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89-684: In 1847, the Maćica Serbska was founded in Bautzen by Handrij Zejler , Jan Arnošt Smoler , Korla Jan Smoler, Křesćan Bohuwěr Pful, and others as a Sorbian publishing house. By and by, it became the center of Sorbian culture and research in Sorbian studies. The association issued its own magazine Časopis Maćicy Serbskeje (ČMS) from 1848 to 1937. In 1848, during the German revolutions , the Maćica unsuccessfully petitioned

178-530: A chronicle". Asteroid 11580 Bautzen is named in honour of the city. Like other cities and places in Lusatia , Bautzen has several different names across languages. Its German name was also officially changed in 1868. Besides Bautzen (German) and Budyšin ( Upper Sorbian ), the town has had the following names: The town on the River Spree is situated about 50 km (31 mi) east of Dresden between

267-639: A city wall on the steep embankment to the river Spree , with one of the oldest preserved waterworks in central Europe (built 1558). Sites of interest include: There are six museums in Bautzen, including the Stadtmuseum Bautzen ("Bautzen city Museum"), the Sorbisches Museum ("Sorbian Museum", Sorbian: Serbski muzej ) and the Senfmuseum ( Mustard Museum ). Bautzen is the seat of several institutions of

356-606: A measure that later could be rescinded in a long and arduous process of negotiations. Ferdinand's successor Emperor Maximilian II officially implemented the Lutheran Confessio Augustana in 1564. Nevertheless, the Upper Lusatian lands did not remain untouched by the rising conflicts in the course of the Counter-Reformation in the neighbouring lands of Bohemia and Moravia. The Margraviate of Upper Lusatia

445-591: A migration background. (as of December 31 unless otherwise stated) The Bautzen City Council consists of 34 members. It meets either in the Town Hall  [ de ; hsb ] or in the Gewandhaus  [ de ] . There are also four local councils (Niederkaina, Stiebitz, Kleinwelka, and Salzenforst-Bolbritz), whose honorary members are elected for five years. Bautzen has a very compact and well-preserved medieval town centre with numerous churches and towers and

534-525: A result, the Milceni lands, despite persistent militant struggles, became part of the vast Marca Geronis under the Saxon margrave Gero and after 965 of the newly established Margraviate of Meissen . All the major wall ring castles in the border areas were strengthened and prepared as starting points for further conquests. In place of the Milceni castles, German Burgwards appeared (first mentioned 1006), such as

623-629: A separate Upper Lusatian nobility emerged. This nobility controlled the land on behalf of the king or the margraves and in return received the country as a fief . Unlike in neighbouring Bohemia , the nobles held no allodial titles , as the conquered Milceni Land as a whole belonged to the king. In 1241 the boundary between the possessions of the Meissen bishops and the Bohemian Crown in Upper Lusatia were agreed by contract. For centuries, from as early as

712-711: Is a historical region in Germany and Poland . Along with Lower Lusatia to the north, it makes up the region of Lusatia , named after the Slavic Lusici tribe. Both parts of Lusatia are home to the West Slavic minority group of the Sorbs . The major part of Upper Lusatia is part of the German federal state of Saxony , roughly comprising Bautzen district and Görlitz district . The northwestern extremity, around Ruhland and Tettau ,

801-1336: Is bordered by Radibor , Großdubrau and Malschwitz in the North, Kubschütz in the East, Großpostwitz , Obergurig and Doberschau-Gaußig in the South, as well as Göda in the West. All of these belong to the Bautzen district . The 15 city districts are: Duchy of Poland 1002-1025 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Poland 1025–1032 [REDACTED] Margraviate of Meissen 1032-1075 [REDACTED] Duchy of Bohemia 1075–1198 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Bohemia 1198–1253 [REDACTED] Margraviate of Brandenburg 1253-1319 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Bohemia 1319-1469 [REDACTED] Kingdom of Hungary 1469-1490 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Bohemia 1490-1635 [REDACTED]   Electorate of Saxony 1635–1806 [REDACTED]   Kingdom of Saxony 1806-1871 [REDACTED]   German Empire 1871-1918 [REDACTED]   Weimar Republic 1918-1933 [REDACTED]   Nazi Germany 1933-1945 [REDACTED]   Allied-occupied Germany 1945-1949 [REDACTED]   East Germany 1949–1990 [REDACTED]   Germany 1990– present In

890-491: Is bordered by the city walls. The later-built more recent quarters in the east were enclosed by the city ramparts. After their removal, the city expanded further east and to the left bank of the river. However, there has only been a small urban area west of the Spree until today. In the 1970s, the development areas of "Gesundbrunnen" and "Allendeviertel" were erected. After 1990, several neighbouring villages were incorporated. The city

