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119-495: Maarjamäe ( Estonian for "Maria's Hill" ) is a subdistrict ( Estonian : asum ) in the district of Pirita , Tallinn , the capital of Estonia . It is bordered by Pirita and Kose to the north, Lasnamäe to the south, Kadriorg to the southwest and the Bay of Tallinn to the west. As of 2022, it has a population of 2,412. Maarjamäe's known history dates back to 1689, with the area back then known as Ristimäe/Streitberg . The end of

238-554: A Finnic language rather than a variety of Estonian. Modern standard Estonian evolved in the 18th and 19th centuries based on the dialects of northern Estonia. During the Medieval and Early Modern periods, Estonian accepted many loanwords from Germanic languages , mainly from Middle Low German (Middle Saxon) and, after the 16th-century Protestant Reformation , from the Standard German language. Estonia's oldest written records of

357-404: A disc golf range. Within the residential area lie two playgrounds, a football field, two basketball courts, two volleyball courts, and an open-door gym. The Varsaallika stream flows along the northern and eastern borders of the subdistrict, an important element of Lillepi Park. Windeck Park was founded in the 1870s along with the castle and resort homes. A summer manor was constructed overlooking

476-451: A broad classical education and knew Ancient Greek , Latin and French . Consider roim 'crime' versus English crime or taunima 'to condemn, disapprove' versus Finnish tuomita 'to condemn, to judge' (these Aavikisms appear in Aavik's 1921 dictionary). These words might be better regarded as a peculiar manifestation of morpho-phonemic adaptation of a foreign lexical item. Article 1 of

595-638: A common feature of Estonian typologically over the course of history with the development of a rich morphological system. Word order is considerably more flexible than in English, but the basic order is subject–verb–object . The speakers of the two major historical languages spoken in Estonia, North and South Estonian , are thought by some linguists to have arrived in Estonia in at least two different migration waves over two millennia ago, both groups having spoken considerably different vernacular; South Estonian might be

714-465: A forge, a lime burning stove, an ice cellar and a water distribution system for the factory. The plot was surrounded by a four-metre stone wall. Several stone buildings, the ice cellar and parts of the wall survive to this day. Christian Abraham Rotermann  [ et ] purchased the factory in 1861, converting the site to produce starch and spirits. Rotermann also constructed Tallinn's first steam mill at Suhkrumäe. However, industrial production

833-480: A garden city stretching from Lillepi were not realised. The turn of the century brought about social changes. The newly-exiled count rented out the castle for social events. In 1933, the most prestigious restaurant-hotel of the city was opened in the castle. However, in 1937 the castle was purchased by the state with the Air Defence Aviation Academy moving in. Following Soviet occupation , the castle

952-655: A meeting hidden from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed. On 6 January 1943, a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm . In order to preserve the legal continuation of the Republic of Estonia, it was decided that the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, had to continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister. In June 1944,

1071-552: A region that Rosenberg called "Peipusland" to make room for German colonists. The removal of 50% of Estonians was in accordance with the Generalplan Ost , however the plan did not envisage just their relocation, the majority would be worked and starved to death. The initial enthusiasm that accompanied the liberation from Soviet occupation quickly waned as a result and the Germans had limited success in recruiting volunteers. The draft

1190-401: A summer manor overlooking the sea at the end of the 17th century. With the city falling into Russian hands, a naval battery was constructed on sea "in front" of the manor in 1715. The burgher Johan Gottlieb Clementz obtained a plot of land and led the construction of a sugar factory on the site in 1811. By the 1820s the site included several stone buildings, a wooden residential building, sheds,

1309-456: A walled corridor, with the aforementioned names on plaques, and a park symbolising one's home garden. The site hosts memorial events on various national holidays, most notably on memorial days of Soviet deportations . By the coast there are two monuments. The first one , opened in 1989, commemorates American parachutist Charles Leroux , who was killed in Tallinn after a failed jump. Alongside it

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1428-495: Is a monument to rally co-driver Michael Park , wingman to Markko Märtin , tragically killed in an accident in 2005. Both monuments commemorate "courageous and committed people". Maarjamäe has two parks, Windecki and Lillepi . The southern border of the district is formed by the 20–30-metre tall Maarjamäe cliff separating Pirita and Lasnamäe , along the bottom of the cliff runs the Maarjamäe forest. The forest also includes

1547-734: Is based on central dialects, it has no vowel harmony either. In the standard language, the front vowels occur exclusively on the first or stressed syllable, although vowel harmony is still apparent in older texts. Typologically, Estonian represents a transitional form from an agglutinating language to a fusional language . The canonical word order is SVO (subject–verb–object), although often debated among linguists. In Estonian, nouns and pronouns do not have grammatical gender , but nouns and adjectives decline in fourteen cases: nominative , genitive , partitive , illative , inessive , elative , allative , adessive , ablative , translative , terminative , essive , abessive , and comitative , with

1666-737: Is pronounced [æ], as in English mat . The vowels Ä, Ö and Ü are clearly separate phonemes and inherent in Estonian, although the letter shapes come from German. The letter õ denotes /ɤ/ , unrounded /o/ , or a close-mid back unrounded vowel . It is almost identical to the Bulgarian ъ /ɤ̞/ and the Vietnamese ơ , and is also used to transcribe the Russian ы . Additionally C , Q , W , X , and Y are used in writing foreign proper names . They do not occur in Estonian words , and are not officially part of

