138-572: 2002 ( MMII ) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar , the 2002nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 2nd year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century , and the 3rd year of the 2000s decade. The effects of the September 11 attacks of the previous year had a significant impact on the affairs of 2002. The war on terror
276-648: A bomb shelter in every building and school, but also deploying active protection systems such as the Arrow ABM , Iron Dome and David's Sling , which intercept the incoming threat in the air. Iron Dome has successfully intercepted hundreds of Qassam rockets and Grad rockets fired by Palestinians from the Gaza Strip. A more sophisticated target-hardening approach must consider industrial and other critical industrial infrastructure that could be attacked. Terrorists do not need to import chemical weapons if they can cause
414-400: A duodecimal rather than a decimal system for fractions , as the divisibility of twelve (12 = 2 × 3) makes it easier to handle the common fractions of 1 ⁄ 3 and 1 ⁄ 4 than does a system based on ten (10 = 2 × 5) . Notation for fractions other than 1 ⁄ 2 is mainly found on surviving Roman coins , many of which had values that were duodecimal fractions of
552-806: A hostage crisis in Moscow. The Second Liberian Civil War also escalated, causing widespread displacement of civilians. Conflicts that saw some form of resolution in 2002 include the Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, which was halted with a ceasefire agreement in February, and the Angolan Civil War , which was resolved in April with a ceasefire between the Angolan government and UNITA . Internationally brokered peace talks advanced in
690-565: A Golden Jubilee celebration for Queen Elizabeth II , marking fifty years as the monarch. In Latin America, the great depression in Argentina continued into 2002, causing significant political turmoil. Venezuela also underwent political crisis with an attempted coup against President Hugo Chávez in April and a national strike against his administration later in the year. Brazil elected the leftist president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva in response to
828-456: A box or circle. Thus, 500 was like a Ɔ superimposed on a ⋌ or ⊢ , making it look like Þ . It became D or Ð by the time of Augustus, under the graphic influence of the letter D . It was later identified as the letter D ; an alternative symbol for "thousand" was a CIↃ , and half of a thousand or "five hundred" is the right half of the symbol, IↃ , and this may have been converted into D . The notation for 1000
966-478: A broader insurgency (and insurgency is included in the definition of terrorism ) then counterterrorism may additionally employ counterinsurgency measures. The United States Armed Forces uses the term " foreign internal defense " for programs that support other countries' attempts to suppress insurgency, lawlessness , or subversion , or to reduce the conditions under which threats to national security may develop. The first counterterrorism body to be formed
1104-563: A common one that persisted for centuries ) is the inconsistent use of subtractive notation - while XL is used for 40, IV is avoided in favour of IIII : in fact, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII . Counterterrorism Counterterrorism (alternatively spelled: counter-terrorism ), also known as anti-terrorism , relates to the practices, military tactics , techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement , businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism . If an act of terrorism occurs as part of
1242-407: A decline of 8% from 2001. CD albums remained the dominant form of music, making up 89% of the market. DVD music sales increased by 40%, while cassette tape music sales decreased by 36%. Pop music saw a major decline in 2002 as it was overtaken by country music and hip hop music . Globally, the best-selling albums in 2002 were The Eminem Show by Eminem , Let Go by Avril Lavigne , and
1380-489: A disproportionately large share of media attention, most terrorism occurs in less developed countries. Government responses to terrorism, in some cases, tend to lead to substantial unintended consequences, such as what occurred in the above-mentioned Munich massacre. Most counterterrorism strategies involve an increase in policing and domestic intelligence gathering. Central techniques include intercepting communications and location tracking . New technology has expanded
1518-512: A hotel and making a failed attempt to shoot down an airplane boarded by Israelis. The Washington D.C. area was the subject of several sniper attacks the same month, killing ten people. Europe underwent a large number of mass shootings throughout the year, including an attack on a town council meeting in France on March 27 that killed eight councilors and a school shooting in Germany on April 26—one of