979-586: Is common. In the east, Silesian is still spoken by some. The greatest density of population can be found in the German-Polish twin city of Görlitz/Zgorzelec. Currently 91,000 inhabitants, 33,000 in the Polish part, live there. In the German part of Upper Lusatia, the population has been declining since the 1990s. Young people leave the region because the unemployment in Eastern Saxony is particularly high. This and

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1068-644: Is incorporated into the Oberspreewald-Lausitz district of the state of Brandenburg . The eastern part of Upper Lusatia is in Poland, east of the Neisse ( Nysa ) river , in Lower Silesian Voivodeship . A small strip of land in the north around Łęknica is incorporated into Lubusz Voivodeship , along with the Polish part of Lower Lusatia . The historic capital of Upper Lusatia is Bautzen/Budyšin , while

1157-667: Is marked by the River Kwisa , who flows past Lubań and continues north towards the Silesian lands into the Bóbr river. The central hilly Gefilde ( Pahórčina ) landscape between Kamenz and Löbau was especially well suited for agriculture and is still very profitable. In the 19th century, in the northern part of Upper Lusatia, in the east on both sides of the Neisse river and around Hoyerswerda large quantities of brown coal were found. Especially

1246-449: Is produced in Bautzen. It is the market leader in the new states of Germany with a market share of 65 percent. Bautzen is twinned with: Upper Lusatia Upper Lusatia ( German : Oberlausitz [ˈoːbɐˌlaʊ̯zɪt͡s] ; Upper Sorbian : Hornja Łužica , pronounced [ˈhɔʁnʲa ˈwuʒitsa] ; Lower Sorbian : Górna Łužyca ; Polish : Łużyce Górne or Milsko ; Czech : Horní Lužice )

1335-526: Is rich in architecture from various reigns, including Czech, Polish, German and Hungarian, whose styles range from Gothic through Renaissance and Baroque to modern architecture. The Muskau Park in Bad Muskau ( Mužakow ) and Łęknica is a World Heritage Site and Historic Monument of Poland . Poland's oldest tree, the over-1200-year-old Henryków yew ( Cis henrykowski ) in Henryków Lubański ,

1424-602: Is shaped by the uniform Lusatian granite massif, only the north and northeast, the plain of the Upper Lusatian Heath and Pond Landscape is Pleistocene formed. The UNESCO has declared this area a Biosphere Reserve in 1996, in particular for the protection of otters . The middle part is hilly, while the south is characterized by the Lusatian Mountains , the westernmost range of the Sudetes . The highest elevations of

1513-712: Is the 1st Horse Artillery Company of the Jan Henryk Dąbrowski Division and 2nd Horse Artillery Company of the VIII Corps of Prince Józef Poniatowski . According to the Final Act of the 1815 Congress of Vienna , the northeastern part of Upper Lusatia passed from the Kingdom of Saxony to the Kingdom of Prussia . The new demarcation line ran from Ruhland in the northwest to the Bohemian border at Seidenberg (Zawidów) in

1602-513: Is the political and cultural center of the entirety of the Slavic minority of the Sorbs (Upper and Lower), although Lower Lusatia and the Lower Sorbian -speaking Sorbs have an own, second center, which is Cottbus . About 10 percent of Bautzen's population is Upper Sorbian -speaking. The use of the language is more widespread in the countryside surrounding the town than in the town itself. Bautzen

1691-611: Is the seat of several Sorbian institutions like the Domowina , the German-Sorbian People's Theater ( Němsko-Serbske ludowe dźiwadło ), and Sorbian Broadcasting ( Sorbischer Rundfunk , Serbski rozhłós ). From 1346 until 1815, the town was a member of the Lusatian League . The Bautzen Wenceslaus' Market ( Bautzener Wenzelsmarkt , Upper Sorbian: Budyske Wjacławske wiki ) is "Germany's oldest Christmas market mentioned in

1780-533: The Czech Reformation . In alliance with Emperor Sigismund and Lower Lusatian nobles, the cities waged war against the insurgents. In turn Kamenz , Reichenbach and Löbau , as well as Zittau and Lubań were conquered by the Hussites and devastated. Only the two largest cities, Bautzen and Görlitz, could stand up to the sieges. The Hussite Wars eased the links of Upper Lusatia to the Bohemian Crown, and because of