1785-488: Is pronounced) and in the use of 'i' and 'j'. Where it is very impractical or impossible to type š and ž , they are replaced by sh and zh in some written texts, although this is considered incorrect. Otherwise, the h in sh represents a voiceless glottal fricative , as in Pasha ( pas-ha ); this also applies to some foreign names. Modern Estonian orthography is based on the "Newer orthography" created by Eduard Ahrens in

1904-748: The idamurre or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipus . One of the pronunciation features of the Saaremaa dialect is the lack of the 'õ' vowel. A five-metre monument erected in 2020, marking the "border" between the vowels 'õ' and 'ö', humorously makes reference to this fact. South Estonian consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. These are sometimes considered either variants of South Estonian or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession. Estonian employs

2023-646: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Estonian and English: Estonia in World War II Estonia declared neutrality at the outbreak of World War II (1939–1945), but the country was repeatedly contested, invaded and occupied , first by the Soviet Union in 1940, then by Nazi Germany in 1941, and ultimately reinvaded and reoccupied in 1944 by the Soviet Union. Immediately before

2142-552: The Estonian Academy of Security Sciences , with its Soviet predecessor constructing their facitilies there in 1980. The academy received a new main building in 2019. The site also includes a parade ground, sporting centre, dorms, and a replica of the Estonian-Russian border fence. The Pähkli residences of Tallinn Children's Home are situated on Pähkli street. Maarjamäe's residential area is serviced by Kose tee, running from

2261-660: The Estonian Defence League surrendered according to the orders of the Estonian Government believing that resistance was useless and were disarmed by the Red Army. Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion stationed in Tallinn at Raua Street showed resistance to Red Army, along with a Communist militia called "People's Self-Defence", ( Estonian : Rahva Omakaitse ) on 21 June 1940. As

2380-616: The Finnic branch of the Uralic language family . Other Finnic languages include Finnish and some minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Estonian is typically subclassified as a Southern Finnic language, and it is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages. Alongside Finnish, Hungarian , and Maltese , Estonian is one of the four official languages of

2499-779: The Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 . About 40% of the Estonian pre-war fleet was requisitioned by British authorities and used in Atlantic convoys . Approximately 1000 Estonian sailors served in the British Merchant Navy , 200 of them as officers. A small number of Estonians served in the Royal Air Force , in the British Army and in the U.S. Army . From February to September 1944, the German army detachment "Narwa" held back

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2618-700: The Germanic languages have very different origins and the vocabulary is considered quite different from that of the Indo-European family, one can identify many similar words in Estonian and English, for example. This is primarily because Estonian has borrowed nearly one-third of its vocabulary from Germanic languages, mainly from Low Saxon ( Middle Low German ) during the period of German rule , and High German (including standard German ). The percentage of Low Saxon and High German loanwords can be estimated at 22–25 percent, with Low Saxon making up about 15 percent. Prior to

2737-572: The Latin script as the basis for its alphabet . The script adds the letters ä , ö , ü , and õ , plus the later additions š and ž . The letters c , q , w , x and y are limited to proper names of foreign origin, and f , z , š , and ž appear in loanwords and foreign names only. Ö and Ü are pronounced similarly to their equivalents in Swedish and German. Unlike in standard German but like Swedish (when followed by 'r') and Finnish, Ä

2856-565: The Moscow Peace Treaty in March 1940, in which Finland ceded 9% of its territory to the Soviet Union. However, the Soviets' attempt to install their Finnish Democratic Republic puppet government into Helsinki and annex Finland into the Soviet Union had failed. The first population loss for Estonia was the repatriation of about 12,000–18,000 Baltic Germans to Germany. In the summer of 1940

2975-524: The Proto-Finnic language , elision has occurred; thus, the actual case marker may be absent, but the stem is changed, cf. maja – majja and the Ostrobothnia dialect of Finnish maja – majahan . The verbal system has no distinct future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal"). Although Estonian and

3094-617: The Royal Air Force , in the British Army and in the US Army , altogether no more than two hundred. Immediately after the Soviet takeover, local Russian institutions (societies, newspapers etc.) were closed down. The cultural life that had developed during Estonia's independence was destroyed. Almost all of the leading Russian emigres were arrested and later executed. Some of the Russian White emigres had already been arrested before 21 June 1940 by

3213-501: The Soviet destruction battalions had the greatest impact, being the last Baltic territory captured by the Germans. Pro-independence Forest Brothers , numbering 12,000, attacked the forces of the NKVD and the 8th Army (Major General Ljubovtsev). The fight against Forest Brothers and the implementation of the scorched earth tactics were accompanied by terror against the civilian population, which

3332-488: The Stalinist era, German influence is strongly visible; the area is a stand-out example of the era's architecture. Expansion of the suburbia continued through the following decades. Between the castle and suburbia lies a cemetery and a memorial complex . Both Soviet and German troops were buried at Maarjamäe, including Bolshevik rebel sailors executed in 1919 on Naissaar and Estonian volunteers in German uniform. An obelisk

3451-531: The White movement in 1919. In June 1940 Soviet power was restored in Estonia as workers had overthrown the fascist dictatorship in the country. The Government of the Soviet Union suggested that the Government of the Republic of Estonia conclude a mutual assistance treaty between the two countries. The pressure from Estonian working people forced the Estonian government to accept this suggestion. On 28 September 1939,

