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33-477: The Argonne National Laboratory and Mississippi State University jointly developed early versions (MPICH-1) as public domain software . The CH part of the name was derived from "Chameleon", which was a portable parallel programming library developed by William Gropp , one of the founders of MPICH. The original implementation of MPICH (sometimes called "MPICH1") implemented the MPI-1.1 standard. In 2001, work began on

66-898: A new code base to replace the MPICH1 code and support the MPI-2 standard. Until November 2012, this project was known as "MPICH2". As of November 2012, the MPICH2 project renamed itself to simply "MPICH". MPICH v3.0 implements the MPI-3.0 standard. MPICH v4.x implements the MPI-4.x standard. MPICH is one of the most popular implementations of MPI. It is used as the foundation for the vast majority of MPI implementations, including IBM MPI (for Blue Gene ), Intel MPI, Cray MPI, Microsoft MPI, Myricom MPI, OSU MVAPICH/MVAPICH2, and many others. Based on ch3 infrastructure: Argonne National Laboratory Argonne National Laboratory

99-596: A remote location in Idaho , called "Argonne-West," to conduct further nuclear research. The lab's early efforts focused on developing designs and materials for producing electricity from nuclear reactions. The laboratory designed and built Chicago Pile 3 (1944), the world's first heavy-water moderated reactor , and the Experimental Breeder Reactor I (Chicago Pile 4) in Idaho, which lit a string of four light bulbs with

132-523: A strong battery research program. Following a major push by then-director Alan Schriesheim, the laboratory was chosen as the site of the Advanced Photon Source , a major X-ray facility which was completed in 1995 and produced the brightest X-rays in the world at the time of its construction. The laboratory continued to develop as a center for energy research, as well as a site for scientific facilities too large to be hosted at universities. In

165-773: Is a federally funded research and development center in Lemont , Illinois , United States. Founded in 1946, the laboratory is owned by the United States Department of Energy and administered by UChicago Argonne LLC of the University of Chicago . The facility is the largest national laboratory in the Midwest . Argonne had its beginnings in the Metallurgical Laboratory of the University of Chicago , formed in part to carry out Enrico Fermi 's work on nuclear reactors for

198-773: The Department of Energy 's Office of Legacy Management as the Site A/Plot M Disposal Site . The Site A/Plot M Disposal Site is located within Red Gate Woods in the Palos Forest Preserves , part of the Forest Preserve District of Cook County . The site contains buried radioactive waste from contaminated building debris, and the Chicago Pile-1 (CP-1/CP-2), and Chicago Pile-3 (CP-3) nuclear reactors. "Site A"

231-581: The Idaho National Laboratory . Argonne is a part of the expanding Illinois Technology and Research Corridor . Fermilab , which is another USDoE National Laboratory , is located approximately 20 miles away. Argonne has five areas of focus, as stated by the laboratory in 2022, including scientific discovery in physical and life sciences; energy and climate research; global security advances to protect society; operating research facilities that support thousands of scientists and engineers from around

264-573: The Manhattan Project during World War II . After the war, it was designated as the first national laboratory in the United States on July 1, 1946. In its first decades, the laboratory was a hub for peaceful use of nuclear physics ; nearly all operating commercial nuclear power plants around the world have roots in Argonne research. More than 1,000 scientists conduct research at the laboratory, in

297-711: The Surveyor 5 in 1967 and later analyzed lunar samples from the Apollo 11 mission. In 1978, the Argonne Tandem Linac Accelerator System (ATLAS) opened as the world's first superconducting accelerator for projectiles heavier than the electron. Nuclear engineering experiments during this time included the Experimental Boiling Water Reactor , the forerunner of many modern nuclear plants, and Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), which

330-446: The periodic table . In 1962, Argonne chemists produced the first compound of the inert noble gas xenon , opening up a new field of chemical bonding research. In 1963, they discovered the hydrated electron . Argonne was chosen as the site of the 12.5 GeV Zero Gradient Synchrotron , a proton accelerator that opened in 1963. A bubble chamber allowed scientists to track the motions of subatomic particles as they zipped through

