from his name, but also from his bespectacled fish-like appearance when he glares disapprovingly at his students. While he

2712-651: A year, approximately twelve weeks each, with a few days' half-term holidays during which students are expected to go home or at least away from school. There may be several exeats , or weekends, in each half of the term when students may go home or away (e.g. international students may stay with their appointed guardians, or with a host family). Boarding students nowadays often go to school within easy traveling distance of their homes, and so may see their families frequently; e.g. families are encouraged to come and support school sports teams playing at home against other schools, or for school performances in music, drama, or theatre. It

2825-554: Is Canada's only private military-style boarding school for boys in Grades 6 through 12. Most societies around the world decline to make boarding schools the preferred option for the upbringing of their children. However, boarding schools are one of the aspirational modes of education in some former British colonies or Commonwealth countries like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other former African colonies of Great Britain. For instance, in Ghana

2938-472: Is a firm disciplinarian with a carefully cultivated authoritative image, he also cares deeply for his school and the children under his care. His wife cares just as much for the students, and whenever Bruno and Boots come by, she offers them cookies and milk. Mrs. Sturgeon isn't as strict as her husband and has, on a number of occasions, defended their pranks. Across the street is another school, Miss Scrimmage's Finishing School for Young Ladies. However, despite

3051-466: Is also in charge of the guidance department, which was eliminated during Mr. Wizzle's tenure at Macdonald Hall. He is known for sleeping soundly. Mr. Lautrec - The industrial arts teacher. James R. (Jim) Snow - The chairman of the Board of Directors of Macdonald Hall. Mr. Stratton - The math teacher at Macdonald Hall. Mr. Walter C. Wizzle - A modernization expert sent, with his computer, to improve

3164-418: Is approximately zero. Although little is known about exactly which non-shared environmental factors typically contribute to causing hypochondriasis, certain factors such as exposure to illness-related information are widely believed to lead to short-term increases in health anxiety and to have contributed to hypochondriasis in individual cases. An excessive focus on minor health concerns and serious illness of

3277-563: Is associated with rapid heartbeat, palpitations, sweating, muscle tension, stomach discomfort, dizziness, shortness of breath, and numbness or tingling in certain parts of the body (hands, forehead, etc.). If a person is ill with a medical disease such as diabetes or arthritis , there will often be psychological consequences, such as depression. Some even report being suicidal . In the same way, someone with psychological issues such as depression or anxiety will sometimes experience physical manifestations of these affective fluctuations, often in

3390-407: Is closing! Their school is in jeopardy and the best way to save it, according to Bruno, is to get the word out about how great their school is. Bruno leads a scheme to get the name of Macdonald Hall known all over Canada. While the boys are doing this, to blow off steam, Bruno starts playing with one of Elmer Drimsdale's inventions and inadvertently starts a police investigation into the activities of

3503-623: Is displayed in the boys forming cliques on the basis of wealth and social background, and the girls overtly accepting that they would marry only for money, while choosing only rich or affluent males as boyfriends. Students are not able to display much sensitivity and emotional response and are unable to have closer relationships except on a superficial and politically correct level, engaging in social behaviour that would make them seem appropriate and rank high in social hierarchy. This affects their perceptions of gender and social roles later in life. The aspect of boarding school life with its round

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3616-483: Is famous for being photographed taking a bath with a rubber ducky. Calvin Fihzgart - He is a braggart who claims to be skilled at many things. He nicknamed himself "The Beast" to improve his enthusiasm for practicing football. He tried to get pulled out of a game due to what the nurse pronounced "a bruise," however, so his actual football skill is questionable. Christopher "Chris" Talbot - Assigned to Dormitory 1, he

3729-471: Is good at football and can even play quarterback, though she is mischievous, just like Bruno, such as when she played under Elmer's name so she could join the team at Macdonald Hall. She has dark hair. Diane Grant - The Boots-equivalent, Diane has blonde hair, and is more timid about Cathy's schemes. She has a pet skunk called Petunia. Miss Gloria Peabody - Miss Scrimmage's assistant headmistress during "The War With Mr. Wizzle." She previously worked at