3570-498: The invasion of Poland , an important regional ally of Estonia, by Germany . Although some coordination existed between Germany and the USSR early in the war, the Soviet Union communicated to Nazi Germany its decision to launch its own invasion seventeen days after Germany's invasion, as a result, in part, of the unforeseen rapidity of the Polish military collapse. On 24 September 1939, with

3689-617: The inventory , semi-manufactured products and foodstuff, a total of 606,632 Rbls worth of assets were evacuated. In the fires of 12 and 13 July, the headquarters of the Estonian Defence League , the campus of the Faculty of Veterinary and Agriculture of the University of Tartu and more university buildings were burnt down. Several libraries of the university and 135 major private libraries were destroyed, totalling 465,000 books, many archive materials and 2,500 pieces of art lost. Among them were

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3808-409: The 17th century saw the construction of a summer manor  [ et ] , with the area becoming a popular resort for the burghers. The construction of a sugar factory in 1811 saw the area become known as Suhkrumäe , with its current name only coming into existence in 1873. Suburbia construction ensued in the 1940s and 1950s, transforming the area into its modern form. The earliest known name for

3927-485: The 1870s to the 1890s) tried to use formation ex nihilo ( Urschöpfung ); i.e. they created new words out of nothing. The most well-known reformer of Estonian, Johannes Aavik (1880–1973), used creations ex nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from Finnish; cf. Saareste and Raun 1965: 76). In Aavik's dictionary (1921) lists approximately 4000 words. About 40 of

4046-926: The 1930s. There are 9 vowels and 36 diphthongs , 28 of which are native to Estonian. All nine vowels can appear as the first component of a diphthong, but only /ɑ e i o u/ occur as the second component. A vowel characteristic of Estonian is the unrounded back vowel /ɤ/, which may be close-mid back , close back , or close-mid central . Word-initial b, d, g occur only in loanwords and some old loanwords are spelled with p, t, k instead of etymological b, d, g : pank 'bank'. Word-medially and word-finally, b, d, g represent short plosives /p, t, k/ (may be pronounced as partially voiced consonants), p, t, k represent half-long plosives /pː, tː, kː/, and pp, tt, kk represent overlong plosives /pːː, tːː, kːː/; for example: kabi /kɑpi/ 'hoof' — kapi /kɑpːi/ 'wardrobe [ gen sg ] — kappi /kɑpːːi/ 'wardrobe [ ptv sg ]'. Before and after b, p, d, t, g, k, s, h, f, š, z, ž ,

4165-512: The 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). The birth of native Estonian literature was during the period 1810–1820, when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student to acknowledge his Estonian origin at the then German-language University of Dorpat , is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered

4284-490: The 200 words created by Johannes Aavik allegedly ex nihilo are in common use today. Examples are * ese 'object', * kolp 'skull', * liibuma 'to cling', * naasma 'to return, come back', * nõme 'stupid, dull'. Many of the coinages that have been considered (often by Aavik himself) as words concocted ex nihilo could well have been influenced by foreign lexical items; for example, words from Russian , German , French , Finnish , English and Swedish . Aavik had

4403-600: The Baltic Sea, to the gulfs of Riga and Finland to isolate the Baltic states by sea. (b) A navy squadron including three destroyer divisions were positioned to the west of Naissaar in order to support the invasion. (c) The 1st marine brigade's four battalions on transportation ships Sibir , 2nd Pjatiletka and Elton were positioned for landing and invasion of Naissaare and Aegna ; (d) Transportation ship Dnester and destroyers Storozevoi and Silnoi were positioned with troops for

4522-748: The Baltics were shipped there to be exterminated. Out of the approximately 4,300 Jews in Estonia before the war, between 950 and 1,000 were entrapped by the Nazis. An estimated 10,000 Jews were killed in Estonia after having been deported to camps there from elsewhere in Eastern Europe. There have been 7 known ethnic Estonians —Ralf Gerrets, Ain-Ervin Mere , Jaan Viik, Juhan Jüriste, Karl Linnas , Aleksander Laak, and Ervin Viks—who have faced trials for crimes against humanity. Since

4641-537: The Estonian Government suggested that they stick strictly to the Pact of Mutual Assistance. To guarantee fulfillment of the Pact additional military units entered Estonia, welcomed by the Estonian workers who demanded the resignation of the Estonian government. On 21 June under the leadership of the Estonian Communist Party political demonstrations by workers were held in Tallinn, Tartu , Narva and other cities. On

4760-596: The Estonian and Latvian commercial fleet and all other vessels; (c) Prepare for an invasion and landing in Tallinn and Paldiski ; (d) Close the Gulf of Riga and blockade the coasts of Estonia and Latvia in Gulf of Finland and Baltic Sea ; (e) Prevent an evacuation of the Estonian and Latvian governments, military forces and assets; (f) Provide naval support for an invasion towards Rakvere ; (g) Prevent Estonian and Latvian airplanes from flying either to Finland or Sweden. On 12 June 1940,

4879-558: The Estonian anthem and the Internationale, the anthem of the USSR, at the time. Similar demands were forwarded to Finland, Latvia and Lithuania. Finland resisted, and was attacked by the Soviet Union on 30 November, launching the Winter War . Because the attack was judged as illegal, the Soviet Union was expelled from the League of Nations on 14 December. The war ended with the signing of

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4998-456: The Estonian political police, probably in order to avoid "provocations" during the Red Army's invasion, and those arrested were consequently handed over to the NKVD torture chambers after the Communist takeover. Up to the reassessment of Soviet history in the USSR that began during Perestroika , before the USSR had condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to

