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52-582: During a cast-off maneuver in Civitavecchia , the MSC Lirica was pressed against the pier facilities on 2 November 2007 in strong winds and damaged in the bow area on the port side. The ship was repaired in dry dock between 12 and 17 November 2007 and returned to Fort Lauderdale on 4 December. The MSC Lirica was lengthened in November 2015. On 12 March 2021, the ship caught on fire amidships during lay-up at

104-514: A vivarium there and also in 173 by Commodus . Inscriptions from between the 2nd and 3rd centuries from a cemetery near the Roman harbour prove the presence of classiari , sailors from the navy, and also of a noble class. They also tell of the number and type of ships which were detachments of the fleets of Ravenna and of Misenum. In 251 Pope Cornelius was imprisoned in Centumcellae during

156-550: A breakwater on which stands a lighthouse. The whole territory of Civitavecchia is dotted with the remains of Etruscan tombs and it is likely that in the centre of the current city a small Etruscan settlement thrived. The Etruscan necropolis of Mattonara, not far from the Molinari factory, is almost certainly from the 7th - 6th century BC and was most likely connected with the nearby necropolis of Scaglia. An ancient port formed by small parallel basins capable of accommodating single vessels

208-433: A combination of these. The choice of the substrate depends on the needs of the plants or of the animals, moisture, the risks involved and aesthetic aspects. Sterile vivariums, sometimes used to ensure high levels of hygiene (especially during quarantine periods), generally have very straightforward, easily removable substrates such as paper tissue, wood chips and even newspaper. Typically, a low-nutrient, high-drainage substrate

260-473: A convict prison, and the arsenal , designed by Bernini , was built by Alexander VII . Major cruise lines start and end their cruises at this location, and others stop for shore excursion days to visit Rome and the Vatican , ninety minutes away. Civitavecchia experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen climate classification Csa ). The Port of Civitavecchia , also known as "Port of Rome ",

312-432: A dual-door mechanism such as a sally port for entry and exit, so that the outer door can be closed to prevent escape before the inner door is opened. Some vivaria can be subcategorized according to the habitat or lifeforms enclosed within. A vivarium that contains multiple components may be named according to its primary component, or simply called a vivarium. Each subcategory can refer to either an individual enclosure, or

364-402: A facility that encompasses numerous like enclosures. An aquarium ( aqua = water) is a water-filled enclosure housing aquatic plants and/or animals such as fish. A bioactive aquarium would additionally house micro-organisms such as beneficial bacteria, and janitor animal species such as caridean shrimp , boxer shrimp , algae-eating snails and burrowing snails. At least one side of an aquarium

416-424: A frontal opening is preferable because accessing a vivarium from the top is associated by some species with the presence of predators and can therefore cause unnecessary stress. Ventilation is not just important for circulating air, but also for preventing the growth of mold and development and spread of harmful bacteria. This is especially important in warm, humid vivariums. The traditional method consists of placing

468-404: A paludarium may house animals such as shallow-water fish and treefrogs. The land area of a paludarium is absent or insignificant, but the term paludarium is often misused to refer to a riparium. A riparium ( ripa = bank or shore ) is a semi-aquatic enclosure with a land area beside a water area. Though often used for semi-aquatic animals such as newts or turtles that alternate between time in

520-432: A plywood vivarium helps to retain the natural effect of the environment. Epoxy-coated plywood vivariums retain heat better than glass or plastic enclosures and are able to withstand high degrees of humidity. They may be cubical, spherical, cuboidal, or other shapes. The choice of materials depends on the desired size and weight of the entire ensemble, resistance to high humidity, the cost and the desired quality. The floor of

572-425: A portion of the ecosystem for a particular species is simulated on a smaller scale, with controls for environmental conditions such as temperature, humidity and light. A vivarium may be small enough to sit on a desk or table, such as a terrarium or an aquarium , or may be a very large structure, possibly outdoors. Large vivaria, particularly those holding organisms capable of flight, typically include some sort of

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624-455: A specific cruise ship is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Civitavecchia Civitavecchia ( Italian: [ˌtʃivitaˈvɛkkja] , meaning "ancient town") is a city and major sea port on the Tyrrhenian Sea 60 kilometres (37 miles) west-northwest of Rome. Its legal status is a comune (municipality) of Rome , Lazio . The harbour is formed by two piers and

676-413: A terrarium. Also, certain plants or diurnal animals need a source of UV to help synthesize Vitamin D and assimilate calcium. Such UV can be provided by specialized fluorescent tubes or daylight bulbs, which recreate the reptiles' natural environment and emit a more natural sunlight effect compared to the blue glow of a fluorescent tube. A day/night regulator might be needed to simulate with accuracy

