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88-601: The acronym ‘MAALOX’ refers to the solution’s compositional elements: MA gnesium and AL uminum as OX ides. The oxides and hydroxides react with the hydrochloric acid in the stomach, neutralizing it. Some may find certain Maalox medications, such as Maalox Multi-Action, to be a successful anti- diarrhea treatment due to the aluminum hydroxide content, which in normal situations has a tendency to result in constipation. Maalox may also be used to treat nausea and stomach cramps associated with dyspepsia, diarrhea, or constipation. Maalox

176-456: A 10% stake in German biotech company CureVac . In March 2018, GSK announced that it has reached an agreement with Novartis to acquire Novartis's 36.5% stake in their Consumer Healthcare Joint Venture for US$ 13   billion (£9.2   billion). In December 2018, GSK announced that it, along with Pfizer , had reached an agreement to merge and combine their consumer healthcare divisions into

264-570: A German biotech company, for US$ 98   million, and in June, worldwide rights to alitretinoin (Toctino), an eczema drug, for US$ 302   million. In 2013, GSK acquired Human Genome Sciences (HGS) for US$ 3   billion; the companies had collaborated on developing the lupus drug Belimumab (Benlysta), albiglutide for type 2 diabetes , and darapladib for atherosclerosis , and in September, sold its beverage division to Suntory . This included

352-507: A Medicines Research Centre in Stevenage , Hertfordshire . Also that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California -based Affymax, a leader in the field of combinatorial chemistry . By 1999, Glaxo Wellcome had become the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind Novartis and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent. Its products included Imigran (for

440-678: A Swiss pharmaceutical company, for US$ 190   million, and in June that year that it would sell two meningitis drugs to Pfizer , Nimenrix and Mencevax for around US$ 130   million. Philip Hampton , at that time chair of the Royal Bank of Scotland , became GSK chairman in September 2015. On 31 March 2017, Emma Walmsley became CEO . She is the first female CEO of the company. In December 2017, Reuters reported that Glaxo had increased its stake in its Saudi Arabian unit to 75% (from 49%) taking over control from its Saudi partner Banaja KSA Holding Company. With respect to rare diseases ,

528-541: A US$ 3   billion (£1.9bn) settlement. It was the largest health-care fraud case to date in the US and the largest settlement in the pharmaceutical industry . Joseph Nathan and Co. was founded in 1873, as a general trading company in Wellington , New Zealand, by a Londoner, Joseph Edward Nathan . In 1904, it began producing a dried-milk baby food from excess milk produced on dairy farms near Bunnythorpe . The resulting product

616-505: A US$ 660-million deal, Prestige Brands Holdings took over 17 GSK brands with sales of US$ 210   million, including BC Powder , Beano , Ecotrin , Fiber Choice, Goody's Powder , Sominex and Tagamet . In 2012, the company announced that it would invest £500   million in manufacturing facilities in Ulverston , northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant. In May that year it acquired CellZome,

704-755: A business doing research into animal health, and Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques in Belgium in 1963, to focus on vaccines. The company began to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the United States in 1969. In 1982, it bought Allergan , a manufacturer of eye and skincare products. Smith Kline & French merged with Beckman Inc. in 1982, and changed its name to SmithKline Beckman . In 1988, it bought International Clinical Laboratories. In 1989, SmithKline Beckman merged with Beecham Group to form SmithKline Beecham P.L.C. . The headquarters moved from

792-576: A by-product. Until the British Alkali Act 1863 and similar legislation in other countries, the excess HCl was often vented into the air. An early exception was the Bonnington Chemical Works where, in 1830, the HCl began to be captured and the hydrochloric acid produced was used in making sal ammoniac ( ammonium chloride ). After the passage of the act, soda ash producers were obliged to absorb

880-425: A demerger and subsequent listing of the joint venture. This will create two publicly traded companies, one focusing on pharmaceuticals and research & development, the other on consumer healthcare. On 22 February 2022, GSK announced that the spin-off consumer healthcare company will be called Haleon . In January 2022, the company announced that they had received three unsolicited offers from Unilever to acquire

968-401: A doctor if these symptoms become severe or persist for long periods of time. Maalox has been linked to phosphate deficiencies in some individuals as a result of the aluminum binding to phosphate in the stomach. This causes the body to flush out this important chemical which can lead to a deficiency. Women who are pregnant can, with the permission of a health care provider, use this product as