5117-521: The Estonian southern border on 7–9 July, the Forest Brothers organized themselves into bigger units. They took on the 8th Army units and destruction battalions at Antsla on 5 July 1941. The next day, a larger offensive happened in Vastseliina where the Forest Brothers prevented Soviet destruction of the town and trapped the extermination battalion chiefs and local communist administrators. On 7 July,

5236-588: The Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century. When the Republic of Estonia was established in 1918, Estonian became the official language of the newly independent country. Immediately after World War II , in 1945, over 97% of the then population of Estonia self-identified as native ethnic Estonians and spoke

5355-456: The European Union that are not Indo-European languages . In terms of linguistic morphology , Estonian is a predominantly agglutinative language . The loss of word-final sounds is extensive, and this has made its inflectional morphology markedly more fusional , especially with respect to noun and adjective inflection. The transitional form from an agglutinating to a fusional language is

5474-474: The Finnic languages date from the 13th century. The "Originates Livoniae" in the Livonian Chronicle of Henry contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in Estonian was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached

5593-539: The Forest Brother groups. The Estonian flag was replaced shortly with the flag of Germany. On 8 September, German and Estonian units launched Operation Beowulf to clear Soviet forces from the West Estonian archipelago . There were a series of diversionary attacks to confuse the Soviet defenders. The operation had achieved its objectives by 21 October. 2,199 people were killed by the Soviet state security agencies,

5712-520: The Forest Brothers were able to hoist the Estonian flag in Vasteliina. Võru was subsequently liberated and by the time the 18th army arrived, the blue-black-white flags were already at full mast and the Forest Brothers had organised into the Omakaitse militia. The battle of Tartu lasted for two weeks and destroyed a large part of the city. Under the leadership of Friedrich Kurg, the Forest Brothers drove

5831-637: The French couriers and other passengers were killed in the crash. Molotov had accused the Baltic states of conspiracy against the Soviet Union and delivered an ultimatum to Estonia for the establishment of a government the Soviets approve of. The Estonian government decided according to the Kellogg-Briand Pact not to use war as an instrument of national policy. On 17 June 1940, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. The Red Army exited from their military bases in Estonia, some 90,000 additional Soviet troops entered

5950-553: The German Marienberg, most likely named by Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov in honour of his wife or daughter, Maria. An alternative theory suggests the source as the historical, disused name for Pirita, Marienthal, Vallis Mariae . Estonianization in the 1930s brought about the modern name Maarjamäe. The first known location in the area was an inn (Ristimeh Krog), marked on a 1689 map. Ratsherr  [ de ] and Brotherhood of Blackheads member Christian von Geldern founded

6069-539: The German conscription call Uluots hoped to restore the Estonian Army and the country's independence. The first records of Jews in Estonia date back to the 14th century. The permanent Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the nineteenth century, when in 1865 the Russian Tsar Alexander II granted Jews with university degrees and merchants of the third guild the right to enter the region. The creation of

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6188-526: The Occupied Eastern territories, a Baltic German , born and raised in Tallinn, Estonia, laid out his plans for the East. According to Rosenberg a future policy was created: Rosenberg felt that the "Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living in the Baltic area, having already reached 50 percent of Germanization through Danish, Swedish and German influence". Non-suitable Estonians were to be moved to

6307-408: The Pact of Mutual Assistance was signed which allowed the USSR to station a limited number of Red Army units in Estonia. Economic difficulties, dissatisfaction with the Estonian government policies "that had sabotaged fulfillment of the Pact and the Estonian government" and political orientation towards Nazi Germany led to a revolutionary situation on 16 June 1940. A note from the Soviet government to

6426-501: The Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles , the battle lasted several hours until sundown. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. There were 2 dead Estonian servicemen, Aleksei Männikus and Johannes Mandre, and several wounded on the Estonian side and about 10 killed and more wounded on

6545-484: The Red Army from Tartu made this possible. This was all for nothing since the Germans disbanded the provisional government and Estonia became a part of the German-occupied Reichskommissariat Ostland . A Sicherheitspolizei was established for internal security under the leadership of Ain-Ervin Mere . In April 1941, on the eve on the German invasion, Alfred Rosenberg , Reich minister for

6664-544: The Republic of Estonia in 1918 marked the beginning of a new era for the Jews. Approximately 200 Jews fought in combat for the creation of the Republic of Estonia and 70 of these men were volunteers. On 12 February 1925 the Estonian government passed a law unique in inter-war Europe pertaining to the cultural autonomy of ethnic minorities. The Jewish community quickly prepared its application for cultural autonomy. Statistics on Jewish citizens were compiled. They totaled 3045, fulfilling

6783-755: The Soviet Estonian Operation . After breaching the defence of II Army Corps across the Emajõgi river and clashing with the pro-independence Estonian troops, Soviet forces reoccupied mainland Estonia in September 1944. After the war, Estonia remained incorporated into the Soviet Union as the Estonian SSR until 1991, although the Atlantic Charter stated that no territorial arrangements would be made. World War II losses in Estonia, estimated at around 25% of

6902-553: The Soviet Red Army on 16–17 June 1940. Mass political arrests, deportations, and executions by the Soviet regime followed. In the Summer War during the German Operation Barbarossa in 1941, the pro-independence Forest Brothers captured large parts of southern Estonia from the Soviet NKVD troops and the 8th Army before the arrival of the German 18th Army in the area. At the same time, in June–August 1941, Soviet paramilitary destruction battalions carried out punitive operations in Estonia, including looting and killing, based on

