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48-480: MSC Grandiosa is a Meraviglia Plus -class cruise ship owned and operated by MSC Cruises . Built by Chantiers de l'Atlantique in Saint-Nazaire , France , she is the first of three Meraviglia Plus-class ships set to operate for the cruise line. She commenced operations on 10 November 2019. On 1 February 2016, MSC Cruises announced that they had converted their options for two new ships into firm orders, with
96-590: A closed-loop exhaust gas cleaning system that reduces her sulfur emissions by 97 percent. MSC Cruises#Meraviglia Plus class MSC Cruises ( Italian : MSC Crociere ) is a Swiss-Italian global cruise line based in Geneva , with operations offices in Naples , Genoa and Venice . It was founded in 1988 in Naples , Italy , as part of the Mediterranean Shipping Company (MSC). In addition to being
144-555: A lower potential for SO 2 oxidation and thus decrease the related corrosion risks. Iron - and copper - exchanged zeolite urea SCRs have been developed with approximately equal performance to that of vanadium-urea SCRs if the fraction of the NO 2 is 20% to 50% of the total NO x . The two most common catalyst geometries used today are honeycomb catalysts and plate catalysts. The honeycomb form usually consists of an extruded ceramic applied homogeneously throughout
192-554: A multi-year deal with Formula 1 to become their official cruise partner. They were the title sponsor of the 2023 Belgian Grand Prix . In January 2023, MSC Cruises announced a new multi-year partnership agreement with the New York Knicks . The deal gets MSC promotion during Knicks home games, including LED signage, virtual-on-court signage, and the opportunity to serve as the presenting partner during in-game t-shirt tosses. In August 2024, Shipping Italy reported rumors that MSC
240-422: A proper distribution of ammonia in the gas stream and uniform gas velocity through the catalyst. Without tuning, SCRs can exhibit inefficient NOx reduction along with excessive ammonia slip due to not utilizing the catalyst surface area effectively. Another facet of tuning involves determining the proper ammonia flow for all process conditions. Ammonia flow is in general controlled based on NOx measurements taken from
288-575: A similar design to the French yard's platform for Festival Cruises , the two-ship order would start the aggressive expansion of the cruise line. The lines first new build, the MSC Lirica , would debut in 2003. The Lirica also became the first MSC ship to be christened by Sophia Loren , a tradition that has continued for all but one of the company’s new-builds. The Liraca would be followed by sister ship MSC Opera in 2004. In 2004, MSC Cruises would acquire
336-459: A total guest capacity of 6,334 passengers. The ship also employs 1,704 crew members. She has a length of 331.43 metres (1,087.4 ft), a beam of 43 metres (141 ft), a height of 65 metres (213 ft), and a maximum speed of 22.3 knots (41.3 km/h; 25.7 mph). She is also MSC's first cruise ship to be equipped with a selective catalytic reduction system that helps to reduce the ship's nitrogen oxide emissions by 80 percent, along with
384-586: Is corrugated , comprising only about 10% of the market in power plant applications. Several nitrogen-bearing reductants are currently used in SCR applications including anhydrous ammonia , aqueous ammonia or dissolved urea . All those three reductants are widely available in large quantities. Anhydrous ammonia can be stored as a liquid at approximately 10 bar in steel tanks. It is classified as an inhalation hazard , but it can be safely stored and handled if well-developed codes and standards are followed. Its advantage
432-453: Is injected into the catalyst chamber through an ammonia injection grid. As in other SCR applications, the temperature of operation is critical. Ammonia slip (unreacted ammonia) is also an issue with SCR technology used in power plants. A significant operational difficulty in coal -fired boilers is the binding of the catalyst by fly ash from the fuel combustion . This requires the usage of sootblowers , ultrasonic horns, and careful design of
480-425: Is that it needs no further conversion to operate within a SCR and is typically favoured by large industrial SCR operators. Aqueous ammonia must be first vaporized in order to be used, but it is substantially safer to store and transport than anhydrous ammonia. Urea is the safest to store, but requires conversion to ammonia through thermal decomposition. At the end of the process, the purified exhaust gasses are sent to