1869-714: The German Academy of Sciences at Berlin . Following the Peaceful Revolution , the Maćica Serbska was reestablished in 1991 and became a member of the Sorbian umbrella organization Domowina in 1992. In 1993, the Maśica Serbska was reestablished, too. The Maćica organizes conferences on Sorbian history and culture, e.g. its annual main conference in Bautzen, and internationally, it co-organizes conferences on Slavic studies . It also organizes speeches and other events in

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1958-650: The Gross-Rosen concentration camp , the prisoners of which were mostly Jews, Poles and Russians, but also Frenchmen, Italians, Yugoslavs, Czechs, Belgians, etc. During the war, the Poles postulated that after the defeat of Germany, the Sorbs should be allowed free national development either within the borders of Poland or Czechoslovakia , or as an independent Sorbian state in alliance with Poland. The Eastern Front reached Lusatia in early 1945, with Soviet and Polish troops defeating

2047-541: The Groß-Rosen concentration camp operated in Bautzen. At least 600 men, mostly Poles, but also of other nationalities, were imprisoned there, about 310 of whom died. Ernst Thälmann was imprisoned there before being deported to Buchenwald . In April 1945, the Germans evacuated many prisoners on foot to Nixdorf , where they were liberated by Polish troops on May 8, 1945, while the remaining prisoners were liberated in Bautzen by

2136-670: The Hungarian king Matthias Corvinus , who had conquered Moravia , Silesia and both Lusatias, but never ruled in Bohemia itself. Until the 1479 Peace of Olomouc with King Vladislaus II , the Lusatian League took part in Matthias' war for the Bohemian Crown. Matthias tried to manage his country more efficient. In Silesia, he therefore installed the office of an Oberlandeshauptmann (Upper State Governor), to whom both Lusatias were subjected. This

2225-612: The Landeskrone (420 m), Löbauer Berg (448 m), Kottmar (583 m), Czorneboh (561 m), Bieleboh (499 m), and Valtenberg (587 m). However, the highest point of historic Upper Lusatia is the Tafelstein (Tabulový Kámen) in the Polish part, located at 1,123 m (3,684 ft) on the eastern slopes of the Smrk ( Smrek ) in the Jizera Mountains , the border tripoint of Upper Lusatia with

2314-580: The Lusatian Lake District . Today, Upper Lusatia is grouped into eight natural regions or landscapes: The hunters of the Middle Stone Age (until about 8000 BC) only crossed through the area. Even the oldest agricultural cultures (4500 BC to 3300 BC) left behind only little evidence of settlement. In the early Bronze Age (11th century BC to 9th century BC) people of the Lusatian culture entered

2403-511: The Lusatian League . The united forces of the cities should secure the public peace and override local robber barons . This was also in the sense of the sovereign, King Charles IV , who supported the League with numerous privileges. The six municipalities in the subsequent period were able to prevail successfully against the nobility. With their increased economic prosperity they gained political influence. They were able to purchase numerous villages in

2492-564: The Lusatian highland and the lowlands in the north, amidst the region of Upper Lusatia . To the north stretches the Bautzen Reservoir , which was flooded in 1974. This is the former location of the villages of Malsitz ( Małšecy ) and Nimschütz ( Hněwsecy ). The old part of Bautzen is located on the plateau above the Spree, whose top is marked by the Ortenburg  [ de ] castle. It

2581-565: The Lutheran doctrine finally prevailed in most parishes, as in Upper Lusatia not the Bohemian sovereign introduced the Reformation but the local city councils and noble lords. When King Louis II was killed at the 1526 Battle of Mohács , his crown lands including Upper Lusatia were inherited by his Habsburg brother-in-law Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria , husband of the late king's sister Anne of Bohemia . During his only visit in 1537, he received

2670-716: The Nazi Party came to power in Germany in 1933, many political prisoners were held in the Bautzen I and Bautzen II prisons, built in 1904 and 1906, respectively. During the Kristallnacht in 1938, local Jews were persecuted and Jewish-owned businesses were destroyed. During World War II , in 1942–1943, the Nazis conducted three trials of members of the Polish resistance at the local court, sentencing thirteen to death. The AL Bautzen subcamp of

2759-567: The Oder–Neisse line . This new border split the historic region of Upper Lusatia between the two countries. From 1949, up to 7,000 Greeks and Macedonians , refugees of the Greek Civil War , settled in Zgorzelec and Lubań , however, many soon relocated to other places in Poland. Today approximately 780,000 people live in Upper Lusatia, nearly 157,000 of them in the Polish part to the east of