7021-400: The Soviet Union and Nazi Germany signed a 10-year non-aggression pact, called the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact . Most notably, the pact contained a secret protocol, revealed only after Germany's defeat in 1945, according to which the states of Northern and Eastern Europe were divided into German and Soviet " spheres of influence ". In the north, Finland , Estonia and Latvia were assigned to

7140-401: The Soviet Union was considered illegal and never officially recognized by Great Britain, the United States and other Western democracies. The annexation abrogated numerous prior treaties entered into by the Soviet Union and its predecessor, Bolshevist Russia. Having seized control over Estonia, the Soviet authorities rapidly moved to stamp out any potential opposition to their rule. During

7259-419: The Soviet side. On the same day, 21 June 1940, the Flag of Estonia was replaced with a Red flag on Pikk Hermann tower, the symbol of the government in force in Estonia. On 14–15 July, rigged and likely fabricated elections were held in which only Soviet-supported candidates were permitted to run. Those who failed to have their passports stamped for voting for a communist candidate risked getting shot in

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7378-435: The Soviet sphere. Poland was to be partitioned in the event of its "political rearrangement"—the areas east of the Narev , Vistula and San Rivers going to the Soviet Union while Germany would occupy the west. Lithuania , adjacent to East Prussia , would be in the German sphere of influence, although a second secret protocol agreed in September 1939 assigned the majority of Lithuania to the USSR. World War II began with

7497-399: The Soviets out of Tartu, behind the Pärnu River – Emajõgi line and secured southern Estonia under Estonian control by 10 July. The NKVD murdered 193 people in Tartu Prison on their retreat on 8 July. The 18th Army resumed their advance in Estonia by working in cooperation with the Forest Brothers. The joint Estonian-German forces took Narva on 17 August. By the end of August, Tallinn

7616-412: The Soviets. It is estimated that 500 Jews suffered this fate. The Jewish community was amongst the first to be rounded up in accordance with the Generalplan Ost which required the removal of 50% of Estonian citizens. With the invasion of the Baltics, it was the intention of the Nazi government to use the Baltic countries as their main area of mass genocide. Consequently, Jews from countries outside

7735-423: The State Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Estonian SSR, renamed itself the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR and approved the Council of People's Commissars of the Estonian SSR. On 22 June 1941, Nazi Germany launched their invasion of the Soviet Union . On 3 July, Joseph Stalin made his public statement over the radio calling for a scorched earth policy in the areas to be abandoned. In North Estonia,

7854-401: The adjecent district of Kose at Metsakooli tee. Pirita tee has four city bus lines connecting suburbs of Pirita to the rest of the city, a night line connecting Viimsi to the city and four regional bus lines connecting to Viimsi and Muuga . 59°27′22″N 24°49′48″E  /  59.456°N 24.830°E  / 59.456; 24.830 Estonian language Estonian belongs to

7973-410: The alphabet. Including all the foreign letters, the alphabet consists of the following 32 letters: Although the Estonian orthography is generally guided by phonemic principles, with each grapheme corresponding to one phoneme , there are some historical and morphological deviations from this: for example preservation of the morpheme in declension of the word (writing b, g, d in places where p, k, t

8092-449: The area is the German Streitberg/Strietberg ('strife hill'), referencing an alleged Livonian War battle between the Brotherhood of Blackheads and besieging Russians. An Estonian version of this name is Ristimäe or Riiumägi ('cross hill', 'strife hill'). A colloquial name for the area, Suhkrumäe ('sugar hill') emerged in the 19th century with the construction of a sugar factory by Johan Gottlieb Clementz . The current name emerged from

8211-478: The back of the head. Tribunals were set up to punish "traitors to the people", those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR. The "parliament" so elected proclaimed Estonia a socialist republic on 21 July 1940, and unanimously requested Estonia to be "accepted" into the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union annexed Estonia on 6 August and renamed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic . The 1940 occupation and annexation of Estonia into

8330-411: The battalions burned people alive. The destruction battalions murdered 1,850 people in Estonia. Almost all of them were partisans or unarmed civilians. On 8 August 1941, Soviet Naval Aviation used an abandoned air field on Saaremaa to launch a bombing campaign  [ ru ] on Berlin in response of German air raids on Moscow during Operation Barbarossa . After the German 18th Army crossed

8449-413: The case and number of the adjective always agreeing with that of the noun (except in the terminative, essive, abessive and comitative, where there is agreement only for the number, the adjective being in the genitive form). Thus the illative for kollane maja ("a yellow house") is kollasesse majja ("into a yellow house"), but the terminative is kollase majani ("as far as a yellow house"). With respect to

8568-473: The country. Given the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, not to resist, to avoid bloodshed and open war. On 17 June, the day France surrendered to Germany. The military occupation of the Republic of Estonia was complete by 21 June 1940, and rendered "official" by a communist coup d'état supported by the Soviet troops. Most of the Estonian Defence Forces and

8687-873: The destruction battalions, the Red Army and the Baltic Fleet, among them 264 women and 82 minors. Grave damage was caused to the Estonian Co-operative Wholesale Society, the Estonian Meat Export Company and the Central Association of Co-operative Dairies. 3,237 farms were destroyed. Altogether, 13,500 buildings were destroyed. The data of the 1939 livestock and fowl differed from the 1942 by the following numbers: there were 30,600 (14%) fewer horses, 239,800 (34%) fewer dairy cattle, 223,600 (50%) fewer pigs, 320,000 (46%) fewer sheep, and 470,000 (27.5%) fewer fowl. The following equipment