728-474: A thermostat: heating lamps or infrared lamps, hot plates and heat mats, providing heat at the base or sides of a terrarium, heating cords or heat mats placed beneath the substrate , heat rocks , or more complex equipment generating or producing hot air to the inside of the vivarium. Similar to lighting, a decrease in temperature might be needed for the simulated night periods, thus keeping living species healthy. Such variation need to be coherent to those found in

780-501: A third. McMurray and Till were subsequently both executed by the United States Army by hanging five months later. Civitavecchia is today a major cruise and ferry port , the main starting point for sea connection from central Italy to Sardinia , Sicily , Tunis and Barcelona . Fishing has a secondary importance. The city is also the seat of two thermal power stations . The conversion of one of them to coal has raised

832-488: A vivarium must have sufficient surface area for the species living inside. The height can also be important for the larger plants, climbing plants, or for tree climbing animal species. The width must be great enough to create the sensation of depth, both for the pleasure of the spectator and the good of the species inside. The most commonly used substrates are common soil, small pebbles, sand, peat, chips of various trees, wood mulch, vegetable fibres (of coconut, for example), or

884-537: Is a pond used for keeping American koi or Japanese nishikigoi . An aviary ( avis = bird) is a large enclosure for birds or other flying, gliding or swinging arboreal animals such as butterflies, bats, flying squirrels or primates. An aviary accommodates the birds' in-flight turning radius, whereas a flight cage restricts the bird to linear flight. Planted aviaries often have a very high ratio of plants to birds as many bird species will completely defoliate sparse plantings. A nocturnal house ( nocturnus = night (adj.))

936-514: Is a room of a house or of another building, with a glazed roof and wall(s) that combines growing space for plants with a sitting room or dining area for people. Some conservatories also house animals such as koi, tortoises or free-flying birds. An arboretum ( arbor = tree) is a greenhouse, conservatory or outdoor place where many varieties of trees or shrubs are grown. Some animal vivaria are not well-described by their name as related animal species can require vastly different habitats: A vivarium

988-464: Is a terrarium or a section of a terrarium where soil, other firm substrate or a tree cookie (cross-section or disc) is enclosed in a narrow space between two sheets of glass or two nested jars, for observation of fossorial or woodboring animals such as earthworms, ants or termites. A glirarium ( glires = dormice; plural of glis ) is an enclosure for housing trapped edible dormice as they fatten in preparation for hibernation. A semi-aquatic vivarium

1040-423: Is a vivarium if it is sealed from other waterbodies and managed such as by filtration, aeration or additions of animals or plants. A water garden is an ornamental pond and its shore that features plants growing in and around the water, but may also house animals such as goldfish, turtles or mandarin ducks . A fish pond is a controlled pond, artificial lake, or reservoir that is stocked with fish. A koi pond

1092-454: Is a windowless building or room for housing nocturnal or crepuscular animals , or nyctinastic plants . Artificial lighting is staggered to the local natural daylight so that the inhabitants experience a natural 24-hour cycle, but their activity is scheduled at a time that is convenient for observers. A greenhouse is an enclosure for plants with a glazed roof and wall(s) that allow the plants to make use of natural sunlight. A conservatory

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1144-405: Is an area, usually enclosed, for keeping and raising animals or plants for observation or research. Water-based vivaria may have open tops providing they are not connected to other water bodies. An animal enclosure is considered a vivarium only if it provides quality of life through naturalistic components such as ample living space and natural decor that allow and encourage natural behaviours. Often,

1196-450: Is an enclosure for species that live partially submerged or alternate between immersion in water and air. Examples include: A paludarium ( palus = marsh or swamp ) is a semi-aquatic enclosure with aerial space above and water below, designed to house semi-aquatic plants that are rooted underwater but whose crowns reach above the surface of the water, or animals that do the same such as the mata mata . In addition to semi-aquatic plants,

1248-643: Is an important hub for the maritime transport in Italy, for goods and passengers. Part of the " Motorways of the Sea ", it is linked to several Mediterranean ports and represents one of the main links between Italian mainland to Sardinia . Civitavecchia railway station , opened in 1859, is the western terminus of the Rome–Civitavecchia railway , which forms part of the Pisa–Livorno–Rome railway . A short line linking

1300-428: Is glazed to allow viewing of the aquatic habitat from the side as though viewing from underwater. Aquaria are further subcategorized by temperature (cold water, tropical) and salinity (freshwater, brackish, marine). A Dutch aquarium (origin = Netherlands) is an underwater garden that features plants, with minimal visible hardscaping and few fish. It is terraced or the back-wall is lined in moss to prevent view through

1352-399: Is placed on top of a false bottom or layer of expanded clay aggregate or stones, which retains humidity without saturating the substrate surface. A lighting system is necessary, always adapted to the requirements of the animal and plant species. For example, certain reptiles in their natural environment need to heat themselves by the sun, so various bulbs may be necessary to simulate this in