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2848-687: The Peace of Bautzen on 30 January 1018, which assigned the Milceni lands of Upper Lusatia and Lusatia proper (today Lower Lusatia) to Poland. After the victory of Emperor Conrad II over the Polish king Mieszko II Lambert in 1031, Upper Lusatia again came under the rule of the Meissen margraves, confirmed by the 1033 Treaty of Merseburg . During the Investiture Controversy in 1076, King Henry IV of Germany granted Budissin Land to Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia as an Imperial fief in turn for his support in

2937-578: The Saxon Rebellion . The son-in-law of Vratislaus, Count Wiprecht of Groitzsch , ruled it independently from 1084 to 1108 residing at Ortenburg Castle. In 1091, a further donation to the church was made, when Henry IV transferred five other villages in the Milzenerland , four of them south of Göda. For 1144 it is documented that the Zagost province, an area southeast of Görlitz around Zawidów ( Seidenberg ),

3026-549: The Sorbian settlement area . The association helps maintaining Sorbian monuments and promotes the creation of new monuments. The Maćica Serbska entertains close relations with its sister associations Matice slezská, Matice moravská, Matica slovenská , and Matica srpska . As of 2014, it has 117 registered members, most of which live in Lusatia , but also in other regions of Germany, in Russia, Poland, Czechia, Slovakia, England, Finland or

3115-427: The Thirty Years' War , although the administrative practice changed frequently. During the reign of the House of Ascania the division of Upper Lusatia into the countries of Bautzen (Budissin) and Görlitz by Margrave Otto IV of Brandenburg in 1268 was the most important event. Although the autonomy of Görlitz Land ended in 1329 (shortly revived under Duke John of Görlitz between 1377 and 1396), it permanently divided

3204-446: The college of St. Peter in Bautzen , which was richly endowed by King Ottokar I of Bohemia and his successors; Queen Kunigunde in 1234 donated the Cistercian monastery of St. Marienthal , which was subjected to the Diocese of Prague in 1244, and Bishop Bernhard in 1248 founded the second Cistercian monastery of St. Marienstern in Kuckau/Kukow . The forest clearance from about the year 1100, mainly by Sorbian peasants, expanded

3293-414: The homage by the estates; however the rule was entrusted to the Bohemian Hofmeister Zdislav Berka of Dubá as Landvogt in Bautzen, who was not able to reach a settlement between the League and the local nobility. King Ferdinand himself took contradictory decisions, that did not resolve the continuous struggle over the hegemony in the Upper Lusatian lands. The stance of the nobility was strengthened with

3382-406: The 15th century prelates , nobles and cities could, without the consent of the king's, assemble and take decisions. Thus, the Landtag was, next to the king, the legislative body of Upper Lusatia. The power of the cities had the effect that there were only two voting estates: The cities had extensive judicial powers over the subjects of many knights and over the nobles themselves. The supreme court

3471-427: The 1840s, Polish Romantic poet Roman Zmorski  [ pl ] issued the Polish newspaper Stadło in Budissin and co-operated with the Sorbs. In the interbellum, the German government carried out a massive campaign of changing of place names in Lusatia in order to erase traces of Slavic origin, and while most of the historic names were restored after World War II , some were retained. During World War II,

3560-409: The 3rd century AD an eastern Germanic settlement existed here, but excavations have proved that the region was already inhabited as early as the late Stone Age . Sorbs arrived in the area during the migration period in the 6th century AD. The first written evidence of the city is from 1002 under the name Budusin ( Upper Sorbian : Budyšin , Polish: Budziszyn ). In 1018 the Peace of Bautzen

3649-406: The Bohemian king, but retained the remaining towns. In the same year John incorporated the terra et civitas goerlic into the Bohemian Crown, which tied Upper Lusatia closely and permanently with the Kingdom of Bohemia, without affecting Upper Lusatias internal order. In 1346 the five royal cities of Upper Lusatia and Zittau, which had fallen to Bohemia upon the death of Duke Henry of Jawor, founded

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3738-410: The GDR's Ministry for State Security , has served as an open memorial since 1993, operated by the Saxon Memorials Foundation. It is accessible to the public. Guided tours are provided and occasionally, films are screened. A permanent exhibition depicts the misery suffered by occupants; visitors may tour detention cells, the isolation area and the yards where prisoners were allowed to exercise. In 2002

3827-406: The German part of Upper Lusatia are in the Zittau Mountains (Lusatian Ridge), part of the Lusatian Mountains forming the border with the adjacent Bohemian region in the south, which today belong to the Czech Republic . The highest peaks of the Zittau Mountains are the Lausche at 792.6 m (2,600 ft)and Hochwald at 749 m (2,457 ft). The adjacent Lusatian Highlands comprise