8806-468: The duration of the European war. The government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum signing the corresponding agreement on 28 September 1939. The pact was made for ten years: There is no consensus in Estonian society about the decisions that the leadership of the Republic of Estonia made at that time. When Soviet troops marched into Estonia the guns of both nations gave mutual salutes, and bands played both

8925-569: The elector's assembly of the Republic of Estonia gathered in secrecy from the occupying powers in Tallinn and appointed Jüri Uluots as the prime minister with responsibilities of the President. On 21 June Jüri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister. With the Allied victory over Germany becoming certain in 1944, the only option to save Estonia's independence was to stave off a new Soviet invasion of Estonia until Germany's capitulation. By supporting

9044-422: The end of the 20th century has brought the proportion of native Estonian-speakers in Estonia now back above 70%. Large parts of the first- and second-generation immigrants in Estonia have now adopted Estonian (over 50% as of the 2022 census). The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in

9163-599: The fall of Poland to Nazi Germany and the USSR imminent and in light of the Orzeł incident , the Moscow press and radio started violently attacking Estonia as "hostile" to the Soviet Union. Warships of the Red Navy appeared off Estonian ports, and Soviet bombers began a threatening patrol over Tallinn and the nearby countryside. Moscow demanded that Estonia allow the USSR to establish military bases and station 25,000 troops on Estonian soil for

9282-667: The first year of the occupation (1940–1941) over 8,000 people, including most of the country's leading politicians and military officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of them were executed in Estonia, while the rest were removed to prison camps in Russia, from whence very few returned alive. On 19 July 1940, the Commander-in-chief of the Estonian Army Johan Laidoner was captured by the NKVD and deported together with his spouse to

9401-584: The founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday, March 14, is celebrated in Estonia as Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language: In English: In the period from 1525 to 1917, 14,503 titles were published in Estonian; by comparison, between 1918 and 1940, 23,868 titles were published. In modern times A. H. Tammsaare , Jaan Kross , and Andrus Kivirähk are Estonia 's best-known and most translated writers. Estonians lead

9520-601: The invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries including Estonia, the events in 1939 according to the pre-Perestroika Soviet sources were as following: in a prior province of the Russian Empire , the Governorate of Estonia (Russian: Эстляндская губерния), Soviet power was established in the end of October 1917. The Estonian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Narva on 29 November 1918, but fell to counter-revolutionaries and

9639-399: The invasion of the capital Tallinn; (e) the 50th battalion was positioned on ships for an invasion near Kunda . In the naval blockade participated in total 120 Soviet vessels including 1 cruiser, 7 destroyers, and 17 submarines; 219 airplanes including the 8th air-brigade with 84 bombers : DB-3 and Tupolev SB and the 10th brigade with 62 airplanes. On 14 June while the world's attention

9758-403: The language. When Estonia was invaded and reoccupied by the Soviet army in 1944, the status of Estonian effectively changed to one of the two official languages (Russian being the other one). Many immigrants from Russia entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism for Estonians was intensified. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in local schools

9877-421: The libraries of Aino and Gustav Suits and Aurora and Johannes Semper . Most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms and hoped for restoration of independence. In Southern Estonia pro-independence administrations were set up, led by Jüri Uluots , and a co-ordinating council was set up in Tartu as soon as the Soviet regime retreated and before German troops arrived. The Forest Brothers who drove

9996-577: The manor park, hosting the Estonian Film Museum, introducing the art of filmmaking and the history of Estonian cinema . The Maarjamäe memorial complex was opened in 1975 to commemorate "those who fought for Soviet rule". A part of the complex is the formerly opened obelisk to the Ice Cruise and a German military cemetery. After independence, an agreement was reached to respect the burial sanctity of all sides (in light of former violations) and today

10115-581: The minimum requirement of 3000. In June 1926 the Jewish Cultural Council was elected and Jewish cultural autonomy was declared. Jewish cultural autonomy was of great interest to the global Jewish community. The Jewish National Endowment presented the Government of the Republic of Estonia with a certificate of gratitude for this achievement. There were, at the time of the Soviet occupation in 1940, approximately 4000 Estonian Jews. Many Jewish people were deported to Siberia along with other Estonians by

10234-466: The occupation of Estonia was carried through as a regular military operation . 160,000 men, supported by 600 tanks were concentrated for the invasion into Estonia. 5 divisions of the Soviet Air Force with 1150 aircraft blockaded the whole Baltic air space against Estonia, Lithuania and Latvia. The Soviet Baltic Fleet blockaded the operation from the sea. The Soviet NKVD was ordered to be ready for

10353-626: The order for a total military blockade on Estonia was given to the Soviet Baltic Fleet , according to the director of the Russian State Archive of the Naval Department Pavel Petrov (C.Phil.) referring to the records in the archive. On 13 June at 10:40 am the Soviet forces started to move to their positions and were ready by 14 June at 10 pm. (a) 4 submarines and a number of light navy units were positioned in

10472-594: The outbreak of World War II, in August 1939, Germany and the Soviet Union signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact (also known as the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, or the 1939 German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact), concerning the partition and disposition of Poland, Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia, in its Secret Additional Protocol . The territory of until then independent Republic of Estonia was invaded and occupied by