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1056-447: A mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid does not mean that hydrochloric acid was discovered before or simultaneously with aqua regia . The isolation of hydrochloric acid happened about 300 years later. The production of hydrochloric acid itself (i.e., as an isolated substance rather than as already mixed with nitric acid) depended on the use of more efficient cooling apparatus, which would only develop in subsequent centuries. From

1144-511: A number of tranches. The same day, the company also announced it would acquire oncology specialist, Tesaro , for US$ 5.1   billion. The deal will give GSK control of ovarian cancer treatment, Zejula - a member of the class of poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors. In October 2019, GSK agreed to sell its rabies vaccine, RabAvert , and its tick-borne encephalitis vaccine, Encepur , to Bavarian Nordic for US$ 1.06   billion (€955   million). In July 2020, GSK acquired

1232-452: A pure reagent , make hydrochloric acid an excellent acidifying reagent. It is also inexpensive. Hydrochloric acid is the preferred acid in titration for determining the amount of bases . Strong acid titrants give more precise results due to a more distinct endpoint. Azeotropic , or "constant-boiling", hydrochloric acid (roughly 20.2%) can be used as a primary standard in quantitative analysis , although its exact concentration depends on

1320-512: A respiratory hazard, which can be partially mitigated by use of a respirator equipped with cartridges specifically designed to capture hydrochloric acid. Airborne acid is an irritant to the eyes, and may require the use of protective goggles or a facemask. Hydrochloric acid has been listed as a Table II precursor under the 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances because of its use in

1408-643: A single entity. The combined entity would have sales of around £9.8   billion ($ 12.7   billion), with GSK maintaining a 68% controlling stake in the joint venture. Pfizer would own the remaining 32% shareholding. The deal builds on an earlier 2018 deal where GSK bought out Novartis' stake in the GSK-Novartis consumer healthcare joint business. The culmination of the Consumer Healthcare string of deals will result in GSK splitting into two separate companies, via

1496-717: A standalone antacid treatment or in conjunction with prescription strength medication such as proton pump inhibitors and H2 blockers. Activists in the United States, the Czech Republic, Venezuela, and Turkey have reported using Maalox or other antacid solutions diluted with water as a home remedy for tear gas attacks. Maalox generally doesn’t produce serious side effects in individuals who use it for less than two weeks, but some mild side effects may appear. Possible side effects of Maalox include nausea , diarrhea , constipation, and headaches . These symptoms generally go away without further treatment. It may be necessary to contact

1584-450: A strong water, which will cleave stone ( sakhr ) instantly. However, it appears that in most of his experiments al-Razi disregarded the gaseous products, concentrating instead on the color changes that could be effected in the residue. According to Robert P. Multhauf , hydrogen chloride was produced many times without clear recognition that, by dissolving it in water, hydrochloric acid may be produced. Drawing on al-Razi's experiments,

1672-464: Is absorbed in deionized water , resulting in chemically pure hydrochloric acid. This reaction can give a very pure product, e.g. for use in the food industry. Hydrochloric acid is produced in solutions up to 38% HCl (concentrated grade). Higher concentrations up to just over 40% are chemically possible, but the evaporation rate is then so high that storage and handling require extra precautions, such as pressurization and cooling. Bulk industrial-grade

1760-495: Is a common process in the North Sea oil production industry. Hydrochloric acid has been used for dissolving calcium carbonate, e.g. such things as de-scaling kettles and for cleaning mortar off brickwork. When used on brickwork the reaction with the mortar only continues until the acid has all been converted, producing calcium chloride , carbon dioxide , and water: Many chemical reactions involving hydrochloric acid are applied in

1848-428: Is almost always integrated with the industrial scale production of other chemicals , such as in the chloralkali process which produces hydroxide , hydrogen, and chlorine, the latter of which can be combined to produce HCl. Hydrogen chloride is produced by combining chlorine and hydrogen : As the reaction is exothermic , the installation is called an HCl oven or HCl burner. The resulting hydrogen chloride gas

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1936-835: Is classified as a strong acid . It is a component of the gastric acid in the digestive systems of most animal species, including humans. Hydrochloric acid is an important laboratory reagent and industrial chemical. Because it was produced from rock salt according to the methods of Johann Rudolph Glauber , hydrochloric acid was historically called by European alchemists spirits of salt or acidum salis (salt acid). Both names are still used, especially in other languages, such as German : Salzsäure , Dutch : Zoutzuur , Swedish : Saltsyra , Finnish : Suolahappo , Spanish : Salfumán , Turkish : Tuz Ruhu , Polish : kwas solny , Hungarian : sósav , Czech : kyselina solná , Japanese : 塩酸 ( ensan ), Chinese : 盐酸 ( yánsuān ), and Korean : 염산 ( yeomsan ). Gaseous HCl