3916-405: The Germans and capturing the region. In Horka , on 26 April 1945, the Germans carried out a massacre of a field hospital column of the 9th Polish Armored Division, killing some 300 POWs, mostly wounded soldiers and medical personnel (see German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war ). After the end of World War II in 1945, the border between East Germany and Poland was fixed at

4005-458: The Germans operated the Stalag IV-A , Stalag VIII-A and Oflag IV-D prisoner-of-war camps for Polish POWs and civilians, and French , Belgian, British, Australian, New Zealander, Canadian, South African, Italian , Serbian, Soviet, Slovak and American POWs with multiple forced labour subcamps in the region. There were also several Nazi prisons with multiple forced labour subcamps, including in Görlitz and Zittau and multiple subcamps of

4094-408: The Landogt, who traditionally descended from the nobility of the Bohemian crown lands. However, before 1620, only one Upper Lusatian noble was able to assume the office. In Bautzen and Görlitz moreover two Amtshauptmänner existed. These three officials, with several secretaries, formed the entire royal administration. The country's centre of power was the Landtag assembly of the estates. Ever since

4183-460: The Middle Ages, trade flourished, and several important trade routes ran through Lusatia, connecting German states in the west, Poland in the east and Bohemia in the south. Between the death of King Wenceslaus I of Bohemia in 1253 and 1262, the Ascanian margraves of Brandenburg attained Budissin Land. Neither the exact date of the acquisition nor the legal form of ownership – feud, marriage or pledge rule – can be established with certainty. With

4272-455: The Neisse river. A part of the country belongs to the settlement area of the Sorbs. Between Kamenz, Bautzen and Hoyerswerda, about 20,000 people speak Sorbian . However, the German population is not culturally homogeneous, and the cultural borders can be quite well identified by the different dialect groups. While in the region around Bautzen a good deal of High German is spoken, in the south the Upper Lusatian dialect of German ( Oberlausitzisch ),

4361-399: The Netherlands. Its best known members were: Bautzen Bautzen ( German pronunciation: [ˈbaʊ̯t͡sn̩] ) or Budyšin ( Upper Sorbian pronunciation: [ˈbudɨʃin] ), until 1868 Budissin in German, is a town in eastern Saxony , Germany , and the administrative centre of the district of Bautzen . It is located on the Spree river , is

4450-419: The Ortenburg Castle in Bautzen, or the castles of Göda/Hodźij and Doberschau/Dobruša . In the year 1002 the city of Bautzen was first mentioned by the chronicler Thietmar of Merseburg . Until the second half of the 10th century the fights continued, and in 990 the Milceni were finally subdued by Margrave Eckard I of Meissen . The church of Upper Lusatia was assigned to the Diocese of Meissen in 968. In 1007,

4539-409: The Peaceful Revolution of 1990, however, the city’s population declined significantly, dropping from 52,000 in 1989 to around 38,000, largely due to emigration and low birth rates. Since the early 2000s, this decline has slowed considerably. Today, Bautzen ranks as the 10th largest city in Saxony by population. As of December 31, 2011, 98.3% of Bautzen's residents were of German origin, with 6.1% having

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4628-437: The Saxon Court to emancipate the Sorbian language in education and local administration. In the second half of the 19th century, the Maćica played a crucial role in creating a uniform Upper Sorbian written language. A Lower Sorbian department, the Maśica Serbska , was founded in Cottbus in 1880 at the instance of Hendrich Jordan and Kito Šwjela. In Bautzen, the Maćica built the Serbski dom (inaugurated in 1904), which

4717-430: The Soviets on April 20, 1945. Between 21 April and 30 April 1945, the Battle of Bautzen was fought which resulted in the town being recaptured by the German army. This meant Bautzen and its surroundings stayed in German hands until Germany's capitulation . From 1952 to 1990, Bautzen was part of the Bezirk Dresden of East Germany . Bautzen was infamous throughout East Germany for its two penitentiaries. "Bautzen I"

4806-404: The Upper Lusatian nobility and the municipal administration. In Görlitz Land henceforth own meetings nobility took place, which also remained the case after the reunification of the two countries. The town of Görlitz, centre of the eastern phalf, rapidly gained importance and became economically the strongest city of Upper Lusatia. After the extinction of the Ascanian dynasty in 1319, the rulers of