3842-648: Is initially disliked by both Bruno and Boots. Over time, however, they grow to see that while Elmer may be awkward and a stickler for rules, he is also honest and helpful, and a genuinely decent, kind person. Especially in later volumes, Elmer is generally (though not always) considered a friend, even if his complete refusal to break rules often gets in the way of Bruno's schemes. He has various projects which threaten to take over his room including ants, and plants. He wakes up at 6:00 a.m. each day to tend to these various projects before breakfast. He lives in Dormitory 2. George Wexford-Smyth III - A financial genius who

3955-560: Is known for his artwork and often makes posters to advertise Bruno's schemes. Almost always included in Bruno's plans, as he's reliable, and always willing to help. Larry Wilson - A student who also works in the office, and delivers messages. He does spy work for Bruno in several books. He lives in Dormitory 1. Myron Blankenship - The school blabbermouth. He never fails to mention any embarrassing secret about anyone. (E.g.: He caused Bruno to become greatly embarrassed by telling everyone about

4068-539: Is not a Jordie Jones fan. Melvin P. "Boots" O'Neal - Bruno's roommate, and often unwilling right-hand man. He is generally Bruno's voice of reason and stops the pair from going too far. A studious blond boy who enjoys swimming He has a younger brother, Edward, whom he dislikes with a passion. Elmer Drimsdale - The school's genius. He is the gang's scientific expert and is very unwilling to break any rules, including sneaking out to Scrimmage's after hours. Socially awkward and often absorbed in his scientific projects, he

4181-649: Is not as wealthy as eastern and central China. Many migrant workers and farmers send their children to boarding schools. In India , there exists a variety of boarding schools, which are operated by both private entities and governmental bodies at the state and central levels. Some notable examples government run institute include are Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya , Ekalavya Model Residential School , and Ashram Schools. Boarding schools in India are affiliated with various educational boards such as CBSE , ICSE , IB , NIOS , and AISSCE . Those institutions predominantly use English as

4294-442: Is obsessed with the stock market, he also keeps his bathroom stocked with medicines . He also sanitizes his room every second day, washing everything in his room, including the ceiling and the walls, to prevent illness. He has a snobbish attitude and is generally disliked by his peers -- unlike their views on Elmer, Bruno & Boots never really change their negative opinion about George. (However, they will grudgingly admit that he

4407-414: Is probably moderate, with heritability estimates around 10–37%. Non-shared environmental factors (i.e., experiences that differ between twins in the same family) explain most of the variance in key components of the condition such as the fear of illness and disease conviction. In contrast, the contribution of shared environmental factors (i.e., experiences shared by twins in the same family) to hypochondriasis

4520-468: Is recommended that international boarding school students have an appointed educational guardian. Some boarding schools allow only boarding students, while others have both boarding students and day students who go home at the end of the school day. Day students are sometimes known as day boys or day girls. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, while others charge a fee. For schools that have designated study hours or quiet hours in

4633-457: Is shooting a movie at Macdonald Hall, and also wants to spend some time with the boys to get a feel for life in the school. At the same time, the girls at Miss Scrimmages, love Jordie. Unfortunately, Bruno hates him. And if Bruno doesn't like someone, Bruno will scheme to get rid of him! Boots' little brother, Edward, has arrived to start his first year at Macdonald Hall. Bruno can't wait to teach him all he knows, but Edward thinks they are "over

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4746-402: Is the one who spearheads the organization of the plots. He's extremely loyal to his friends, and there is virtually no limit to what he will attempt in the furtherance of his goals—although he usually gets others to do the bulk of the actual work. However, like Boots, he is honest, and if asked by the headmaster about his participation in a given scheme, Bruno will admit to what he has done. He

4859-504: Is the uppermost part. The word derives from the Greek term ὑποχόνδριος hypokhondrios , meaning "of the soft parts between the ribs and navel" from ὑπό hypo ("under") and χόνδρος khondros , or cartilage (of the sternum ). Hypochondria in Late Latin meant "the abdomen". The term hypochondriasis for a state of disease without real cause reflected the ancient belief that the viscera of

4972-422: Is usually a prefect system, which gives older students some privileges and some responsibility for the welfare of the younger ones. In others, separate houses accommodate the needs of different years or classes. In some schools, day students are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. Most school dormitories have an "in your room by" and a "lights out" time, depending on their age when