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#17328691804601656-677: A hundred less than another thousand", means 1900, so 1912 is written MCMXII . For the years of the current (21st) century, MM indicates 2000; this year is MMXXIV (2024). Roman numerals use different symbols for each power of ten, and there is no zero symbol, in contrast with the place value notation of Arabic numerals (in which place-keeping zeros enable the same digit to represent different powers of ten). This allows some flexibility in notation, and there has never been an official or universally accepted standard for Roman numerals. Usage varied greatly in ancient Rome and became thoroughly chaotic in medieval times. The more recent restoration of
1794-552: A largely "classical" notation has gained popularity among some, while variant forms are used by some modern writers as seeking more "flexibility". Roman numerals may be considered legally binding expressions of a number, as in U.S. Copyright law (where an "incorrect" or ambiguous numeral may invalidate a copyright claim or affect the termination date of the copyright period). The following table displays how Roman numerals are usually written: The numerals for 4 ( IV ) and 9 ( IX ) are written using subtractive notation , where
1932-511: A major industrial accident such as the Bhopal disaster or the Halifax Explosion . Industrial chemicals in manufacturing, shipping, and storage thus require greater protection, and some efforts are in progress. Equipping likely targets with containers of pig lard has been used to discourage attacks by suicide bombers. The technique was apparently used on a limited scale by British authorities in
2070-624: A national response might be required for a nuclear, biological, radiological, or significant chemical attack. Fire departments , perhaps supplemented by public works agencies, utility providers, and heavy construction contractors, are most apt to deal with the physical consequences of an attack. Again under an incident command model, local police can isolate the incident area, reducing confusion, and specialized police units can conduct tactical operations against terrorists, often using specialized counterterrorist tactical units. Bringing in such units will typically involve civil or military authority beyond
2208-523: A near-average number. Most of them were relatively minor, with only 4 four becoming hurricanes, of which two attained major hurricane status. The season's activity was limited to between July and October, a rare occurrence caused partly by El Niño conditions. The two major hurricanes, Hurricane Isidore and Hurricane Lili , both made landfall in Cuba and the United States, and combined were responsible for most of
2346-587: A practice that goes back to very early clocks such as the Wells Cathedral clock of the late 14th century. However, this is far from universal: for example, the clock on the Palace of Westminster tower (commonly known as Big Ben ) uses a subtractive IV for 4 o'clock. Several monumental inscriptions created in the early 20th century use variant forms for "1900" (usually written MCM ). These vary from MDCCCCX for 1910 as seen on Admiralty Arch , London, to
2484-733: A related case. In August, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda saw the arrests of nine more people accused of genocide, including army chief of staff Augustin Bizimungu . Efforts failed to create a similar tribunal in Cambodia to prosecute Khmer Rouge . United Nations peacekeeping missions concluded in Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Prevlaka, reducing its Balkan presence to Kosovo. Former military dictator of Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri
2622-455: A role, as a communications intercept . However, both of these approaches need to be balanced against legitimate expectations of privacy. In response to the growing legislation. Since 1978 the UK's terrorism laws have been regularly reviewed by a security-cleared Independent Reviewer of Terrorism Legislation , whose often influential reports are submitted to Parliament and published in full. One of
2760-623: A section on confronting terrorism in the recommendations in the Madrid Agenda arising from the Madrid Summit on Democracy and Terrorism (Madrid March 8–11, 2005): Democratic principles and values are essential tools in the fight against terrorism. Any successful strategy for dealing with terrorism requires terrorists to be isolated. Consequently, the preference must be to treat terrorism as criminal acts to be handled through existing systems of law enforcement and with full respect for human rights and
2898-586: A separate controversy when the February 11 issue of Newsweek International was banned throughout the Muslim world for its depiction of Muhammed . The British Library digitized a 700-year-old edition of the Quran , and the Library of Congress made high resolution scans of a Gutenberg Bible for closer study of Gutenberg's printing methods. Library services were interrupted several times in 2002. Librarians' strikes affected