4895-399: The association disbanded. The Serbski dom was destroyed in 1945. Immediately after the war, the Maćica resumed its activity. On demand of the Soviet administration, it had to give up its independence, becoming a part of Domowina in 1949. In 1951, the coordination of research in Sorbian studies traditionally done by the Maćica was handed over to the newly founded Serbski institut , a part of

4984-400: The city commemorated its 1000th birthday. In 2010 it was hit by a flood. During the Early Middle Ages, Bautzen was one of the largest cities in Central Germany. However, from around the 15th century, its population growth began to stagnate. The relatively late onset of industrialization in Bautzen brought new momentum, leading to population growth even during the era of East Germany. Following

5073-477: The country and flows through Bautzen. The Lusatian Neisse has formed the German-Polish border since 1945. The river rises in the Czech Jizera Mountains , enters Upper Lusatia near Zittau , flows through Görlitz/Zgorzelec and leaves the country at Bad Muskau for Lower Lusatia. Most of the smaller rivers are called -wasser (water), often in combination with the name of a village which the stream flows through. The eastern border of Upper Lusatia with Lower Silesia

5162-535: The cultivated land. New places in the northern area around Hoyerswerda/Wojerecy arose. The country's expansion intensified in the middle of the 12th century under the Bohemian kings , which was almost carried out as a competition with the Meissen bishops. German peasants, who cleared the large forest areas and created many new villages, were brought into the country in the course of the Ostsiedlung . Often Slavic (Sorbian) hamlets were also extended by German settlers. The new German farmers were legally better off than

5251-434: The cultural self-administration of the Sorbian people : Alstom Transportation operates a large factory on Fabrikstraße making railway locomotives, carriages and trams. It was built by the former VEB Waggonbau Bautzen, which was acquired by Bombardier Transportation in 1998 via Deutsche Waggonbau and acquired by Alstom when Bombardier Transportation was sold by parent Bombardier Inc. in 2021. The mustard Bautz'ner Senf

5340-402: The digging in open pits has destroyed large parts of the old cultural landscape. Currently the Nochten pit south of Weißwasser and Turów near Bogatynia in the Polish part are still active. Many of the old coal mines have been restored since the 1970s, especially after 1990, when particular attention was paid to revitalize the landscape. The newly formed lakes are already named and advertised as

5429-441: The diocese received the first donation in Milceni lands, the castles Ostrusna (probably Ostritz ) and Godobi (Göda). Soon, however, the German feudal rule was threatened by the ascending Kingdom of Poland and its western expansion. In 1002 Bolesław I Chrobry conquered both Upper and Lower Lusatia and forced German king Henry II to enfeoff him with the Gau Milsca . After several volatile and bitter feuds both parties signed

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5518-401: The eighth most populous town in Saxony , and is the seat of Saxony's largest district . Bautzen lies in the bilingual Sorbian settlement area ( Serbski sydlenski rum ) of Lusatia , and is Lusatia's third-largest town after Cottbus and Görlitz , as well as the second-largest town in Upper Lusatia . The town lies in the hilly Upper Lusatian Gefilde ( Hornjołužiske hona ), a part of

5607-431: The establishment of a Landvogt as deputy of the Ascanian ruler they created the most important office in Upper Lusatia. In principle, the powers of the burggraves and judges from Bohemians time were united in one hand and even expanded. The Landvogt was the country's highest official, he decided in feudal matters, presided in the supreme court and was military commander-in-chief. The Landvogts remained in power until after

5696-495: The establishment of the Upper Lusatian state countries of Muskau , Seidenberg, Hoyerswerda, and Königsbrück. King Ferdinand was dependent on support and taxes in the ongoing Ottoman–Habsburg wars and neither could afford to estrange the nobles nor to force back spreading Protestantism . In turn the estates, unlike the Bohemian utraquists , remained neutral in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47 and even arranged troops in support of Ferdinand's brother Emperor Charles V —against

5785-405: The fierce protest of reformer Johannes Bugenhagen . In contrast, the hesitant Lusatian League was not able to prolong military support up to the decisive Battle of Mühlberg . Furious King Ferdinand ordered the League's representatives to his Bohemian court at Prague , where he sentenced the cities to pay an enormous fine and seized their properties. Moreover, he revoked all the League's privileges,

5874-499: The first Protestant sermons were preached in 1520 and 1521, although the nobility, the city councils and King Louis II of Bohemia tried to prevent its spread. In Görlitz and Bautzen the municipal authorities however soon conceded the pressure of the population and officially adopted the Protestant Reformation in 1523 and 1524, though only in small cautious steps. In particular, the chapter of St. Peter in Bautzen resisted successfully and remained Catholic . Overall, it took decades until