5085-588: The IB (International Baccalaureate), A-Level, and Article1 of the Japanese School Education Law. English is predominantly used as the primary medium of instruction in these institutions. As of 2015 there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of Mainland China , with about 33 million children living in them. In China some children are sent to boarding schools at 2 years of age. The majority of boarding schools are in western China, which generally

5198-499: The British achieve their imperial goals. One of the reasons sometimes stated for sending children to boarding schools is to develop wider horizons than their family can provide. A boarding school a family has attended for generations may define the culture parents aspire to for their children. Equally, by choosing a fashionable boarding school, parents may aspire to better their children by enabling them to mix on equal terms with children of

5311-559: The Canadian network YTV. The other two adaptations aired on YTV the next year on the same day. Boarding school A boarding school is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of " room and board ", i.e. lodging and meals. As they have existed for many centuries, and now extend across many countries, their functioning, codes of conduct and ethos vary greatly. Children in boarding schools study and live during

5424-595: The Confessor 's wife Queen Editha in the abbey cloisters as a Westminster schoolboy , in around the 1050s. Monastic schools as such were generally dissolved with the monasteries themselves under Henry VIII, although Westminster School was specifically preserved by the King's letters patent , and it seems likely that most schools were immediately replaced. Winchester College founded by Bishop William of Wykeham in 1382 and Oswestry School founded by David Holbache in 1407 are

5537-534: The French Club, may have meetings and meals together. The Dining Hall often serves as a central place where lessons and learning can continue between students and teachers or other faculty mentors or coaches. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, in addition to the standard lunch, while others charge a fee. Many boarding schools have an on-campus school store or snack hall where additional food and school supplies can be purchased; may also have

5650-593: The Headmistress' fervent belief that she is grooming proper young ladies. The school is ranked at 217th place, well behind Macdonald Hall's 1st place. Miss Scrimmage - The headmistress. She owns a shotgun to protect her young ladies, and fires it in the air whenever the school is being 'invaded' by the Macdonald Hall boys. Her school was ranked as 217th, in contrast to Macdonald Hall's number one spot. Catherine Elizabeth "Cathy" Burton - The Bruno-equivalent, Cathy

5763-561: The National Boarding Standards. One example of regulations covered within the National Boarding Standards are those for the minimum floor area or living space required for each student and other aspects of basic facilities. The minimum floor area of a dormitory accommodating two or more students is defined as the number of students sleeping in the dormitory multiplied by 4.2 m , plus 1.2 m . A minimum distance of 0.9 m should also be maintained between any two beds in

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5876-534: The Native American children were exposed to and were likely to adopt some of the ideals set out by the whites operating these boarding schools, many resisted and rejected the gender norms that were being imposed upon them. In Canada, the largest independent boarding school is Columbia International College , with an enrollment of 1,700 students from all over the world. Robert Land Academy in Wellandport, Ontario

5989-554: The Swiss schools Institut auf dem Rosenberg , Institut Le Rosey , Beau Soleil , Collège du Léman , Collège Champittet and Leysin American School . In Japan , there are several international boarding schools operated by private institution. Notable examples of privately-run institutions include NUCB International College and Hallow International School. These boarding schools are affiliated with various educational boards, such as

6102-568: The UK, most boarding schools are independent schools , which are not subject to the national curriculum or other educational regulations applicable to state schools . Nevertheless, there are some regulations, primarily for health and safety purposes, as well as the general law. The Department for Children, Schools and Families , in conjunction with the Department of Health of the United Kingdom, has prescribed guidelines for boarding schools, called

6215-556: The United Kingdom with over 100,000 children attending them all across the country. They are an important factor in the British class system . About one percent of British children are sent to boarding schools. Also in Britain children as young as 5 to 9 years of age are sent to boarding schools. Before the advent of universal public education in the United States, boarding school was often

6328-576: The age of 13 are called junior boarding schools , and are relatively uncommon. The oldest junior boarding school is the Fay School in Southborough, Massachusetts (est. 1866). In the late 19th century, the United States government undertook a policy of educating Native American youth in the ways of the dominant Western culture so that Native Americans might then be able to assimilate into Western society. At these boarding schools, managed and regulated by

6441-402: The age of a parent's premature death from disease, many otherwise healthy, happy individuals fall prey to hypochondria. These individuals believe they have the same disease that caused their parent's death, sometimes causing panic attacks with corresponding symptoms. The ICD-10 defines hypochondriasis as follows: The DSM-IV defines hypochondriasis according to the following criteria: In