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#17328691804603036-565: A six-year-long experiment in the North Sea later in the year. The January eruption of Mount Nyiragongo brought destruction to Goma , prompting an evacuation of 400,000 people, with 12,000 finding themselves homeless with damage across 14 villages. A major oil spill took place off the coast of Galicia , Spain, when the MV Prestige ruptured and sank in November. The deadliest earthquake in 2002
3174-539: A table of epacts , all written in Roman numerals. The use of N to indicate "none" long survived in the historic apothecaries' system of measurement: used well into the 20th century to designate quantities in pharmaceutical prescriptions. In later times, the Arabic numeral "0" has been used as a zero to open enumerations with Roman numbers. Examples include the 24-hour Shepherd Gate Clock from 1852 and tarot packs such as
3312-580: A weak economy during the year. Several companies, predominantly in the United States, underwent major scandals in 2002. These included the WorldCom scandal that led to what was then the largest bankruptcy in American history, and accounting scandals emerging from the previous year's Enron scandal . Xerox and the French company Vivendi were found to be reporting artificially inflated profits. Others incidents included
3450-553: Is closely associated with the ancient city-state of Rome and the Empire that it created. However, due to the scarcity of surviving examples, the origins of the system are obscure and there are several competing theories, all largely conjectural. Rome was founded sometime between 850 and 750 BC. At the time, the region was inhabited by diverse populations of which the Etruscans were the most advanced. The ancient Romans themselves admitted that
3588-457: Is reduced to ↀ , IↃↃ (5,000) to ↁ ; CCIↃↃ (10,000) to ↂ ; IↃↃↃ (50,000) to ↇ ; and CCCIↃↃↃ (100,000) to ↈ . It is likely IↃ (500) reduced to D and CIↃ (1000) influenced the later M . John Wallis is often credited with introducing the symbol for infinity ⟨∞⟩ , and one conjecture is that he based it on ↀ , since 1,000 was hyperbolically used to represent very large numbers. Using
3726-508: Is subtracted from 1). The word nulla (the Latin word meaning "none") was used to represent 0, although the earliest attested instances are medieval. For instance Dionysius Exiguus used nulla alongside Roman numerals in a manuscript from 525 AD. About 725, Bede or one of his colleagues used the letter N , the initial of nulla or of nihil (the Latin word for "nothing") for 0, in
3864-559: Is that the word for 18 in Latin is duodeviginti — literally "two from twenty"— while 98 is duodecentum (two from hundred) and 99 is undecentum (one from hundred). However, the explanation does not seem to apply to IIIXX and IIIC , since the Latin words for 17 and 97 were septendecim (seven ten) and nonaginta septem (ninety seven), respectively. The ROMAN() function in Microsoft Excel supports multiple subtraction modes depending on
4002-423: Is the uncertainty of the future: the threat of terrorism may increase, decrease or remain the same, the type of terrorism and location are difficult to predict, and there are technological uncertainties. A potential solution is to incorporate engineering flexibility into system design, allowing for flexibility when new information arrives. Flexibility can be incorporated in the design of a counter-terrorism system in
4140-461: Is to directly engage terrorists and prevent terrorist attacks. Such units perform both in preventive actions, hostage rescue, and responding to ongoing attacks. Countries of all sizes can have highly trained counterterrorist teams. Tactics, techniques, and procedures for manhunting are under constant development. These units are specially trained in military tactics and are equipped for close-quarters combat , with emphasis on stealth and performing
4278-446: Is to place hostile vehicle mitigation to enforce protective standoff distance outside tall or politically sensitive buildings to prevent car bombings . Another way to reduce the impact of attacks is to design buildings for rapid evacuation. Aircraft cockpits are kept locked during flights and have reinforced doors, which only the pilots in the cabin are capable of opening. UK railway stations removed their garbage bins in response to
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4416-440: Is unknown which symbol represents which number). As in the basic Roman system, the Etruscans wrote the symbols that added to the desired number, from higher to lower value. Thus, the number 87, for example, would be written 50 + 10 + 10 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 = 𐌣𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌡𐌠𐌠 (this would appear as 𐌠𐌠𐌡𐌢𐌢𐌢𐌣 since Etruscan was written from right to left.) The symbols ⟨𐌠⟩ and ⟨𐌡⟩ resembled letters of
4554-446: Is very large in physical terms and in other dimensions, such as type and degree of terrorist threats, political and diplomatic ramifications, and legal concerns. Ideal counterterrorist systems use technology to enable persistent intelligence , surveillance and reconnaissance missions, and potential actions. Designing such a system-of-systems comprises a major technological project. A particular design problem for counterterrorist systems