5963-423: The following 200 years and a significant proportion of the country fell under the direct rule of the city councils. In addition, within the so-called Weichbild enlarged municipal area, they were able to enforce their jurisdiction over large parts of the local nobility and its possessions. When the Hussite revolution erupted in the beginning of the 15th century in Bohemia, the League took up an adverse stance over

6052-412: The historical region of Lower Silesia to the east and Bohemia to the south. All major rivers in the Upper Lusatia flow from south to north. In the west, the Pulsnitz at Königsbrück (the "Gate to Upper Lusatia" on the Via Regia trade route) formerly marked the border with the Meissen lands of the Saxon Electorate . The Spree river has its source in the Lusatian Highlands in the far south of

6141-480: The investiture with Ortenburg Castle and Land Budissin, which both became reality two years later. Therewith the first Bohemian period in the history of Upper Lusatia, with far-reaching consequences for the development of the country, began. In the first century of Přemyslid rule all major towns of Upper Lusatia, and all major religious institutions of the country – apart from the older Bautzen – were established. The Meissen bishop Bruno II from 1213 to 1218 established

6230-501: The largest city in the region is Görlitz / Zgorzelec , halved between Germany and Poland since 1945. The name Lusatia superior was first recorded in a 1474 deed, derived from the adjacent Lower Lusatian lands in the north, which originally were just called the March of Lusatia . The Upper Lusatian territory was previously referred to as Milsko in contemporary chronicles, named after the local West Slavic Milceni tribe, later also called Land Budissin . Geomorphological Upper Lusatia

6319-406: The low birth rate have led to severe aging of the population. In the absence of available jobs, minimal influx of foreigners is noticeable. The Polish part of Upper Lusatia is, apart from Zgorzelec, Lubań and Bogatynia, only sparsely populated and the area belongs to an economically weak region of Poland: only the coal-fired power plant in Turów offers a larger number of industrial jobs. The region

6408-412: The name was officially changed from Budissin to the more Germanized form Bautzen . In 1839, the Sorbian student organization Societas Slavica Budissenensis was founded in the city. In 1845, the Sorbian national anthem was publicly performed for the first time in the city. The Sorbian House (Upper Sorbian: Serbski Dom ), a Sorbian cultural centre, was opened in the city in 1904. After

6497-548: The neighboring territories, including King John of Bohemia from the mighty House of Luxembourg , claimed Upper Lusatia for themselves. The Bohemian king again received the western lands around Bautzen in 1319 from Emperor Louis the Bavarian . The eastern part with Görlitz, Zittau and Lubań passed to the Duchy of Jawor , the southwesternmost duchy of fragmented Piast -ruled Poland. In 1329 Duke Henry I of Jawor had to cede Görlitz to

6586-551: The northwesternmost foothills of the Sudetes , just north of the Lusatian Highlands . Bautzen is the first larger town on the Spree River ( Spree → Havel → Elbe → North Sea ), and the Bautzen Reservoir ( Budyska rěčna zawěra ) lies in the north of the town. In 2021, Bautzen had a population of around 38,000. Although Görlitz is larger, it is Bautzen that is regarded as the historical capital of Upper Lusatia . Bautzen

6675-576: The old-established population. The majority of the Sorbians peasants were serfs and had to perform serjeanty . The new (mostly German) villages could manage their affairs also relatively autonomously. However, when Sorbian peasants were involved in the Landesausbau development of the country, they enjoyed the same rights as the German colonists. Due to immigration from the west of the Elbe River, over time

6764-521: The previously uninhabited region from Bohemia and the Lusatian Neisse . Archeological evidence documents a path between the settlement areas around Bautzen/Budyšin and Zittau/Žitawa . A fortified hill from the 10th century BC, the Schafsberg near Löbau/Lubij played a special role. Another significant settlement was on the cliff above the Spree river, where in the course of history Bautzens Ortenburg

6853-696: The region's ties to Poland are the 18th-century mileposts decorated with the coat of arms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth located in various towns in the region. Polish-Sorbian contacts increased in that period. With the Age of Enlightenment , the Sorbian national revival began and resistance to Germanization emerged. During the Napoleonic Wars , in 1813, Polish troops stayed in the region and two Polish military units were established in Zittau , that

6942-596: The residences of Slavic nobility. The independent development of the West Slavic tribes was interrupted in the 10th century by the expansion of the German state of East Francia . With the raids of 921/922 and 928/929 King Henry the Fowler initiated a period of military subjugation of the Polabian Slavs . In 932 the Milceni were forced to pay tribute. After Henry's death in 936 the Milceni once again became independent, but were subdued again in 939 by King Otto I of Germany . As