6554-524: The blind, deaf, and others). General schools offered "extended stay" programs (Russian: Группа продленного дня) featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work (education in the Soviet Union was free). In post-Soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country. The Swiss government developed a strategy of fostering private boarding schools for foreign students as

6667-520: The boys on her property (usually after lights out) resulting in Mr. Sturgeon wishing her to have it taken away. At times, the two schools have joined forces, such as in The Wizzle War , wherein Mr. Sturgeon gains a new assistant principal, Mr. Wizzle, who is a firm believer in categorizing and "computerizing" Macdonald Hall. Meanwhile, Miss Scrimmage hires a former drill instructor as her assistant; afterward,

6780-564: The care of stock, and the maintenance of fruit orchards" (Adams 149). These ideas of domesticity were in stark contrast to those existing in native communities and on reservations: many indigenous societies were based on a matrilineal system where the women's lineage was honored and the women's place in society respected in different ways. For example, women in native society held powerful roles in their own communities, undertaking tasks that Western society deemed only appropriate for men: indigenous women could be leaders, healers, and farmers. While

6893-466: The case of the DSM, the first and second versions listed hypochondriasis as a neurosis, whereas the third and fourth versions listed hypochondriasis as a somatoform disorder. The current version of the DSM (DSM-5) lists somatic symptom disorder (SSD) under the heading of "somatic symptom and related disorders", and illness anxiety disorder (IAD) under both this heading and as an anxiety disorder. The ICD-10, like

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7006-476: The catalyst of their worrying, such as gastro-intestinal problems, palpitations , or muscle fatigue . To qualify for the diagnosis of hypochondria the symptoms must have been experienced for at least six months. International Classification of Diseases ( ICD-10 ) classifies hypochondriasis as a mental and behavioral disorder . In the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders , DSM-IV-TR defined

7119-448: The clock habitation of students with each other in the same environment, involved in studying, sleeping, and socializing can lead to pressures and stress in boarding school life. This is manifested in the form of hypercompetitiveness , use of recreational or illegal drugs and psychological depression that at times may manifest in suicide or its attempt. Studies show that about 90% of boarding school students acknowledge that living in

7232-530: The collegiate universities of Oxford and Cambridge , as in many ways they still do, and were accordingly staffed almost entirely by clergymen until the 19th century. Private tuition at home remained the norm for aristocratic families, and for girls in particular, but after the 16th century, it was increasingly accepted that adolescents of any rank might best be educated collectively. The institution has thus adapted itself to changing social circumstances over 1,000 years. Boarding preparatory schools tend to reflect

7345-712: The condition as "health anxiety" or "health related obsessive-compulsive disorder." Approximately 20 randomized controlled trials and numerous observational studies indicate that cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an effective treatment for hypochondriasis. Typically, about two-thirds of patients respond to treatment, and about 50% of patients achieve remission, i.e., no longer have hypochondriasis after treatment. The effect size , or magnitude of benefit, appears to be moderate to large. CBT for hypochondriasis and health anxiety may be offered in various formats, including as face-to-face individual or group therapy, via telephone, or as guided self-help with information conveyed via

7458-414: The condition of body or mind despite the absence of an actual medical diagnosis . An individual with hypochondriasis is known as a hypochondriac. Hypochondriacs become unduly alarmed about any physical or psychological symptoms they detect, no matter how minor the symptom may be, and are convinced that they have, or are about to be diagnosed with, a serious illness. Often, hypochondria persists even after

7571-399: The disorder "Hypochondriasis" as a somatoform disorder and one study has shown it to affect about 3% of the visitors to primary care settings. The 2013 DSM-5 replaced the diagnosis of hypochondriasis with the diagnoses of somatic symptom disorder (75%) and illness anxiety disorder (25%). Hypochondria is often characterized by fears that minor bodily or mental symptoms may indicate

7684-510: The domestic management of the house by a housekeeper often known in U.K. or Commonwealth countries as matron , and by a house tutor for academic matters, often providing staff of each gender. In the U.S., boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm, known as dorm parents. They often have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older students are often less supervised by staff, and