528-482: Is what gives the catalyst the high surface area needed for reduction of NOx. However, soot, ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, silica compounds, and other fine particulates can easily clog the pores. Ultrasonic horns and soot blowers can remove most of these contaminants while the unit is online. The unit can also be cleaned by being washed with water or by raising the exhaust temperature. Of more concern to SCR performance are poisons , which will chemically degrade
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#1732868779629576-638: The COVID-19 pandemic forced MSC to reduce its operations and redeploy its fleet, MSC Grandiosa was ultimately scheduled to continue sailing Mediterranean cruises through 2021. On 16 August 2020, she also became MSC's first ship to resume operations amid the pandemic, and the first major cruise ship overall to restart operations in the Mediterranean since the cessation of cruises earlier in the year. On 25 November 2023, she arrived in Santos, Brazil to begin cruising for
624-567: The COVID-19 pandemic . On 7 January 2021, MSC announced it would restart cruises with the MSC Grandiosa and MSC Magnifica in the Mediterranean. Passengers were initially limited to residents of the Schengen Area . In June 2021, MSC announced a new luxury subsidiary brand named Explora Journeys , with four vessels planned beginning with the Explora I . In March 2022, MSC Cruises signed
672-622: The Monterey and Archille Lauro would sail under the StarLauro Cruises banner into the early 1990s. In November 1994 the Archille Lauro caught fire off the coast of Somalia while en route to South Africa , with 979 passengers and crew aboard, and loss of life of 2 during the evacuation. StarLauro line would go on to acquire the Enrico C from Costa Cruises, renaming the ship Symphony, and
720-511: The 2023-2024 Brazilian Season, calling in Búzios , Salvador , and Maceió . MSC Grandiosa is confirmed in the 2024-2025 Brazilian Season with the same itineraries. On 16 May 2024, MSC announced she will start 7 day eastern and western Caribbean itineraries sailing from Port Canaveral Florida beginning in December 2025. MSC Grandiosa measures 181,541 GT and houses 2,421 passenger cabins for
768-737: The SCR system to increase the life of the catalyst , though in most power plants and marine engines, scrubbers are installed after the system to maximize the SCR system's effectiveness. SCR was applied to trucks by Nissan Diesel Corporation , and the first practical product " Nissan Diesel Quon " was introduced in 2004 in Japan. In 2007, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) enacted requirements to significantly reduce harmful exhaust emissions. To achieve this standard, Cummins and other diesel engine manufacturers developed an aftertreatment system that includes
816-435: The aid of a catalyst into diatomic nitrogen ( N 2 ), and water ( H 2 O ). A reductant , typically anhydrous ammonia ( NH 3 ), aqueous ammonia ( NH 4 OH ), or a urea ( CO(NH 2 ) 2 ) solution, is added to a stream of flue or exhaust gas and is reacted onto a catalyst . As the reaction drives toward completion, nitrogen ( N 2 ), and carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ), in
864-571: The boiler or condenser or other equipment, or discharged into the atmosphere. Most catalysts are given a finite service life due to known amounts of contaminants in the untreated gas. The most notable complication is the formation of ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate from sulfur and sulfur compounds when high-sulfur fuels are used, as well as the undesirable catalyst-induced oxidation of SO 2 to SO 3 and H 2 SO 4 . In applications that use exhaust gas boilers, ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate can accumulate on
912-423: The boiler tubes, reducing steam output and increasing exhaust back-pressure. In marine applications, this can increase fresh water requirements as the boiler must be continuously washed to remove the deposits. Most catalysts on the market have porous structures and a geometries optimized for increasing their specific surface area (a clay planting pot is a good example of what SCR catalyst feels like). This porosity
960-427: The carrier or coated on the substrate. Like the various types of catalysts, their configuration also has advantages and disadvantages. Plate-type catalysts have lower pressure drops and are less susceptible to plugging and fouling than the honeycomb types, but are much larger and more expensive. Honeycomb configurations are smaller than plate types, but have higher pressure drops and plug much more easily. A third type