2024-421: Is estimated at 20 Mt/year, with 3 Mt/year from direct synthesis, and the rest as secondary product from organic and similar syntheses. By far, most hydrochloric acid is consumed captively by the producer. The open world market size is estimated at 5 Mt/year. Hydrochloric acid is a strong inorganic acid that is used in many industrial processes such as refining metal. The application often determines

2112-457: Is mostly made by absorbing by-product hydrogen chloride from industrial organic compounds production . Gaseous hydrogen chloride is a molecular compound with a covalent bond between the hydrogen and chlorine atoms. In aqueous solutions dissociation is complete, with the formation of chloride ions and hydrated hydrogen ions ( hydronium ions ). A combined IR, Raman, X-ray, and neutron diffraction study of concentrated hydrochloric acid showed that

2200-477: Is no doubt that pseudo-Basil precedes Glauber, but the latter has the unquestionable merit of having indicated the way of producing the acid later to be adopted by the chemical industry for large-scale operations. The knowledge of mineral acids such as hydrochloric acid would be of key importance to seventeenth-century chemists like Daniel Sennert (1572–1637) and Robert Boyle (1627–1691), who used their capability to rapidly dissolve metals in their demonstrations of

2288-411: Is the monoprotic acid least likely to undergo an interfering oxidation-reduction reaction. It is one of the least hazardous strong acids to handle; despite its acidity, it contains the non-reactive and non-toxic chloride ion. Intermediate-strength hydrochloric acid solutions are quite stable upon storage, maintaining their concentrations over time. These attributes, plus the fact that it is available as

2376-663: Is the United States. Its US headquarters are in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and Durham, North Carolina; its consumer-products division is in Moon Township, Pennsylvania . In July 2020, the UK government signed up for 60 million doses of a COVID-19 vaccine developed by GSK and Sanofi . It uses a recombinant protein –based technology from Sanofi and GSK's pandemic technology. The companies claimed to be able to produce one billion doses, subject to successful trials and regulatory approval, during

2464-446: Is the most commonly used pickling agent for the pickling of carbon steel grades. The spent acid has long been reused as iron(II) chloride (also known as ferrous chloride) solutions, but high heavy-metal levels in the pickling liquor have decreased this practice. The steel pickling industry has developed hydrochloric acid regeneration processes, such as the spray roaster or the fluidized bed HCl regeneration process, which allow

2552-464: Is therefore 30% to 35%, optimized to balance transport efficiency and product loss through evaporation. In the United States, solutions of between 20% and 32% are sold as muriatic acid. Solutions for household purposes in the US, mostly cleaning, are typically 10% to 12%, with strong recommendations to dilute before use. In the United Kingdom, where it is sold as "Spirits of Salt" for domestic cleaning,

2640-536: Is used to treat moderate dyspepsia , which includes symptoms of a burning sensation in the stomach or chest area, bloating, and/or gas pain, especially occurring after meals. It is used in combination with oxycodone to treat esophageal pain in cancer therapy patients. It is also a common component of a GI cocktail used in emergency rooms. Maalox is used in scientific research to simulate for silt/mud/soil in water, along with other dissolved particulates. The particulate size exceeds 11 micrometres. Maalox can be used as

2728-412: Is widely used to remove ions such as Na and Ca from aqueous solutions, producing demineralized water . The acid is used to rinse the cations from the resins. Na is replaced with H and Ca with 2 H . Ion exchangers and demineralized water are used in all chemical industries, drinking water production, and many food industries. Of the common strong mineral acids in chemistry, hydrochloric acid

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2816-490: The De aluminibus et salibus ("On Alums and Salts"), an eleventh- or twelfth-century Arabic text falsely attributed to al-Razi and translated into Latin by Gerard of Cremona (1144–1187), described the heating of metals with various salts, which in the case of mercury resulted in the production of mercury(II) chloride (corrosive sublimate). In this process, hydrochloric acid actually started to form, but it immediately reacted with

2904-729: The Beecham Group . In 1859, Beecham opened its first factory in St Helens , Lancashire . By the 1960s, Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals and consumer products such as Macleans toothpaste , Lucozade and synthetic penicillin research. John K. Smith opened his first pharmacy in Philadelphia in 1830. In 1865, Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891, it merged with French, Richard and Company, and in 1929, changed its name to Smith Kline & French Laboratories as it focused more on research. Years later it bought Norden Laboratories,