7797-409: The elitist tradition of preparatory boarding schools has declined due to the development of modern economy and the political rise of the liberal west coast of the United States of America. The boarding school socialization of control and hierarchy develops deep rooted and strong adherence to social roles and rigid gender stratification . In one studied school the social pressure for conformity

7910-649: The evenings, students on campus (including day students) are usually required to observe the same "quiet" rules (such as no television, students must stay in their rooms, library or study hall, etc.). Schools that have both boarding and day students sometimes describe themselves as semi-boarding schools or day boarding schools. Some schools also have students who board during the week but go home on weekends: these are known as weekly boarders, quasi-boarders, or five-day boarders. Boarding schools are residential schools; however, not all residential schools are "classic" boarding schools. Other forms of residential schools include: In

8023-420: The fifth version of the DSM ( DSM-5 ), most who met criteria for DSM-IV hypochondriasis instead meet criteria for a diagnosis of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) or illness anxiety disorder (IAD). The classification of hypochondriasis in relation to other psychiatric disorders has long been a topic of scholarly debate and has differed widely between different diagnostic systems and influential publications. In

8136-409: The financial elite in fields such as international banking and venture capital . Elite boarding school socialization causes students to internalize a strong sense of entitlement and social control or hierarchy. This form of socialization is called "deep structure socialization" by Peter Cookson & Caroline Hodges (1985). This refers to the way in which boarding schools not only manage to control

8249-471: The form of medically unexplained symptoms. Common symptoms include headaches; abdominal, back, joint, rectal, or urinary pain; nausea; fever and/or night sweats; itching; diarrhea; dizziness; or balance problems. Many people with hypochondriasis accompanied by medically unexplained symptoms feel they are not understood by their physicians, and are frustrated by their doctors’ repeated failure to provide symptom relief. The genetic contribution to hypochondriasis

8362-692: The former Soviet Union these schools were sometimes known as Internat-schools (Russian: Школа-интернат ) (from Latin: school-internat ). They varied in their organization. Some schools were a type of specialized schools with a specific focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports, etc. For example, in the 1960s Soviet official established a new type of boarding school, an AESC - Advanced educational scientific center (Russian: СУНЦ - Специализированный учебно-научный центр ) (SESC - Specialized Educational and Scientific Center ). Those schools were parts of some major universities and prepared students to study there. Now, only

8475-481: The government, Native American students were subjected to a number of tactics to prepare them for life outside their reservation homes. In accordance with the assimilation methods used at the boarding schools, the education that the Native American children received at these institutions centered on the dominant society's construction of gender norms and ideals. Thus boys and girls were separated in almost every activity and their interactions were strictly regulated along

8588-412: The guts ' ". Immanuel Kant discussed hypochondria in his 1798 book, Anthropology from a Pragmatic Point of View , like this: The disease of the hypochondriac consists in this: that certain bodily sensations do not so much indicate a really existing disease in the body as rather merely excite apprehensions of its existence: and human nature is so constituted – a trait which the animal lacks – that it

8701-498: The headmaster, to allow them to move back to Room 306. York Academy has a pool; Macdonald Hall does not. While annoying, this has never bothered the Macdonald Hall students much...until some of the boys report that their parents believe that the richer sports opportunities available at York will prompt them to transfer their sons to Macdonald Hall's biggest rival. The boys scheme to get a pool...a better pool than York Academy, by employing various money-making schemes. Macdonald Hall

8814-443: The hill" and "old men". At the same time, Mr. Sturgeon is thinking about retirement, saying that school life poses "no challenge". Suddenly someone starts pranking the Hall, and this time it isn't Bruno and Boots! But no one believes them? Can they stop themselves from getting expelled and clear their name? Macdonald Hall is a private school for boys only. It is ranked first in academic standards. Bruno Walton - Full of schemes, he

8927-417: The hypochondria were the seat of melancholy and sources of the vapor that caused morbid feelings. Until the early 18th century, the term referred to a "physical disease caused by imbalances in the region that was below your rib cage" (i.e., of the stomach or digestive system ). For example, Robert Burton 's The Anatomy of Melancholy (1621) blamed it "for everything from 'too much spittle' to 'rumbling in

9040-493: The individual or a family member in childhood have also been implicated as potential causes of hypochondriasis. Underlying anxiety disorders, such as general anxiety disorder, also increases an individual's risk. In the media and on the Internet, articles, TV shows, and advertisements regarding serious illnesses such as cancer and multiple sclerosis often portray these diseases as being random, obscure, and somewhat inevitable. In