10591-469: The park is natural forest and encompasses around a fifth of the entire subdistrict. 75 plant and 90 bird species have been noted to inhabit the park. It is circled by a health trail for cyclists and rollerbladers and includes a playground. Maarjamäe's football ground was constructed in 1965 as the stadium for the Norma production association and was their home ground until 1995, when the club dissolved. The stadium

10710-570: The population, were among the highest proportion in Europe. War and occupation deaths listed in the current reports total at 81,000. These include deaths in Soviet deportations in 1941, Soviet executions, German deportations, and victims of the Holocaust in Estonia . Before World War II, the Republic of Estonia and the USSR had signed and ratified the following treaties: Early on the morning of 24 August 1939,

10829-706: The reader and was destroyed immediately after publication. The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S.   Wanradt and J.   Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into the variety of South Estonian called Võro in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on Northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle . Writings in Estonian became more significant in

10948-435: The reception of 58,000 prisoners of war. On 3 June 1940, all Soviet military forces based in the Baltic states were concentrated under the command of Aleksandr Loktionov . On 9 June, the directive 02622ss/ov was given to the Red Army's Leningrad Military District by Semyon Timoshenko to be ready by 12 June to (a) Capture the vessels of the Estonian , Latvian and Lithuanian Navy in their bases and/or at sea; (b) Capture

11067-699: The restoration of Soviet power in Estonia and proclaimed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic . On 22 July the declaration of Estonia's wish to join the USSR was adopted and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was addressed accordingly. The request was approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on 6 August 1940. On 23 July the State Assembly proclaimed all land to be People's Property while banks and heavy industry were nationalized. On 25 August

11186-645: The same day the fascist government was overthrown, and the People's government led by Johannes Vares was formed. On 14–15 July 1940 elections for the Riigikogu the Estonian Parliament were held. The "Working People's Union", created by an initiative of the Estonian Communist Party received with 84.1% electorate participation 92.8% of the votes. On 21 July 1940, the State Assembly adopted the declaration of

11305-504: The sea and a park surrounding it. The destruction of the manor in a fire in 1996 however spelled the end for the park. Privatisation of the land brought private mansions and destruction of valuable trees and vegetation. The destruction of the historical park and a lack of public space or anything worth protecting led to the park losing nature protection in 2020. Lillepi park is named after a 17th century farm and lies on former pastures. Various historic development plans notwithstanding, most of

11424-427: The seaside along the suburbia heading towards Kose . Along the coastline, Pirita tee connects all of Pirita to Viimsi and the city centre . Pirita tee includes a cycleway and walkway. Two light traffic paths head up the cliff to Lasnamäe , one from the memorial to Mäe street and one from Kase street to Katleri . Maarjamäe is directly serviced by two TLT AS bus lines running along Kose tee, both terminating in

11543-492: The second half of the 19th   century based on Finnish orthography. The "Older orthography" it replaced was created in the 17th   century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had, by and large, used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography – for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' – persisted well into

11662-403: The site has memorial plaques in Estonian , German and Russian. In spite of its original purpose, the site survived post-independence decommunisation , but its future is still under question and intense debate. In 2018, a new memorial was opened commemorating the victims of communism. The memorial lists over 22 000 names of those who died by the hand of the communist regime. The memorial includes

11781-419: The sounds [p], [t], [k] are written as p, t, k , with some exceptions due to morphology or etymology. Representation of palatalised consonants is inconsistent, and they are not always indicated. ŋ is an allophone of /n/ before /k/. While peripheral Estonian dialects are characterized by various degrees of vowel harmony , central dialects have almost completely lost the feature. Since the standard language

11900-405: The south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian . The northern group consists of the keskmurre or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the läänemurre or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Lääne County and Pärnu County , the saarte murre (islands' dialect) of Saaremaa , Hiiumaa , Muhu and Kihnu , and

12019-600: The subdistrict administratively. Maarjamäe Palace is the namesake of the district and has been a part of the Estonian History Museum since 1975, hosting the Estonian SSR's History and Revolution Museum since 1987 (renamed to its current form in 1989). The complex has been renovated several times since re-independence. Today, the former courtyard hosts the museum park, including a permanent exhibition of removed Soviet-era monuments. In 2017, new buildings were added to

12138-549: The tactics of scorched earth ordered by Joseph Stalin . Estonia was occupied by Germany and incorporated into Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941–1944. Upon the German invasion of the USSR in 1941, thousands of Estonians were conscripted into the Soviet army (including the Soviet 8th Estonian Rifle Corps and other units), and in 1941–1944 to the German armed forces . A number of Estonian men who had avoided these conscriptions were able to flee to Finland, and many of them then formed

12257-545: The town of Penza . Laidoner died in the Vladimir Prison Camp, Russia on 13 March 1953. President of Estonia , Konstantin Päts was arrested and deported by the Soviets to Ufa in Russia on 30 July; he died in a psychiatric hospital at Kalinin (currently Tver ), Russia in 1956. In all about 800 Estonian officers were arrested, about half of whom were executed, arrested or starved to death in prison camps . When Estonia

12376-542: The village of Viru-Kabala were killed including a two-year-old child and a six-day-old infant. In the Kautla massacre , twenty people, all civilians, were murdered — many of them after torture — and tens of farms destroyed. The low toll of human deaths in comparison with the number of burned farms is due to the Erna long-range reconnaissance group breaking the Red Army blockade on the area, allowing many civilians to escape. Occasionally,