1008-1033: The case of urea use, are produced. Selective catalytic reduction of NO x using ammonia as the reducing agent was patented in the United States by the Engelhard Corporation in 1957. Development of SCR technology continued in Japan and the US in the early 1960s with research focusing on less expensive and more durable catalyst agents. The first large-scale SCR was installed by the IHI Corporation in 1978. Commercial selective catalytic reduction systems are typically found on large utility boilers , industrial boilers , and municipal solid waste boilers and have been shown to reduce NO x by 70-95%. More recent applications include diesel engines , such as those found on large ships , diesel locomotives , gas turbines , and automobiles . SCR systems are now
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#17328687796291056-635: The catalyst chamber, ammonia, or other reductant (such as urea ), is injected and mixed with the gases. The chemical equation for a stoichiometric reaction using either anhydrous or aqueous ammonia for a selective catalytic reduction process is: With several secondary reactions: With urea, the reactions are: As with ammonia, several secondary reactions also occur in the presence of sulfur: The ideal reaction has an optimal temperature range between 630 and 720 K (357 and 447 °C), but can operate as low as 500 K (227 °C) with longer residence times . The minimum effective temperature depends on
1104-421: The catalyst has been poisoned. In applications using both SCR and an alkaline scrubber, the use of high-sulfur fuels also tend to significantly increase ammonia slip, since compounds such as NaOH and Ca(OH) 2 will reduce ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate back into ammonia: Temperature is SCR's largest limitation. Engines all have a period during start-up where exhaust temperatures are too low, and
1152-587: The catalyst itself or block the catalyst's active sites and render it ineffective at NO x reduction, and in severe cases this can result in the ammonia or urea being oxidized and a subsequent increase in NO x emissions. These poisons are alkali metals , alkaline earth metals , halogens , phosphorus , sulfur , arsenic , antimony , chromium , heavy metals ( copper , cadmium , mercury , thallium , and lead ), and many heavy metal compounds (e.g. oxides and halides). Most SCRs require tuning to properly perform. Part of tuning involves ensuring
1200-405: The catalyst must be pre-heated for the desired NOx reduction to occur when an engine is first started, especially in cold climates. In power stations , the same basic technology is employed for removal of NO x from the flue gas of boilers used in power generation and industry. In general, the SCR unit is located between the furnace economizer and the air heater, and the ammonia
1248-628: The cruise industry and purchased the Achille Lauro from Flotta Lauro Line . He retained "Lauro" in the company name in honour of his mentor, naming the new cruise line StarLauro Cruises . The original Lauro Lines ( Italian : Flotta Lauro ) was originally founded in Naples, Italy by Achille Lauro in the 1940s. In 1990 Mediterranean Shipping Co. purchased the Monterey to sail for their StarLauro Cruises brand. The ship would retain her original name that she had since sailing with Matson Lines . Both
1296-453: The cruise line's luxury concept, the "MSC Yacht Club." In January 2019, MSC Cruises unveiled the world's first virtual personal cruise assistant — ZOE, an artificial intelligence device designed by Harman International . It is currently featured on MSC Bellissima and MSC Grandiosa and will be featured on future newbuilds upon their delivery. In mid-2020, MSC Cruises suspended most (or all) of their operations for over six months during
1344-404: The ductwork and catalyst materials to avoid plugging by the fly ash. SCR catalysts have a typical operational lifetime of about 16,000 – 40,000 hours (1.8 – 4.5 years) in coal-fired power plants, depending on the flue gas composition, and up to 80,000 hours (9 years) in cleaner gas-fired power plants. Poisons , sulfur compounds , and fly ash can all be removed by installing scrubbers before