4692-674: The vinculum , conventional Roman numerals are multiplied by 1,000 by adding a "bar" or "overline", thus: The vinculum came into use in the late Republic , and it was a common alternative to the apostrophic ↀ during the Imperial era around the Roman world (M for '1000' was not in use until the Medieval period). It continued in use in the Middle Ages, though it became known more commonly as titulus , and it appears in modern editions of classical and medieval Latin texts. In an extension of
4830-518: The C s and Ↄ s as parentheses) had its origins in Etruscan numeral usage. Each additional set of C and Ↄ surrounding CIↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: CCIↃↃ represents 10,000 and CCCIↃↃↃ represents 100,000. Similarly, each additional Ↄ to the right of IↃ raises the value by a factor of ten: IↃↃ represents 5,000 and IↃↃↃ represents 50,000. Numerals larger than CCCIↃↃↃ do not occur. Sometimes CIↃ (1000)
4968-459: The vinculum , a three-sided box (now sometimes printed as two vertical lines and a vinculum ) is used to multiply by 100,000, thus: Vinculum notation is distinct from the custom of adding an overline to a numeral simply to indicate that it is a number. Both usages can be seen on Roman inscriptions of the same period and general location, such as on the Antonine Wall . The system
5106-588: The 2002 Formula One World Championship , prompting the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile to make several rule changes; this included reforms for team orders following a controversial move at the 2002 Austrian Grand Prix in which Schumacher's teammate Rubens Barrichello moved aside to let him win. In boxing, the Lennox Lewis vs. Mike Tyson was preceded by a scuffle during a press conference. Lennox Lewis went on to defeat Mike Tyson . Tennis
5244-413: The 2002 Tri Nations Series , making a comeback performance following its losses in previous years. Bruno Peyron set the record for the fastest circumnavigation by sailing in 2002, making the trip in 64 days. International trade increased by 1.9% in 2002, correcting from a decrease in 2001. Most countries experienced only limited growth of output and employment in the year, and economic policy within
5382-831: The Asian brown cloud were documented in August by the United Nations Environment Programme , warning of severe agricultural and meteorological effects in Afghanistan, northwestern India, and Pakistan. February saw the collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf, a 12,000-year-old ice shelf in Antarctica with an area of 3,265 km (1,260 sq mi). The third Global Environment Outlook report was published in May. The World Summit on Sustainable Development
5520-531: The Council of Europe , and Turkey did so to garner support for its incorporation into the European Union. Prisoners in Sri Lanka, Thailand, and Turkey engaged in deadly strikes and riots in response to poor conditions in 2002. Terrorism dominated politics internationally in 2002, with both terrorist acts and attempts to declare groups as terrorist organizations being prevalent throughout the year. Islamic terrorism
5658-661: The Elvis Presley greatest hits album ELV1S: 30 #1 Hits . The best-selling non-English album was Mensch ( transl. Human ) by German singer Herbert Grönemeyer , the 29th best-selling album overall. Sony and Microsoft introduced online gaming services for the PlayStation 2 and Xbox consoles, respectively. Critically acclaimed video games released in 2002 include Eternal Darkness , Grand Theft Auto: Vice City , Metroid Prime , Metroid Fusion , and Super Mario Sunshine . Medal of Honor: Allied Assault
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5796-668: The ImClone stock trading case and fraud cases at Adelphia and Tyco . These scandals brought the arrests of several high-profile executives, negatively affected public trust in corporate accounting, and increased the volatility of global stock markets. 2002 was the second hottest year on record, exceeded only by 1998 . There was below average precipitation in 2002, with droughts in Australia , northern China, India , and western United States . Heavy rains in late 2002 caused significant flooding in eastern Asia and in central Europe . The effects of
5934-582: The Kabul Zoo requiring international support. The Kitulo National Park was established in Tanzania to preserve the endemic orchid species. Efforts to promote carbon sequestration were mixed in 2002. An experiment to study whether there were risks of pollution was shuttered following pressure from environmentalist groups such as Greenpeace and the World Wide Fund for Nature , but Statoil reported success in
6072-461: The Latin alphabet , each with a fixed integer value. The modern style uses only these seven: The use of Roman numerals continued long after the decline of the Roman Empire . From the 14th century on, Roman numerals began to be replaced by Arabic numerals ; however, this process was gradual, and the use of Roman numerals persisted. One place they are often seen is on clock faces . For instance, on