2992-688: The FTSE 100 Index . As of February 2024, it had a market capitalisation of £69 billion, the eighth largest on the London Stock Exchange. The company developed the first malaria vaccine , RTS,S , which it said in 2014, it would make available for five per cent above cost. Legacy products developed at GSK include several listed in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines , such as amoxicillin , mercaptopurine , pyrimethamine and zidovudine . In 2012, under prosecution by

3080-734: The Lucozade and Ribena brands of soft drinks, but they were sold in 2013, to Suntory for £1.35bn. Other products include Abreva to treat cold sores; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right nasal strips ; and Nicoderm and Nicorette nicotine replacements. In March 2014, it recalled Alli , an over-the-counter weight-loss drug, in the United States and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering, following customer complaints. As of 2013 , GSK had offices in over 115 countries and employed over 99,000 people, 12,500 in R&;D . The company's single largest market

3168-520: The Smith, Kline & French firm. GSK is the tenth largest pharmaceutical company and No. 294 on the 2022 Fortune Global 500 , ranked behind other pharmaceutical companies China Resources , Sinopharm , Johnson & Johnson , Pfizer , Roche , AbbVie , Novartis , Bayer , and Merck Sharp & Dohme . The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of

3256-525: The United States Department of Justice (DoJ) based on combined investigations of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS-OIG), FDA and FBI , primarily concerning sales and marketing of the drugs Avandia , Paxil and Wellbutrin , GSK pleaded guilty to promotion of drugs for unapproved uses, failure to report safety data and kickbacks to physicians in the United States and agreed to pay

3344-429: The acidity ( pH ) of solutions. In industry demanding purity (food, pharmaceutical, drinking water), high-quality hydrochloric acid is used to control the pH of process water streams. In less-demanding industry, technical quality hydrochloric acid suffices for neutralizing waste streams and swimming pool pH control. High-quality hydrochloric acid is used in the regeneration of ion exchange resins . Cation exchange

3432-516: The antihistaminic and proton pump inhibitor classes can inhibit the production of acid in the stomach, and antacids are used to neutralize excessive existing acid. Hydrochloric acid is also used by osteoclasts alongside proteases for bone resorption . Being a strong acid, hydrochloric acid is corrosive to living tissue and to many materials, but not to rubber. Typically, rubber protective gloves and related protective gear are used when handling concentrated solutions. Vapors or mists are

3520-399: The atmospheric pressure when it is prepared. Hydrochloric acid is used for a large number of small-scale applications, such as leather processing, household cleaning, and building construction. Oil production may be stimulated by injecting hydrochloric acid into the rock formation of an oil well , dissolving a portion of the rock, and creating a large-pore structure. Oil well acidizing

3608-466: The concentration or molarity of HCl in the aqueous solution. They range from those of water at very low concentrations approaching 0% HCl to values for fuming hydrochloric acid at over 40% HCl. Hydrochloric acid as the binary (two-component) mixture of HCl and H 2 O has a constant-boiling azeotrope at 20.2% HCl and 108.6 °C (381.8 K; 227.5 °F). There are four constant- crystallization eutectic points for hydrochloric acid, between

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3696-538: The crystal form of [H 3 O]Cl (68% HCl), [H 5 O 2 ]Cl (51% HCl), [H 7 O 3 ]Cl (41% HCl), [H 3 O]Cl·5H 2 O (25% HCl), and ice (0% HCl). There is also a metastable eutectic point at 24.8% between ice and the [H 7 O 3 ]Cl crystallization. They are all hydronium salts . Hydrochloric acid is usually prepared industrially by dissolving hydrogen chloride in water. Hydrogen chloride can be generated in many ways, and thus several precursors to hydrochloric acid exist. The large-scale production of hydrochloric acid

3784-724: The Consumer Healthcare business unit, with the final proposal valuing the business unit at £50 billion (£41.7 billion in cash, plus £8.3 billion in Unilever shares). Subsequently, GSK declined all outside offers/attempts to acquire its consumer healthcare business and moved forward with its plan to complete the demerger from the main biopharmaceutical business. In April 2022, the business announced it would acquire Sierra Oncology Inc for $ 1.9 billion ($ 55 per share). In May 2022, GSK announced it would acquire Affinivax and its phase II 24-valent pneumococcal vaccine candidate for up to $ 3.3 billion, strengthening its vaccine business. On 16 May 2022,