1392-479: The fairly newly built European Vision and European Stars from the bankrupt Festival Cruises , renaming the ships MSC Armonia and MSC Sinfonia . In 2006 the first of the four Muscia Class would debut, also build at STX France . The MSC Musica , would be followed by the MSC Orchestra , MSC Poesia , and the final slightly modified MSC Magnifica in 2010. In 2015, MSC Cruises announced that
1440-605: The former Cunard Princess , renaming the ship Rhapsody to the fleet. In 1995, StarLauro Cruises was rebranded as MSC Cruises, with the livery changed from the blue funnel star logo to a white funnel with the MSC Logo. In 1997 MSC purchased the Atlantic from Premier Cruise Lines , and renamed the ship Melody . In the early 2000s, MSC initiated a rapid expansion program, and placed its first new build orders with Chantiers de l’Atlantique shipyard, for 65,000-ton ships. Based on
1488-506: The four Mistral class ships underwent renovation under the "Renaissance Programme". In July 2018, the company announced that it would build a second cruise terminal at PortMiami for its World -class cruise ships as an expansion of its North American program. It is scheduled to be completed in October 2022. In October 2018, MSC announced an order for four luxury ships of 64,000 gross tons each. These ultra-luxury vessels were to be based on
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1536-430: The gas stream or preexisting performance curves from an engine manufacturer (in the case of gas turbines and reciprocating engines ). Typically, all future operating conditions must be known beforehand to properly design and tune an SCR system. Ammonia slip is an industry term for ammonia passing through the SCR unreacted. This occurs when ammonia is injected in excess, temperatures are too low for ammonia to react, or
1584-535: The more stringent 2010 EPA regulations, which reduced NOx levels even further. Diesel engines manufactured after January 1, 2010 are required to meet lowered NOx standards for the US market. All of the heavy-duty engine (Class 7-8 trucks) manufacturers except for Navistar International and Caterpillar continuing to manufacture engines after this date have chosen to use SCR. This includes Detroit Diesel (DD13, DD15, and DD16 models), Cummins (ISX, ISL9, and ISB6.7), Paccar , and Volvo / Mack . These engines require
1632-587: The name of the first Meraviglia Plus-class ship would be MSC Grandiosa. Her coin ceremony was performed in July 2018 and her float-out occurred six months later, on 5 January 2019. She successfully completed her sea trials in September 2019. MSC Grandiosa was delivered to MSC Cruises in a ceremony at the Chantiers de l'Atlantique shipyard on 31 October 2019. Following her delivery, MSC Grandiosa sailed her first voyage from
1680-479: The new vessels being a part of a sub-class that evolves from the cruise line's original Meraviglia -class platform, dubbed " Meraviglia Plus". Each new vessel was designed to be larger than their older Meraviglia -class sisters, at 181,541 GT , with a maximum passenger capacity of 6,334 guests. On 15 November 2017, on the day of the ship's steel-cutting ceremony at the STX France shipyard, MSC Cruises announced that
1728-458: The original owners abandoned the 95 acre island, the land had to be restored to remove all of the old mining equipment, with MSC Cruises committing $ 200 million for the project involving restoration and conversion of the island into a private resort. The restoration required the work of many scientists to bring the area back into a functioning marine habitat. And, once the Bahamian government granted
1776-569: The periodic addition of diesel exhaust fluid (DEF, a urea solution) to enable the process. DEF is available in bottles and jugs from most truck stops, and a more recent development is bulk DEF dispensers near diesel fuel pumps. Caterpillar and Navistar had initially chosen to use enhanced exhaust gas recirculation (EEGR) to comply with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standards, but in July 2012 Navistar announced it would be pursuing SCR technology for its engines, except on
1824-401: The preferred method for meeting Tier 4 Final and EURO 6 diesel emissions standards for heavy trucks, cars and light commercial vehicles. As a result, emissions of NOx, particulates , and hydrocarbons have been reduced by as much as 95% when compared with pre-emissions engines. The NO x reduction reaction takes place as the gases pass through the catalyst chamber . Before entering