1404-509: Is the only remaining Tower of four large Roman round towers that served as beacons around the ancient harbour. Remains of warehouses can be seen between the large basin and the inner harbour (darsena), still used during the Middle Ages. A section of the Via Aurelia running along the harbour, 6 m wide and at a depth of 3 m, was excavated. Some of the Roman city wall is visible in the basement of

1456-405: Is usually made from clear container (often plastic or glass). Unless it is an aquarium, it does not need to withstand the pressure of water, so it can also be made out of wood or metal, with at least one transparent side. Modern vivariums can be as simple as a bottle (see bottle garden ) and are sometimes constructed from epoxy-coated plywood and fitted with sliding glass doors. Coating the inside of

1508-622: The Civitavecchia- Venice or New Romea , nowadays completed as a dual carriageway between Viterbo and Ravenna (via Terni , Perugia and Cesena ) and commonly known in Italy as the Orte -Ravenna . The commune has multiple preschools, primary schools, junior high schools, and high schools. Polo Universitario di Civitavecchia is located in the city. Civitavecchia is twinned with: Vivarium A vivarium ( Latin for 'place of life'; pl.   vivaria or vivariums )

1560-683: The Fraternity of the Banner in the Piazza Leandra. Remains of an aqueduct and a large cistern, possibly part of Trajan's villa, are preserved. North of the city at Ficoncella are the Terme Taurine baths frequented by Romans and still popular with the Civitavecchiesi. The modern name stems from the common fig plants among the various pools. Also at Ficoncella nearby are the baths of Aquae Tauri from

1612-632: The Goths and the Byzantines. It became part of the Papal States in 728 and Pope Gregory III refortified Centumcellae. As the port was raided by the Saracens in 813–814, 828, 846 and finally in 876, a new settlement in a more secure place was therefore built by order of Pope Leo IV as soon as 854. In the meantime, however, the inhabitants returned to the old town by the shore in 889 and rebuilt it, giving it

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1664-527: The Terme Taurine baths and the large cistern nearby are likely to have been included. Pliny was summoned by Trajan to his villa there for an exceptional meeting there of the consilium principis (advisory council) which normally took place in Rome, and which indicates the status of the villa as an imperial residence. The villa was also used later by the young Marcus Aurelius , probably in the years 140-145 who built

1716-404: The alternation of light and dark periods. The duration of the simulated day and night depends on the conditions in the natural habitat of the species and the season desired. The temperature can be a very important parameter for species that cannot adapt to other conditions than those found in their natural habitat. Heating can be provided by several means, all of which are usually controlled by

1768-420: The ambient environment. Terraria are further subcategorized by biome (tropical/temperate desert, rainforest, grassland, etc.). A terrarium may feature a horizontal land surface, an escarpment (steep slope or cliff), or a fossorial (underground) section. A Wardian case is a 19th-century sealed terrarium used for transport or display of plants or small animals such as moths under conditions where ventilation

1820-399: The earlier Etruscan and early Roman settlement. A larger building of 160x100 m enclosed the baths and is being excavated. The massive Forte Michelangelo was first commissioned from Donato Bramante by Pope Julius II , to defend the port of Rome . The upper part of the "maschio" tower, however, was designed by Michelangelo , whose name is generally applied to the fortress. Pius IV added

1872-416: The extensive villa of Trajan which was nearby. The harbour was probably built by Trajan's favourite architect, Apollodorus of Damascus (who also built the harbour of Ancona ). The town was also known as Centum Cellae and was developed from the same time. Trajan's sumptuous villa pulcherrima (most beautiful, according to Pliny ) must have been built at the same time but traces have yet to be found, although

1924-573: The name Civitas Vetus . The Popes gave the settlement as a fief to several local lords, including the Count Ranieri of Civitacastellana and the Abbey of Farfa , and the Di Vico, who held Centumcellae in 1431. In that year, pope Eugene IV sent an army under cardinal Giovanni Vitelleschi and several condottieri ( Niccolò Fortebraccio , Ranuccio Farnese and Menicuccio dell'Aquila among them) to recapture

1976-458: The natural habitats of the species. Thermo-control systems are often used to regulate light cycles and heating, as well as humidity (coupled to built-in misting or rain systems). Light-dependent resistors or photo-diodes connected to the lighting are frequently used to simulate daytime, evening and nighttime light cycles, as well as timers to switch lighting and heating on and off when necessary. Many plants and animals have quite limited tolerance to

2028-404: The persecutions of Decius and his successor Trebonianus Gallus and died there in 253. In the 4th and 5th centuries the city and port became even more prosperous and busy, as Rutilius Namatianus described it in 414 as it became an important port of Rome due to the silting of Ostia . In the 530s, Centumcellae was a Byzantine stronghold and until 553 the city suffered in the wars between