3872-673: The FDA approved GSK's vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection, manufactured by the company's ID Biomedical Corp in Canada. Also in November 2009, GSK formed a joint venture with Pfizer to create ViiV Healthcare , which specializes in HIV research. In 2010, the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company, for US$ 253m, and the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition for £162   million (US$ 256   million). In 2011, in

3960-572: The US headquarters until the company moved to Research Triangle Park in North Carolina in 1971. The Nobel Prize winning scientists Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings worked there and invented drugs still used many years later, such as mercaptopurine . In 1959, the Wellcome Foundation bought Cooper, McDougall & Robertson Inc to become more active in animal health. When Burroughs Wellcome decided to move its headquarters,

4048-696: The US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to Research Triangle Park (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina . Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880, in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs . The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in Tuckahoe, New York , which served as

4136-625: The United States to England. To expand R&D in the United States, the company bought a new research center in 1995; another opened in 1997, in England at New Frontiers Science Park , Harlow . Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge in January 2000. The merger was completed on 27 December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). The company's global headquarters were at GSK House, Brentford , London, officially opened in 2002, by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair . The building

4224-500: The aluminum content is deemed safe for the developing or nursing child. Individuals who suffer from kidney issues, however, should not take this product unless advised to do so by a doctor. In February 2012, Novartis Consumer Health announced that they were temporarily, voluntarily suspending operations at the Novartis Consumer Health Lincoln facility that produces Maalox as well as suspending shipments. The shutdown

4312-457: The bottles of other medications as well as 1,300 other consumer complaints. In August 2013, there was a recall of Maalox products. "The recall encompasses 9 different types of its Maalox chewable tablets, including more than 3.4 million bottles of Maalox Advanced Maximum Strength Antacid & Antigas." They planned to restart production on a line-by-line basis, but the Maalox line had not by then been restarted. As of 2014, Novartis's Maalox brand

4400-518: The brands Lucozade and Ribena ; however, the deal did not include Horlicks . In March 2014, GSK paid US$ 1   billion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals , to 75 per cent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets. In April 2014, Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than US$ 20   billion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business. In February 2015, GSK announced that it would acquire GlycoVaxyn,

4488-635: The business unit as they look to strengthen their presence in India. On 3 December 2018, GSK announced that Unilever would acquire the Indian-listed GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare business for US$ 3.8   billion (£2.98   billion). Unilever will pay the majority of the deal in cash, with the remaining being paid in shares in its Indian operation, Hindustan Unilever Limited . Upon completion, GSK will then own around 5.7% of Hindustan Unilever Limited, selling those shares in

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4576-473: The challenge and contacted an old acquaintance from his student days working at a Philadelphia drugstore, Martin H. Rehfuss, who happened to be chief of medicine at Thomas Jefferson Hospital. It was Rehfuss who introduced Newhart to Price. Soon thereafter, Newhart convinced Price to become a consultant for the Fort Washington, Pennsylvania based Willam H. Rorer, Inc. In the end, Maalox became the first product

4664-636: The company aligned with GSK's business. In September 2019, Avalon Ventures announced that it entered into a definitive agreement with GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) for the acquisition of Sitari Pharmaceuticals by GSK. This includes its transglutaminase 2 (TG2) small molecule program for the treatment of celiac disease . Four GlaxoSmithKline scientists have been recognized by the Nobel Committee for their contributions to basic medical science and/or therapeutics development. Since 2010, GlaxoSmithKline has several times ranked first among pharmaceutical companies on

4752-1308: The company changed its name from GlaxoSmithKline to GSK. In April 2023, GSK announced it would acquire Bellus Health Inc. for $ 2 billion. In February 2024, the company acquired Aiolos Bio for over $ 1 billion, adding to its existing asthma business through AIO-001 a long-acting monoclonal antibody that targets the thymic stromal lymphopoietin cytokine. In May 2024, GSK sold off its 4.2% shares in Haleon for $ 1.58 billion. In July 2024, GSK moved its headquarters from Brentford to New Oxford Street in central London. GSK manufactures products for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, and mental health. Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate , ticarcillin-clavulanate , mupirocin , and ceftazidime for bacterial infections, zidovudine for HIV infection , valacyclovir for herpes virus infections, albendazole for parasitic infections, sumatriptan for migraine , lamotrigine for epilepsy, bupropion and paroxetine for major depressive disorder , cimetidine and ranitidine for gastroesophageal reflux disorder , mercaptopurine and thioguanine for