1872-604: The shipyard to Hamburg for press events and her christening, with calls in Rotterdam and Le Havre . On 9 November 2019, the ship was christened in a ceremony by her godmother, Sophia Loren , whilst being moored in the river Elbe . The ship later returned to her dock at the Port of Hamburg before embarking on her inaugural cruise the following day, on 10 November 2019. Her inaugural cruise set sail on 10 November 2019 from Hamburg to Genoa via Southampton , Barcelona , and Marseille , and
1920-661: The site marine reserve status, the project was then officially named the Ocean Cay MSC Marine Reserve and was set to open in mid-November 2019, but weather delays pushed the date to 5 December 2019. Largest ship built for MSC Cruises and first in the fleet powered by LNG with solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and having "G"-shape bow design MSC is also in negotiations with finnish, italan and frensh yards for newbuilts. Selective catalytic reduction Selective catalytic reduction ( SCR ) means converting nitrogen oxides , also referred to as NO x with
1968-489: The use of a diesel particulate filter with forced regeneration. They also have a high catalysing potential to oxidize SO 2 into SO 3 , which can be extremely damaging due to its acidic properties. Zeolite catalysts have the potential to operate at substantially higher temperature than base metal catalysts; they can withstand prolonged operation at temperatures of 900 K (627 °C) and transient conditions of up to 1120 K (847 °C). Zeolites also have
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2016-492: The use of a diesel particulate filter (DPF). As the DPF does not function with low-sulfur diesel fuel, diesel engines that conform to 2007 EPA emissions standards require ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel (ULSD) to prevent damage to the DPF. After a brief transition period, ULSD fuel became common at fuel pumps in the United States and Canada. The 2007 EPA regulations were meant to be an interim solution to allow manufacturers time to prepare for
2064-462: The various fuels, gas constituents, and catalyst geometry. Other possible reductants include cyanuric acid and ammonium sulfate . SCR catalysts are made from various porous ceramic materials used as a support , such as titanium oxide , and active catalytic components are usually either oxides of base metals (such as vanadium , molybdenum and tungsten ), zeolites , or various precious metals . Another catalyst based on activated carbon
2112-439: The world's largest privately held cruise company, employing about 23,500 people worldwide and with offices in 45 countries as of 2017 , MSC Cruises is the third-largest cruise company in the world , after Carnival Corporation & plc and Royal Caribbean Group , with a 10.2% share of all passengers carried in 2021. In 1988 Gianluigi Aponte, founder of Mediterranean Shipping Company cargo shipping company, decided to enter
2160-464: Was also developed which is applicable for the removal of NOx at low temperatures. Each catalyst component has advantages and disadvantages. Base metal catalysts, such as vanadium and tungsten, lack high thermal durability, but are less expensive and operate very well at the temperature ranges most commonly applied in industrial and utility boiler applications. Thermal durability is particularly important for automotive SCR applications that incorporate
2208-534: Was also hampered by a storm that forced the cancellation of Lisbon . Beginning on 23 November 2019, MSC Grandiosa began sailing weekly Mediterranean itineraries for her inaugural season, calling in Genoa, Rome , Palermo , Valletta , Barcelona, and Marseille. On 30 December 2019, at the Port of Palermo , the ship struck the Vittorio Veneto pier with her stern on the port side when maneuvering to dock. Minor damage
2256-467: Was in talks with Meyer Turku to build a class of four ships with a gross tonnage of 270,000, which would make it bigger than any other cruise ship at the time. In December 2015, MSC Cruises signed a 100-year lease for the private island of Ocean Cay in the Bahamas to develop the land for an exclusive island experience. The site had previously been used to mine white Aragonite sand for decades, and after
2304-532: Was reported on her stern and the pier, but no injuries were reported, and the ship left for Valletta later that day. MSC Grandiosa was originally expected to continue sailing in the Mediterranean until repositioning to Santos, Brazil in autumn 2020 to begin cruising in South America for the 2020–2021 season, which would have made her the largest passenger ship to ever homeport in South America. However, after
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