363-403: The "Metallurgical Laboratory" was formally re-chartered as Argonne National Laboratory for "cooperative research in nucleonics." At the request of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission , it began developing nuclear reactors for the nation's peaceful nuclear energy program. In the late 1940s and early 1950s, the laboratory moved west to a larger location in unincorporated DuPage County and established

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396-512: The Argonne National Laboratory. This site was released by the laboratory in 1965 and the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission then buried the reactors here. The Plot M marker reads: CAUTION—DO NOT DIG Buried in this area is radioactive material from nuclear research conducted here 1943–1949. Burial area is marked by six corner markers 100ft from this center point. There is no danger to visitors. U.S. Department of Energy 1978 Plot M

429-448: The U.S. Congress terminated funding for the bulk of Argonne's nuclear programs. Argonne moved to specialize in other areas, while capitalizing on its experience in physics, chemical sciences and metallurgy . In 1987, the laboratory was the first to successfully demonstrate a pioneering technique called plasma wakefield acceleration , which accelerates particles in much shorter distances than conventional accelerators. It also cultivated

462-539: The buildings began in 1955. The reactors were defueled and the concrete shell for CP-3 was imploded and buried. In 1956 the property was returned to the forest preserve. Two granite monuments mark Site A and Plot M. The Site A marker reads: The world's first nuclear reactor was rebuilt at this site in 1943 after initial operation at the University of Chicago. This reactor (CP-2) and the first heavy water moderated reactor (CP-3) were major facilities around which developed

495-483: The chamber; they later observed the neutrino in a hydrogen bubble chamber for the first time. In 1964, the "Janus" reactor opened to study the effects of neutron radiation on biological life, providing research for guidelines on safe exposure levels for workers at power plants, laboratories and hospitals. Scientists at Argonne pioneered a technique to analyze the Moon 's surface using alpha radiation , which launched aboard

528-526: The course of its history, 13 individuals have served as Argonne Director: Significant portions of the 1996 chase film Chain Reaction were shot in the Zero Gradient Synchrotron ring room and the former Continuous Wave Deuterium Demonstrator laboratory. 41°42′33″N 87°58′55″W  /  41.709166°N 87.981992°W  / 41.709166; -87.981992 Site A Site A

561-630: The early 2000s, the Argonne Leadership Computing Facility was founded and hosted multiple supercomputers , several of which ranked among the top 10 most powerful in the world at the time of their construction. The laboratory also built the Center for Nanoscale Materials for conducting materials research at the atomic level; and greatly expanded its battery research and quantum technology programs. Chicago Tribune reported in March 2019 that

594-517: The fields of energy storage and renewable energy ; fundamental research in physics , chemistry , and materials science ; environmental sustainability ; supercomputing ; and national security . Argonne formerly ran a smaller facility called Argonne National Laboratory-West (or simply Argonne-West) in Idaho next to the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory. In 2005, the two Idaho-based laboratories merged to become

627-573: The head of the Metallurgical Project , Professor Arthur Compton , identified a suitable site in what was then known as the Argonne Forest Once an estimate of the required land was available, the way was clear for the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers to lease 1,025 acres (4.15 km ) of land from the forest preserve district, which was done in August, 1942. However, very soon afterwards, it

660-452: The laboratory was also helping to design the reactor for the world's first nuclear-powered submarine , the U.S.S. Nautilus , which steamed for more than 513,550 nautical miles (951,090 km) and provided a basis for the United States' nuclear navy . Not all nuclear technology went into developing reactors, however. While designing a scanner for reactor fuel elements in 1957, Argonne physicist William Nelson Beck put his own arm inside

693-569: The laboratory was constructing the world's most powerful supercomputer. Costing $ 500 million, it will have the processing power of 1 quintillion FLOPS . Applications will include the analysis of stars and improvements in the power grid. Argonne builds and maintains scientific facilities that would be too expensive for a single company or university to construct and operate. These facilities are used by scientists from Argonne, private industry, academia, other national laboratories and international scientific organizations. Argonne welcomes all members of

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726-518: The public age 16 or older to take guided tours of the scientific and engineering facilities and grounds. For children under 16, Argonne offers hands-on learning activities suitable for K–12 field trips. The laboratory also hosts educational science and engineering outreach for schools in the surrounding area. Argonne scientists and engineers take part in the training of nearly 1,000 college graduate students and post-doctoral researchers every year as part of their research and development activities. Over