4840-452: The company divested its portfolio of gene therapy drugs to Orchard Therapeutics in April 2018. In November 2018, Reuters reported that Unilever was in prime position to acquire GSK's interest in its Indian unit, GlaxoSmithKline Consumer Healthcare Ltd, in a sale that could generate around US$ 4   billion for the company. Nestlé and Coca-Cola have also been reported to be interested in

4928-512: The company selected Paul Rudolph to design its new building. The Elion-Hitchings Building "was celebrated worldwide when it was built," according to Paul Rudolph Heritage Foundation president Kelvin Dickinson. Alex Sayf Cummings of Georgia State University wrote in 2016, that the "iconic building helped define the image of RTP," saying, "Love it or hate it, Rudolph's design remains an impressively audacious creative gesture and an important part of

5016-523: The composite nature of bodies. During the Industrial Revolution in Europe, demand for alkaline substances increased. A new industrial process developed by Nicolas Leblanc of Issoudun, France enabled cheap large-scale production of sodium carbonate (soda ash). In this Leblanc process , common salt is converted to soda ash, using sulfuric acid, limestone, and coal, releasing hydrogen chloride as

5104-460: The discovery of the mineral acids is aqua regia , a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in a 1:3 proportion, capable of dissolving gold. This was first described in pseudo-Geber 's De inventione veritatis ("On the Discovery of Truth", after c.  1300 ), where aqua regia was prepared by adding ammonium chloride to nitric acid. The fact that aqua regia typically is defined as

5192-440: The enzyme precursor pepsinogen into the active enzyme pepsin by self-cleavage. After leaving the stomach, the hydrochloric acid of the chyme is neutralized in the duodenum by bicarbonate . The stomach itself is protected from the strong acid by the secretion of a thick mucus layer, and by secretin induced buffering with sodium bicarbonate . Heartburn or peptic ulcers can develop when these mechanisms fail. Drugs of

5280-589: The first malaria vaccine . Malaria is responsible for over 650,000 deaths annually, mainly in Africa. Known as RTS,S , the vaccine was developed as a joint project with the PATH vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation . The company has committed to making the vaccine available in developing countries for five per cent above the cost of production. As of 2013 , RTS,S, which uses GSK's proprietary AS01 adjuvant,

5368-496: The first half of 2021. The company also agreed to a $ 2.1 billion deal with the United States to produce 100 million doses of the vaccine. SR One was established in 1985, by SmithKline Beecham to invest in new biotechnology companies and continued operating after GSK was formed; by 2003, GSK had formed another subsidiary, GSK Ventures, to out-license or start new companies around drug candidates that it did not intend to develop further. As of 2003 , SR One tended to invest only if

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5456-502: The gas hydrogen chloride . In doing so, al-Razi may have stumbled upon a primitive method for producing hydrochloric acid, as perhaps manifested in the following recipe from his Kitāb al-Asrār ("The Book of Secrets"): Take equal parts of sweet salt, Bitter salt, Ṭabarzad salt, Andarānī salt, Indian salt, salt of Al-Qilī , and salt of Urine. After adding an equal weight of good crystallised Sal-ammoniac, dissolve by moisture, and distil (the mixture). There will distil over

5544-457: The group's structure in 1947, making Glaxo the parent and obtained a listing on the London Stock Exchange . Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys in 1958. The Scottish pharmacologist David Jack was hired as a researcher for Allen & Hanburys a few years after Glaxo took it over; he went on to lead the company's research and development (R&D) until 1987. After Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it began to play an important role in

5632-510: The history of both architecture and Research Triangle Park ." United Therapeutics , which bought the building in 2012, announced plans in 2020, to tear it down. Glaxo and Wellcome merged in 1995, to form Glaxo Wellcome plc. The merger was then considered the biggest in the UK corporate history. Glaxo Wellcome restructured its R&D operation that year, cutting 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its R&D facility in Beckenham, Kent, and opening

5720-482: The hydronium ion forms hydrogen bonded complexes with other water molecules. (See Hydronium for further discussion of this issue.) The p K a value of hydrochloric acid in aqueous solution is estimated theoretically to be −5.9. A solution of hydrogen chloride in water behaves as a strong acid : the concentration of HCl molecules is effectively zero. Physical properties of hydrochloric acid, such as boiling and melting points , density , and pH , depend on

5808-487: The mercury to produce corrosive sublimate. Thirteenth-century Latin alchemists, for whom the De aluminibus et salibus was one of the main reference works, were fascinated by the chlorinating properties of corrosive sublimate, and they soon discovered that when the metals are eliminated from the process of heating vitriols, alums , and salts, strong mineral acids can directly be distilled. One important invention that resulted from