6210-876: The Malayan Emergency , the Mau Mau uprising , and most of the campaigns against the IRA during the Irish Civil War , the S-Plan , the Border Campaign , and the Troubles in Northern Ireland. Although military action can temporarily disrupt a terrorist group's operations temporarily, it sometimes does not end the threat completely. Repression by the military in itself usually leads to short term victories, but tend to be unsuccessful in
6348-779: The Provisional IRA threat, as convenient locations for depositing bombs. Scottish stations removed theirs after the 7 July 2005 London Bombings as a precautionary measure. The Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority purchased bomb-resistant barriers after the September 11 attacks. Due to frequent shelling of Israel's cities, towns, and settlements by artillery rockets from the Gaza Strip (mainly by Hamas , but also by other Palestinian factions) and Lebanon (mainly by Hezbollah ), Israel has developed several defensive measures against artillery, rockets, and missiles. These include building
6486-642: The Second Sudanese Civil War , some factions of the Somali Civil War , and the Second Congo War , with the latter producing an agreement on December 17 to create a Congolese transitional government . Afghanistan underwent its first year without direct military conflict in over two decades, though sporadic attacks were carried out by the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda . An agreement was reached with
6624-498: The September 11 attacks and the invasion of Afghanistan the previous year. Conflicts in Afghanistan, Chechnya, Israel, and the Philippines were directly related to countering Islamic terrorism . The Colombian conflict escalated after far-left insurgents occupied demilitarized zones and kidnapped Íngrid Betancourt , effectively ending peace talks. The insurgents began bombing cities, and over 200,000 Colombians were displaced by
6762-646: The United Nations finding both parties to be irresponsible regarding collateral damage . Economic downturn in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks limited the art industry in 2002. Organizations were less willing to give patronage , and tourists were less willing to visit art exhibitions and museums, particularly in New York and the Middle East. The Documenta11 exhibition took place in Kassel , Germany, contributing to
6900-487: The dot-com crash that had previously affected it. The telecommunications industry was affected even more severely. The price drops associated with the September 11 attacks persisted for several months into 2002. Apprehensions about potential military conflict in Iraq also limited growth. Latin American economies with large deficits were severely affected by lower prices, limiting export growth and preventing capital from entering
7038-589: The state monopoly in April and with significant increases in the sales of car and pocket radios. Good Morning Afghanistan began airing to provide the Afghan people real-time updates on the nation's political situation, while Radio Liberty was expelled from Russia in October. An expected recovery of the newspaper industry did not materialize in 2002 as digital media became more common, resulting in significant cutbacks. The magazine industry faced similar challenges, as well as
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#17328691804607176-590: The " Form " setting. For example, the number "499" (usually CDXCIX ) can be rendered as LDVLIV , XDIX , VDIV or ID . The relevant Microsoft help page offers no explanation for this function other than to describe its output as "more concise". There are also historical examples of other additive and multiplicative forms, and forms which seem to reflect spoken phrases. Some of these variants may have been regarded as errors even by contemporaries. As Roman numerals are composed of ordinary alphabetic characters, there may sometimes be confusion with other uses of
7314-547: The 15th-century Sola Busca and the 20th century Rider–Waite packs. The base "Roman fraction" is S , indicating 1 ⁄ 2 . The use of S (as in VIIS to indicate 7 1 ⁄ 2 ) is attested in some ancient inscriptions and also in the now rare apothecaries' system (usually in the form SS ): but while Roman numerals for whole numbers are essentially decimal , S does not correspond to 5 ⁄ 10 , as one might expect, but 6 ⁄ 12 . The Romans used
7452-468: The 1940s. The approach stems from the idea that Muslims perpetrating the attack would not want to be "soiled" by the lard in the moment before dying. The idea has been suggested more recently as a deterrent to suicide bombings in Israel. However, the actual effectiveness of this tactic is likely limited. A sympathetic Islamic scholar could issue a fatwa proclaiming that a suicide bomber would not be polluted by