9153-419: The intervals at which they visit their family. Full-term boarders visit their homes at the end of an academic year, semester boarders visit their homes at the end of an academic term, weekly boarders visit their homes at weekends. There are also semi-boarders who attend a boarding school in the school hours for formal instruction and activities but return home by the end of the day. In some cultures, boarders spend

9266-530: The lines of Victorian ideals. In addition, the instruction that the children received reflected the roles and duties that they were to assume once outside the reservation. Thus girls were taught skills that could be used in the home, such as "sewing, cooking, canning, ironing, child care, and cleaning" (Adams 150). Native American boys in the boarding schools were taught the importance of an agricultural lifestyle, with an emphasis on raising livestock and agricultural skills like "plowing and planting, field irrigation,

9379-475: The lucky penny Bruno carries everywhere.) Edward O'Neal - The younger brother of Boots who became enrolled to Macdonald Hall in Something Fishy at Macdonald Hall . He disdains Bruno and Boots and their friends, calling them "old men" and "over the hill". He struggles with math. William R. Sturgeon, aka "The Fish" - The Headmaster. He cares greatly about the students but does not often show it, except to

9492-450: The majority of the secondary schools are boarding. In some countries, such as New Zealand and Sri Lanka , a number of state schools have boarding facilities. These state boarding schools are frequently traditional single-sex state schools, whose ethos is much like that of their independent counterparts. Furthermore, the proportion of boarders at these schools is often much lower than at independent boarding schools, typically around 10%. In

9605-633: The majority of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. Boarding schools are relatively more prevalent in the United Kingdom, India, China, and parts of Africa. These countries begin boarding schools at a very early age and for a longer span of time. However, boarding schools are relatively less prevalent in Europe and the US where it is mostly seen for grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years. Some are for either boys or girls while others are co-educational . The United Kingdom has

9718-973: The most common accompanying conditions in people with hypochondriasis, as well as a generalized anxiety disorder diagnosis at some point in their life. Many people with hypochondriasis experience a cycle of intrusive thoughts followed by compulsive checking, which is very similar to the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder . However, while people with hypochondriasis are afraid of having an illness, patients with OCD worry about getting an illness or of transmitting an illness to others. Although some people might have both, these are distinct conditions. Patients with hypochondriasis often are not aware that depression and anxiety produce their own physical symptoms, and mistake these symptoms for manifestations of another mental or physical disorder or disease. For example, people with depression often experience changes in appetite and weight fluctuation, fatigue, decreased interest in sex, and motivation in life overall. Intense anxiety

9831-452: The obtuse headmistress's best efforts, the girls there are even more rambunctious than the boys of Macdonald Hall, and are always ready for whatever fun that Bruno and Boots have in mind. Miss Scrimmage happens to own a shotgun which she uses to threaten anyone who disturbs the peace or comes by her school, but she has poor control of it and is prone to accidental shootings in random directions. Miss Scrimmage uses her shotgun whenever she finds

9944-473: The oldest boarding schools in continuous operation. Boarding schools in Britain started in medieval times when boys were sent to be educated by literate clerics at a monastery or noble household. In the 12th century, the Pope ordered all Benedictine monasteries such as Westminster to provide charity schools, and many public schools started when such schools attracted paying students. These public schools reflected

10057-537: The only secondary school option for students in rural New England communities. Some states, especially Massachusetts , sponsored and subsidized semi-public boarding schools, often called "academies," to educate students from the surrounding rural areas. Some of the oldest remaining academies include West Nottingham Academy (est. 1744), Linden Hall (est. 1756), The Governor's Academy (est. 1763), Phillips Academy (est. 1778), and Phillips Exeter Academy (est. 1781). The market for semi-public academies narrowed in

10170-421: The operative known as "The Fish." Macdonald Hall is inefficient. Miss Scrimmage's school is out-of-shape. Enter Walter C. Wizzle and his computer to improve the Hall, and Miss Peabody, the new girls' physical education coach. The school's students team up to get rid of Wizzle and Peabody before the school board hires them on permanently. Hank Carson, a millionaire former football player, now makes his money in