5896-409: The partnership produced. Maalox eventually became the world's best selling antacid and forever changed the company's fortunes. Liquid Maalox contains aluminum hydroxide , magnesium hydroxide , and simethicone . Maalox Regular Strength chewable tablets contain 600 mg of calcium carbonate. Maalox Extra Strength + Anti-Gas tablets contain 1000 mg of calcium carbonate and 60 mg of simethicone. Maalox

5984-500: The point of view of Western history of chemistry, hydrochloric acid was the last of the three well-known mineral acids for which the method of its production appeared in the literature. Recipes for its production started to appear in the late sixteenth century. The earliest recipes for the production of hydrochloric acid are found in Giovanni Battista Della Porta 's (1535–1615) Magiae naturalis ("Natural Magic") and in

6072-515: The potency is the same as the US industrial grade. In other countries, such as Italy, hydrochloric acid for domestic or industrial cleaning is sold as "Acido Muriatico", and its concentration ranges from 5% to 32%. Major producers worldwide include Dow Chemical at 2 million tonnes annually (Mt/year), calculated as HCl gas, Georgia Gulf Corporation , Tosoh Corporation , Akzo Nobel , and Tessenderlo at 0.5 to 1.5 Mt/year each. Total world production, for comparison purposes expressed as HCl,

6160-472: The production of heroin , cocaine , and methamphetamine . GlaxoSmithKline GSK plc (an acronym from its former name GlaxoSmithKline plc ) is a British multinational pharmaceutical and biotechnology company with headquarters in London . It was established in 2000 by a merger of Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham, which was itself a merger of a number of pharmaceutical companies around

6248-427: The production of food, food ingredients, and food additives . Typical products include aspartame , fructose , citric acid , lysine , hydrolyzed vegetable protein as food enhancer, and in gelatin production. Food-grade (extra-pure) hydrochloric acid can be applied when needed for the final product. Gastric acid is one of the main secretions of the stomach. It consists mainly of hydrochloric acid and acidifies

6336-655: The recovery of HCl from spent pickling liquor. The most common regeneration process is the pyrohydrolysis process, applying the following formula: By recuperation of the spent acid, a closed acid loop is established. The iron(III) oxide by-product of the regeneration process is valuable, used in a variety of secondary industries. Akin to its use for pickling, hydrochloric acid is used to dissolve many metals, metal oxides and metal carbonates. The conversions are often depicted in simplified equations: These processes are used to produce metal chlorides for analysis or further production. Hydrochloric acid can be used to regulate

6424-477: The required product quality. Hydrogen chloride, not hydrochloric acid, is used more widely in industrial organic chemistry, e.g. for vinyl chloride and dichloroethane . One of the most important applications of hydrochloric acid is in the pickling of steel, to remove rust or iron oxide scale from iron or steel before subsequent processing, such as extrusion , rolling , galvanizing , and other techniques. Technical quality HCl at typically 18% concentration

6512-524: The result of their efforts thus: The first clear instance of the preparation of hydrochloric acid appears in the writings of Della Porta, (1589 and 1608), Libavius (1597), pseudo-Basil (1604), van Helmont (1646) and Glauber (1648). Less convincing earlier references are found in the Plichto of Rosetti (1540) and in Agricola (1558). As for the first practical method of preparation from vitriol and common salt, there

6600-560: The stomach content to a pH of 1 to 2. Chloride (Cl ) and hydrogen (H ) ions are secreted separately in the stomach fundus region at the top of the stomach by parietal cells of the gastric mucosa into a secretory network called canaliculi before it enters the stomach lumen. Gastric acid acts as a barrier against microorganisms to prevent infections and is important for the digestion of food. Its low pH denatures proteins and thereby makes them susceptible to degradation by digestive enzymes such as pepsin . The low pH also activates

6688-421: The treatment of leukemia, allopurinol for gout , pyrimethamine for malaria , and the antibacterial trimethoprim . Among these, albendazole, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, allopurinol, mercaptopurine, mupirocin, pyrimethamine, ranitidine, thioguanine, trimethoprim, and zidovudine are on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines . In 2014, GSK applied for regulatory approval for

6776-455: The treatment of migraine), salbutamol (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), Zovirax (for the treatment of coldsores), and Retrovir and Epivir (for the treatment of AIDS). In 1999, the company was the world's largest manufacturer of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS. It employed 59,000 people, including 13,400 in the UK, had 76 operating companies and 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide, and seven of its products were among