2080-525: The place, which, after the payment of 4,000 florins, became thenceforth a full Papal possession, led by a vicar and a treasurer. The place became a free port under Pope Innocent XII in 1696 and by the modern era was the main port of Rome . The French Empire occupied it in 1806. The French novelist Stendhal served as consul for a time in Civitavecchia. On 16 April 1859 the Rome and Civitavecchia railway

2132-468: The population's protests, as it is feared it could create heavy pollution. The modern inner harbour (darsena) rests on ancient foundations many of which can be seen and whose shape is still very much the same as it was in Trajan's time. It had a curved breakwater on the southern side and a straight one to the north with arches to reduce the waves which still exist. The Torre di Lazzaretto  [ it ]

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2184-567: The port of Corfu , Greece, with only crew on board. According to MSC Cruises, the fire started in an empty fiberglass lifeboat and caused damage to the side of the ship, but not its interior, and there were no injuries. The area of the fire corresponded to the part of the vessel that was added in her 2015 lengthening and was later repaired. From March 2016 she cruised in Asia visiting ports in China, Japan and Korea. In January 2018, MSC Cruises announced that

2236-452: The rear of the aquarium. A terrarium ( terra = land) is an enclosure for a land habitat for animals, plants, fungi, lichens or any combination thereof. A bioactive terrarium would additionally house soil microorganisms and janitor animal species such as springtails and terrestrial isopods . It is distinct from a pot plant or animal cage by being enclosed to an extent to permit maintenance of temperature and humidity levels different from

2288-619: The ship would spend her 2018-2019 winter season operating cruises in the United Arab Emirates . In July 2019, the MSC Lirica served as a hotel for athletes competing in the 30th Summer Universiade in Naples. Following the interruption due to COVID-19 and the on-board fire, MSC announced that MSC Lirica would return to service in April 2022 with a full season of 7-night Eastern Mediterranean cruises, based at Piraeus . This article about

2340-504: The town center to the harbour survived until the early 2000s. It counted two stations: Civitavecchia Marittima, serving the port, and Civitavecchia Viale della Vittoria. Civitavecchia is served by the A12 , an unconnected motorway linking Rome to Genoa and by the State highway SS1 Via Aurelia , which also links the two stretches. The town is also interested by a project regarding a new motorway,

2392-419: The variation of moisture. The regulation of humidity can be done by several means: regular water pulverization, water evaporation inside (from a basin, or circulation of water), or automated pulverization systems and humidifiers. Access inside the vivarium is required for the purpose of maintenance, to take care of the plants and animals, or for the addition and withdrawal of food. In the case of some animals,

2444-412: The water and on land, a riparium can simply be an aquarium-terrarium combination set together for visual effect or to use the water area as means to help increase the humidity for terrestrial species. An oceanarium is a semi-aquatic marine (saltwater) habitat, with aerial space above the water for animals such as dolphins which emerge wholly or partially above the ocean surface, and/or a land area beside

2496-418: The water to accommodate semi-aquatic species such as seals or penguins that emerge from the water to rest on land. An oceanarium can also house fully aquatic marine animals such as sharks and rays where the aerial space above the tank is designed only to accommodate the observer. A dolphinarium is an oceanarium for dolphins, a penguinarium is an oceanarium for penguins. A natural, excavated or elevated pond

2548-560: Was greatly enlarged by the Emperor Trajan at the beginning of the 2nd century and known as Centum Cellae thereafter probably due to the many vaulted "cells" forming the harbour wall some of which can still be seen. The first occurrence of the name Centum Cellae is from a letter by Pliny the Younger in AD 107. It has been suggested that the name could instead refer to the centum ("hundred") halls of

2600-480: Was more harmful than beneficial such as where ambient conditions were too saline, dry or polluted to support delicate species. A bottle garden is a small sealed glazed terrarium, an actual glass bottle or otherwise, in which all water and nutrients that will be required for future growth of the plant(s) and soil microorganisms are sealed into the vessel at the time of planting, the only required care being management of light and temperature. A sandwich-style terrarium

2652-603: Was opened for service. The Papal troops opened the gates of the fortress to the Italian general Nino Bixio in 1870. This permanently removed the port from papal control. During World War II , the Allies launched several bombing raids against Civitavecchia, which damaged the city and inflicted several civilian casualties. On June 27, 1944, two American soldiers from the 379th Port Battalion , Fred A. McMurray and Louis Till , allegedly raped two Italian women in Civitavecchia and murdered

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2704-527: Was still visible at the end of the 19th century near Forte Michelangelo. An Etruscan settlement on the hill of Ficoncella can still be seen. The first baths of the settlement were built there before 70 BC, and known by the Romans as Aquae Tauri. The nearby monumental baths at Terme Taurine were built originally in the Roman Republican era, possibly by Titus Statilius Taurus , prefect of Rome. The harbour

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