7031-526: The southeast. The Upper Lusatian territory north of it, i.e. the districts of Hoyerswerda , Rothenburg , Görlitz and Lauban (Lubań) , was attached to the Prussian Province of Silesia . Though this area had never been affiliated with historic Silesia before, it is still referred to as "Silesian Upper Lusatia" ( Schlesische Oberlausitz ), e.g. by the local body of the Evangelical Church . In

7120-707: The town at that time. From 1346 to 1815, it was a member of the Six Cities' Alliance of the Upper Lusatian cities of Görlitz , Zittau , Löbau , Kamenz , Lubań , and Bautzen. In 1429 and 1431 the town was unsuccessfully besieged by the Hussites . In 1634, it was destroyed by the Swedes during the Thirty Years' War . It was the site of one of the battlefields of the Napoleonic War Battle of Bautzen in 1813. In 1868,

7209-568: The weakness of the kingdom the internal affairs of the margraviate were regulated largely without royal interference. During this time the Upper Lusatian Landtag (diet) developed into the main instrument of the estates' autonomy. In 1469 the Upper Lusatian estates even seceded from the Bohemian king George of Poděbrady , because of his utraquist confession, which the Pope had condemned as heretical. Upper Lusatia rendered homage to his rival,

7298-551: Was a part of Budissin Land. Also in this region, the Diocese of Meissen was equipped with possessions. Upper Lusatia reached the Kwisa ( Queis ), the border to Silesia and its largest expansion to the east, already in the 12th century. In 1156 Emperor Frederick Barbarossa signed an alliance with the Přemyslid duke Vladislaus II of Bohemia . He not only promised him the royal crown but also

7387-541: Was built, dominant and administrative center of what would become Upper Lusatia. Slavs settled in the region from the 7th century. In the area between today's cities of Kamenz/Kamjenc and Löbau the tribe of the Milceni was located. Their center was a fortified town at the site of today's Ortenburg in Bautzen. Another early Slavic settlement was situated in the valley of the Neisse river. The rural Sorbian population erected numerous hill forts, which were tribal centers as well as

7476-423: Was considered a threat to autonomy by the Upper Lusatian estates. Upon the death of Matthias Corvinus in 1490, Upper Lusatia again became a constituent Land of the Bohemian Crown . The hated Landvogt of King Matthias, Georg von Stein, was immediately expelled from Bautzens Ortenburg. At the end of the 15th century the political system of the margraviate was largely stabilized. Deputy of the absent sovereign remained

7565-524: Was financed by means of donations. The Serbski dom served as a Sorbian museum , archive, library and event venue for the Maćica and other Sorbian associations. The Lower Sorbian Maśica Serbska organized the Spreewälder Volks- und Trachtenfeste in Vetschau from 1929 to 1932. The Nazi government prohibited all public activities of Sorbian associations in 1937. In 1941, the Maćica's assets were seized and

7654-675: Was signed between the German king Henry II and the Polish ruler Bolesław I the Brave . The treaty left the town under Polish rule. In 1032 it passed to the Margraviate of Meissen within the Holy Roman Empire , in 1075 to the Duchy of Bohemia , elevated to a kingdom in 1198 (with short periods of Brandenburgian and Hungarian rule), in 1635 to Saxony , whose electors were also Polish kings in personal union from 1697 to 1763. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through

7743-635: Was the court of the land and the cities, which was formed together by both estates. According to the privilegium de non-appellando , a decision was final and couldn't be changed at the royal courts in Prague. The cities' supremacy remained a thorn in the side of the Upper Lusatian nobility. Only a few years after Martin Luther put up The Ninety-Five Theses in Saxon Wittenberg , his Reformative ideas spread all over Upper Lusatia. In Görlitz, Bautzen and Zittau,

7832-574: Was transferred by the Peace of Prague (1635) to the Electorate of Saxony . Two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through the region in the 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled the routes. Numerous Polish dignitaries also traveled through Upper Lusatia on several occasions, and some Polish nobles owned estates in Lusatia. A distinct remnant of

7921-483: Was used as an official prison, soon to be nicknamed Gelbes Elend ("Yellow Misery") due to its outer colour, whereas the more secretive " Bautzen II " was used as a facility to hold political prisoners, dissidents and prisoners of conscience. Today, Bautzen I is known as the Bautzen Correctional Institution and is used to hold prisoners who are awaiting trial. Bautzen II which was also operated by

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