10283-492: The parents. He and his wife live on the school grounds in their own home. His nickname comes from the cold, fishy stare he can use on his students. Mildred Sturgeon - The headmaster's merciful wife who frequently reminds him to be less strict. She is very forgiving of Bruno and Boots and their pranks. Mr. Alex (Coach) Flynn - The physical education teacher and coach, and the housemaster in charge on Dormitory 2. Mr. Dave Fudge - The housemaster in charge of Dormitory 3. He

10396-430: The photos taken in a Macdonald Hall photo contest, Mark even developed and posted a highly embarrassing photo of himself taken by another student. Peter "Pete" Anderson - A student who gets relatively low grades and constantly worries about failing in school. Usually helps Bruno, though very unwillingly. Sidney Rampulsky - Sidney "Butterfingers" Rampulsky is well known for his clumsiness ("That guy could trip over

10509-709: The presence of doctors or while occupying a medical facility, a condition known as " white coat syndrome ". Many hypochondriacs require constant reassurance, either from doctors, family, or friends, and the disorder can become a debilitating challenge for the individual with hypochondriasis, as well as their family and friends. Some individuals with hypochondria completely avoid any reminder of illness, whereas others frequently visit medical facilities, sometimes obsessively. Some may never speak about it. A research based on 41,190 people, and published in December 2023 by JAMA Psychiatry , found that people suffering from hypochondriasis had

10622-399: The primary medium of instruction . Some elite university-preparatory boarding schools for students from age 13 to 18 are seen by sociologists as centers of socialization for the next generation of the political upper class and reproduces an elitist class system . This attracts families who value power and hierarchy for the socialization of their family members. These families share

10735-792: The public schools they feed. They often have a more or less official tie to particular schools. The classic British boarding school became highly popular during the colonial expansion of the British Empire. British colonial administrators abroad could ensure that their children were brought up in British culture at public schools at home in the UK, and local rulers were offered the same education for their sons. More junior expatriates would send their children to local British-run schools, which would also admit selected local children who might travel from considerable distances. The boarding schools, which inculcated their own values, became an effective way to encourage local people to share British ideals, and so help

10848-510: The school full-time), weekly (students stay in the school from Monday through Friday, then return home for the weekend), or on a flexible schedule (students choose when to board, e.g. during exam week). Each student has an individual timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion. Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the school day to include sports, clubs and societies, or excursions. British boarding schools have three terms

10961-403: The school grounds or in the surrounding area. A number of senior teaching staff are appointed as housemasters, housemistresses, dorm parents, prefects , or residential advisors, each of whom takes quasi-parental responsibility ( in loco parentis ) for anywhere from 5 to 50 students resident in their house or dormitory at all times but particularly outside school hours. Each may be assisted in

11074-423: The school year with their fellow students and possibly teachers or administrators. Some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution during the day and return home in the evenings. Boarding school pupils are typically referred to as "boarders". Children may be sent for one year to twelve years or more in boarding school, until the age of eighteen. There are several types of boarders depending on

11187-455: The school's efficiency in "The War With Mr. Wizzle." Mrs. Davis - The school secretary. Mr. Foley , the English teacher. Miss Scrimmage's Finishing School for Young Ladies is a girls-only private school located across from Macdonald Hall. Miss Scrimmage is the Headmistress. The students of Miss Scrimmage's Finishing School for Young Ladies have a well-deserved reputation as hooligans, despite

11300-587: The second half of the nineteenth century as local governments began establishing free, public secondary day schools. Some academies joined the public school system, and others shut down. Towards the turn of the twentieth century, a new generation of boarding schools was established. These schools generally followed the British public school model and focused on preparing students aged roughly 14–18 for college entrance examinations. Because of their college-preparatory approach, they were dubbed prep schools , although most American prep schools educate only day students. At

11413-536: The series was written when Korman was in Grade Seven. The briefest of the series, the book introduces the school and its boys. Bruno and Boots are separated as roommates after committing three pranks at the hockey match against their arch-rival, York Academy; Bruno moves in with Elmer Drimsdale, the school genius, whereas Boots moves in with the school financial genius and resident hypochondriac, George Wexford-Smyth III. The boys scheme to convince Mr. Sturgeon ("The Fish"),