759-465: The scanner and obtained one of the first ultrasound images of the human body. Remote manipulators designed to handle radioactive materials laid the groundwork for more complex machines used to clean up contaminated areas, sealed laboratories or caves. In addition to nuclear work, the laboratory performed basic research in physics and chemistry . In 1955, Argonne chemists co-discovered the elements einsteinium and fermium , elements 99 and 100 in

792-502: The world's first nuclear-generated electricity in 1951. The BWR power station reactor, now the second most popular design worldwide, came from the BORAX experiments . The knowledge gained from the Argonne experiments was the foundation for the designs of most of the commercial reactors used throughout the world for electric power generation, and inform the current evolving designs of liquid-metal reactors for future power stations. Meanwhile,

825-587: The world; and developing the scientific and technological workforce. Argonne began in 1942 as the Metallurgical Laboratory , part of the Manhattan Project at the University of Chicago . The Met Lab built Chicago Pile-1 , the world's first nuclear reactor , under the stands of the University of Chicago sports stadium. In 1943, CP-1 was reconstructed as CP-2, in the Argonne Forest , a forest preserve location outside Chicago. The laboratory facilities built here became known as Site A . On July 1, 1946, Site A of

858-407: Was a dump for low-level radioactive waste generated at the site between 1943 and 1949. Initially buried in trenches, later in steel bins, the waste included tritium , uranium , and fission products in various forms including contaminated equipment, animal carcasses, and solids. In 1949 the burial of waste at the site was halted, and the dump was covered with grass until 1956, when a concrete cover

891-427: Was a research facility near Chicago where, during World War II , research on behalf of the Manhattan Project was carried out. Operated by the University of Chicago's Metallurgical Laboratory , it was the site of Chicago Pile-2 , a reconstructed and enlarged version of the world's first nuclear reactor, Chicago Pile-1 . The first heavy-water reactor , Chicago Pile-3 , was also constructed at this site. Research

924-411: Was an early Manhattan Project code for the facility. "Plot M" was the code name used for the disposal ground. The site was acquired with the intention that it should become home to a plutonium production pilot plant. It was desired that the site be within commutable distance of Chicago, but for reasons of safety and security, should not be too close to the city. During a horseback ride in early 1942,

957-410: Was carried out under contract to the United States' Office of Scientific Research and Development . After the war, the site became the first home of Argonne National Laboratory , a federally funded research and development center. The site was returned to public use in 1956, but Site A, and a nearby site formerly used for the disposal of low-level radioactive waste, Plot M , continue to be managed by

990-532: Was found that the scale of operations would require a larger site, and plans for the pilot site were moved to Oak Ridge, Tennessee . Shortly after the December 1942 demonstration of the first self-sustaining chain reaction at the University of Chicago , the research group led by Enrico Fermi needed to move to the larger, more remote laboratory campus. The first reactor, CP-1, was disassembled and moved to Site A in March 1943, enlarged by shielding and reconfigured it

1023-473: Was installed to protect the landfill from rainwater. Surveillance of the site since the demolition in the 1950s has found small amounts of soil contamination with uranium and fission products, and some wells in Red Gate Woods had tritium concentrations as high as 13 nCi/L (480 Bq/L) in the late 1970s. In April 1998 the fence separating Site A from the rest of Red Gate Woods was taken down after

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1056-486: Was redesignated, Chicago Pile-2. In May 1944 the laboratory first operated a second, heavy water -moderated reactor, CP-3 on the site. Argonne National Laboratory obtained an even larger, permanent site in Du Page County in 1947 and began moving its operations out of Site A to the new site. The two reactors operated until 1954, conducting reactor research and production of tritium . Decontamination and demolition of

1089-526: Was sodium-cooled, and included a fuel recycling facility. EBR-II was later modified to test other reactor designs, including a fast-neutron reactor and, in 1982, the Integral Fast Reactor concept—a revolutionary design that reprocessed its own fuel, reduced its atomic waste and withstood safety tests of the same failures that triggered the Chernobyl and Three Mile Island disasters. In 1994, however,

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