6864-534: The waste gas in water, producing hydrochloric acid on an industrial scale. In the 20th century, the Leblanc process was effectively replaced by the Solvay process without a hydrochloric acid by-product. Since hydrochloric acid was already fully settled as an important chemical in numerous applications, the commercial interest initiated other production methods, some of which are still used today. After 2000, hydrochloric acid

6952-640: The works of other contemporary chemists like Andreas Libavius ( c.  1550 –1616), Jean Beguin (1550–1620), and Oswald Croll ( c.  1563 –1609). Among the historians who have written about this are German chemists Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp (1845) and Edmund Oscar von Lippmann (1938), mining engineer (and future U.S. president) Herbert Hoover with his wife geologist Lou Henry Hoover (1912), Dutch chemist Robert Jacobus Forbes (1948), American chemist Mary Elvira Weeks (1956), and British chemists F. Sherwood Taylor (1957) and J. R. Partington (1960). Italian chemist Ladislao Reti have summarized

7040-562: The world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceuticals. The company had R&D facilities in Hertfordshire, Kent , London and Verona (Italy), and manufacturing plants in Scotland and the north of England. It had R&D centres in the US and Japan, and production facilities in the US, Europe and the Far East. In 1848, Thomas Beecham launched his Beecham's Pills laxative in England, giving birth to

7128-492: Was a result of inspections in 2011. "Two FDA inspections that year, about five months apart, noted numerous instances of the company not addressing consumer complaints and, in some cases, ignoring them." At that time, Novartis decided to stop manufacturing Maalox at their Lincoln plant and to have third parties produce it. The problems at the Lincoln plant included the possibility of chipped particles from one medication being mixed into

7216-569: Was appointed chairman of the board in 2005. GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in 2007, in Shanghai, initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases. Andrew Witty became the chief executive officer in 2008. Witty joined Glaxo in 1985, and had been president of GSK's Pharmaceuticals Europe since 2003. In 2009, GSK acquired Stiefel Laboratories , then the world's largest independent dermatology drug company, for US$ 3.6 billion . In November 2009,

7304-756: Was being examined in a Phase 3 trial in eight African countries. PATH reported that "[i]n the 12-month period following vaccination, RTS,S conferred approximately 50% protection from clinical Plasmodium falciparum disease in children aged 5-17 months, and approximately 30% protection in children aged 6-12 weeks when administered in conjunction with Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) vaccines." In 2014, Glaxo said it had spent more than US$ 350   million and expected to spend an additional US$ 260   million before seeking regulatory approval. GSK's consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2   billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, including Aquafresh , Macleans and Sensodyne toothpastes. GSK also previously owned

7392-692: Was called marine acid air . The name muriatic acid has the same origin ( muriatic means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence muriate means hydrochloride ), and this name is still sometimes used. The name hydrochloric acid was coined by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1814. In the early tenth century, the Persian physician and alchemist Abu Bakr al-Razi ( c.  865 –925, Latin: Rhazes) conducted experiments with sal ammoniac ( ammonium chloride ) and vitriol (hydrated sulfates of various metals), which he distilled together, thus producing

7480-651: Was developed in a collaboration between William H. Rorer, Inc. , and a medical doctor and researcher specializing in gastrointestinal issues, Alison Howe Price from Philadelphia . The collaboration occurred after World War II when Claude Newhart, a salesman and pharmacist for the company, had an idea that he thought might change the company's fortunes. According to the Rorer family, he suggested that instead of selling pain relievers manufactured by others, they should create their own products. Gerald Rorer, then President of Rorer, told Newhart to "go and find something." Newhart took up

7568-493: Was erected at a cost of £300   million and as of 2002 was home to 3,000 administrative staff. GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey–based Block Drug in 2001, for US$ 1.24 billion . In 2006, GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary supplements, for US$ 566   million in cash. Chris Gent , previously CEO of Vodafone ,

7656-441: Was first known as Defiance, then as Glaxo (from lacto ), and sold with the slogan "Glaxo builds bonnie babies." The Glaxo Laboratories sign is still visible on what is now a car repair shop on the main street of Bunnythorpe. The company's first pharmaceutical product, released in 1924, was vitamin D. Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a distinct subsidiary company in London in 1935. Joseph Nathan's shareholders reorganised

7744-413: Was to be merged, along with other consumer brands, with the consumer brands of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK). This was part of a $ 20 billion exchange of business units between the two companies. Hydrochloric acid Hydrochloric acid , also known as muriatic acid or spirits of salt , is an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl). It is a colorless solution with a distinctive pungent smell. It

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