11526-429: The short term, inaccurate portrayal of risk and the identification of non-specific symptoms as signs of serious illness may contribute to exacerbating fear of illness. Major disease outbreaks or predicted pandemics can have similar effects. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some individuals become hypochondriac after experiencing major medical diagnosis or death of a family member or friend. Similarly, when approaching

11639-528: The students are required to prepare for bed, after which no talking is permitted. Such rules may be difficult to enforce; students may often try to break them, for example by using their laptop computers or going to another student's room to talk or play computer games. International students may take advantage of the time difference between countries (e.g. 7 hours between UK and China) to contact friends or family. Students sharing study rooms are less likely to disturb others and may be given more latitude. As well as

11752-434: The students' physical lives but also their emotional lives. Boarding school establishment involves control of behavior regarding several aspects of life including what is appropriate and/or acceptable which adolescents would consider as intrusive. This boarding school socialization is carried over well after leaving school and into their dealings with the social world. Thus it causes boarding school students to adhere to

11865-457: The third and fourth versions of the DSM, lists hypochondriasis as a somatoform disorder. The ICD-11, however, lists hypochondriasis under the heading of "obsessive-compulsive or related disorders". There are also numerous influential scientific publications that have argued for other classifications of hypochondriasis. Notably, since the early 1990s, it has become increasingly common to regard hypochondriasis as an anxiety disorder, and to refer to

11978-552: The turn of the twenty-first century, 0.5% of U.S. school children attended boarding schools, about half the percentage of British children. In recent years, various governments have established public boarding schools. Some provide additional resources for academically promising students, like the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics (est. 1980). Others provide a more focused environment for students from at-risk backgrounds. Boarding schools for students below

12091-453: The two student bodies team up to send the new staff "as far as they can afford to send them" before the school board decides that keeping them at the school is a good idea. Several of the novels have been adapted for YTV as the television film series Bruno & Boots . To date, the adapted books have been Go Jump in the Pool in 2016, and This Can't Be Happening at Macdonald Hall and The War with Mr. Wizzle in 2017. The first book in

12204-445: The upper classes. However, such stated reasons may conceal other reasons for sending a child away from home. These might apply to children who are considered too disobedient or underachieving, children from families with divorced spouses, and children to whom the parents do not much relate. These reasons are rarely explicitly stated, though the child might be aware of them. In 1998, there were 772 private-sector boarding schools in

12317-499: The usual academic facilities such as classrooms, halls, libraries, and laboratories, boarding schools often provide a wide variety of facilities for extracurricular activities such as music rooms, gymnasiums, sports fields and school grounds, boats, squash courts, swimming pools, cinemas, and theaters. A school chapel is often found on site. Day students often stay on after school to use these facilities. Many North American boarding schools are located in beautiful rural environments and have

12430-516: The values of the elite social class which they come from or which they aspire to be part of. Nick Duffell, author of Wounded Leaders: British elitism and the Entitlement Illusion – A Psychohistory , states that the education of the elite in the British boarding school system leaves the nation with "a cadre of leaders who perpetuate a culture of elitism, bullying and misogyny affecting the whole of society". According to Peter W Cookson Jr (2009)

12543-414: The zucchini stick business. A former student at Macdonald Hall, he wants a winning football team at his alma mater, so the boys try to make him happy by "eating" his horrible zucchini sticks and making the best plays possible. In order to succeed, the pair scheme to create the zucchini disposal squad and disguise their quarterback, who comes from Miss Scrimmage's! Jordie Jones, a superstar Hollywood actor,

12656-568: Was key in helping the Hall raise enough money to buy a pool.) George lives in Dormitory 1. Wilbur Hackenschleimer - A large boy who is known for having a voracious appetite, he is one of the most willing participants in the schemes Bruno comes up with. He is an amateur weightlifter who once lifted a piano, a player on the football team and is talented at woodwork and metal shop. He lives in Dormitory 1. Mark Davies - The school newspaper editor, and friend of Bruno and Boots. He lives in Dormitory 2. Ultra-dependable—after pledging to develop all

12769-531: Was so severe that several students abused performance drugs like Adderall and Ritalin for both academic performance and to lose weight. The distinct and hierarchical nature of socialization in boarding school culture becomes very obvious in the manner students sit together and form cliques , especially in the refectory , or dining hall. This leads to pervasive form of explicit and implicit bullying, and excessive competition between cliques and between individuals. The rigid gender stratification and role control

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