12495-514: The wave of new loanwords from English in the 20th and 21st centuries, historically, Swedish and Russian were also sources of borrowings but to a much lesser extent. In borrowings, often 'b' and 'p' are interchangeable, for example 'baggage' becomes 'pagas', 'lob' (to throw) becomes 'loopima'. The initial letter 's' before another consonant is often dropped, for example 'skool' becomes 'kool', 'stool' becomes 'tool'. Estonian language planners such as Ado Grenzstein (a journalist active in Estonia from

12614-461: The world in book ownership, owning on average 218 books per house, and 35% of Estonians owning 350 books or more (as of 2018). Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment , during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves,

12733-423: Was 2412, virtually unchanged from 2021. Covering 155 hectares, the neighbourhood has a suburban population density of 1556 inhabitants per km. The population is 66% Estonian and 21% Russian, with the rest unknown at subdistrict level. The average gross income in 2021 was 1979€, 134.3% of the national average. Maarjamäe is most well known for its palace and memorial complex, but neither of these actually lie within

12852-465: Was ended for good in 1869 with the factory destroyed in a fire. The 1870s brought about change with the area becoming a popular resort. Count Anatoly Orlov-Davydov purchased the manor in 1873 and renamed the area in honour of his wife, Maria. Designed by Robert Gödicke, ' Orlov's castle ' was finished by 1874 and used mainly by the count's family. Summer houses were constructed near the castle, in today's administrative Maarjamäe. Larger plans to construct

12971-525: Was erected in 1960 commemorating the Ice Cruise of the Baltic Fleet ; a larger memorial complex commemorating "those fallen fighting for Soviet rule" was opened in 1975. A new, Estonian memorial commemorating the victims of communism between 1940 and 1991 was built next to the German cemetery and Soviet memorial. In 1980, construction of a base of the Tallinn Higher Military-Political Construction School began. The site

13090-707: Was evacuated to the Soviet Union: those of the Tallinn Engineering Works "Red Krull", radio factory "Radio Pioneer", and the Northern Pulp and Paper Mills. The dismantling of the oil shale industry also began. Additionally raw materials, semi-manufactured products and finished production were evacuated. Altogether, 36,849  Rbls worth of industrial equipment, 362,721 Rbls worth of means of transport, 82,913 Rbls worth of finished products and 94,315 Rbls worth of materials were carried out. Added to

13209-442: Was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany a day earlier, the Soviet military blockade on Estonia went into effect. Two Soviet bombers downed a Finnish passenger airplane " Kaleva " flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U.S. legations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki and over 120 kilograms of diplomatic mail by two French embassy couriers. The US Foreign Service employee Henry W. Antheil Jr. ,

13328-522: Was formally compulsory, in practice, the teaching and learning of Estonian by Russian-speakers was often considered unnecessary by the Soviet authorities. In 1991, with the restoration of Estonia's independence , Estonian went back to being the only official language in Estonia. Since 2004, when Estonia joined the European Union, Estonian is also one of the (now 24) official languages of the EU . The return of former Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin at

13447-557: Was introduced in 1942, resulting in some 3400 men fleeing to Finland to fight in the Finnish Army rather than join the Germans. Finnish Infantry Regiment 200 (Estonian: soomepoisid ) was formed out of Estonian volunteers who had fled the 1943–1944 forced mobilization into the German forces in Estonia. The unit fought the Red Army on the Karelian Front . In June 1942, political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held

13566-402: Was obtained by FC Levadia in 2006 and was re-opened in 2007 after large scale renovation works. It is currently used for the club's youth training. Plans to build a covered football hall were derailed after questions were raised about its effect on the sanctity of the newly built memorial (located right next to it) and were scrapped in a deal with the city and national government. Maarjamäe hosts

13685-510: Was proclaimed a Soviet Republic (SSR), the crews of 42 Estonian ships in foreign waters refused to return to their homeland (about 40% of the pre-war Estonian fleet). These ships were requisitioned by the British powers and were used in Atlantic convoys. During the war, approximately 1000 Estonian seamen served in the British merchant marine, 200 of them as officers. A small number of Estonians served in

13804-453: Was shortly used by the Soviet army, later converted into tiny flats and left to dilapidate. Some imperial-era resort homes remain in Maarjamäe today, but the vast majority of the district was constructed after the war . Estonia stood out in the USSR with construction of private houses allowed in urban areas, though still strictly regulated with building series. Architectural control was, however, less strict and unlike other buildings from

13923-538: Was surrounded, while in the harbor was the majority of the Baltic Fleet . On 19 August, the final German assault on Tallinn began. The joint Estonian-German forces took the Estonian capital on 28 August. The Soviet evacuation of Tallinn carried heavy losses. On that day, the Red flag shot down earlier on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the flag of Estonia. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German troops disarmed all

14042-462: Was taken over by the newly-founded Estonian Academy of Security Sciences . Suburban expansion continued in the 21st century, with new private homes, terraced housing and apartment complexes. The castle was renovated in the 1980s by Polish company PKZ Wroclav. In 2018, the castle was re-opened as a history museum , also hosting the Estonian Film Museum . The population of Maarjamäe in 2022

14161-435: Was treated as supporters or shelterers of the insurgents. Destruction battalions burnt down farms and some small boroughs. In turn, the members of the extermination battalions were at risk of reprisals by the anti-Soviet partisans. Thousands of people including a large proportion of women and children were killed, while dozens of villages, schools and public buildings were burned to the ground. In August 1941, all residents of

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