7590-570: The 2002 World Health Report . Global food supplies reduced in 2002 amid droughts and drops in harvest yields. Famines occurred in Ethiopia, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. Eritrea, Lesotho, Mozambique, and Swaziland were also heavily affected by insufficient food. The fishing industry was not affected, increasing slightly from previous years. Nigeria and the Philippines took steps toward establishing national healthcare systems. A 2001 ebola outbreak in Gabon and
7728-695: The 20th and 21st centuries are listed below. See list of hostage crises for a more extended list, including hostage-takings that did not end violently. Sea , south of the French coast ; subsequently Mogadishu International Airport , Somalia March 30, the Manawan Police Academy in Lahore attack – 8 gunmen, 8 police personnel and 2 civilians killed, 95 people injured, 4 gunmen captured. Plaza Cinema Chowk attack – 16 police officers, an army officer and unknown number of civilians killed. As many as 251 people injured. The scope for counterterrorism systems
7866-920: The Angels in Los Angeles, and the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria . The Bronx Developmental Center in New York and Fallingwater in Pennsylvania were renovated, and the Maslon House was demolished in California. The highest-grossing films globally in 2002 were The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers , Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets , and Spider-Man . The highest-grossing non-English film
8004-482: The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Burundi, Somalia, Ivory Coast, and the Central African Republic. There were 31 recognized armed conflicts in 2002, a net decrease from the previous year: seven conflicts ended in 2001, while conflicts in Angola, Congo, and Ivory Coast began or resumed in 2002. The deadliest conflicts in 2002 were those in Burundi, Colombia, Kashmir, Nepal, and Sudan. Among developed nations in 2002, national defense shifted toward counterterrorism after
8142-540: The Etruscan alphabet, but ⟨𐌢⟩ , ⟨𐌣⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ did not. The Etruscans used the subtractive notation, too, but not like the Romans. They wrote 17, 18, and 19 as 𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, 𐌠𐌠𐌢𐌢, and 𐌠𐌢𐌢, mirroring the way they spoke those numbers ("three from twenty", etc.); and similarly for 27, 28, 29, 37, 38, etc. However, they did not write 𐌠𐌡 for 4 (nor 𐌢𐌣 for 40), and wrote 𐌡𐌠𐌠, 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠 and 𐌡𐌠𐌠𐌠𐌠 for 7, 8, and 9, respectively. The early Roman numerals for 1, 10, and 100 were
8280-446: The Etruscan ones: ⟨𐌠⟩ , ⟨𐌢⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ . The symbols for 5 and 50 changed from ⟨𐌡⟩ and ⟨𐌣⟩ to ⟨V⟩ and ⟨ↆ⟩ at some point. The latter had flattened to ⟨⊥⟩ (an inverted T) by the time of Augustus , and soon afterwards became identified with the graphically similar letter ⟨ L ⟩ . The symbol for 100
8418-434: The Israeli government throughout the year, including the exemption of Orthodox Jews from military service and recognition of non-Orthodox conversions in the population registry. Roman numerals Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages . Numbers are written with combinations of letters from
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#17328691804608556-402: The Republic of the Congo continued through 2002. The United States and the Dutch company Crucell collaborated to begin development on an ebola vaccine in response. The year's increased focus on terrorism, particularly after the 2001 anthrax attacks , prompted many countries to invest in vaccines, antibiotics, and antivirals as a precaution against bioterrorism . Renewed attention was brought to
8694-450: The September World Bank–IMF meeting in Washington, D.C. The Rome Statute entered into force in July, establishing the International Criminal Court . The International Court of Justice ruled in three cases: it ruled that diplomatic immunity applied to all crimes, including crimes against humanity , and it settled two territorial disputes, ruling in favor of Cameroon over Nigeria and in favor of Malaysia over Indonesia. A lesser court
8832-472: The September 11 attacks and extradited him to the United States. The United States arrested an addition fifteen suspects across several states for involvement in the preparation of future terrorist attacks. Anti-terrorism actions by the United States, including the arbitrary arrest and deportation of non-citizens and indefinite detention of suspected terrorists captured in Afghanistan, were condemned as human rights violations. American treatment of prisoners in
8970-461: The United Kingdom and the United States, while funding problems led to cutbacks in Germany, South Africa, and the United States. The 2002 Winter Olympics were held in Salt Lake City , with Norway winning the most gold medals. Allegations that a judge was bribed to favor Russia in a figure skating event led to France and Russia both receiving gold medals in the event. The 2002 Commonwealth Games were held in Manchester . The 2002 FIFA World Cup
9108-594: The United Kingdom, the United States, and Russia have taken this approach, while Western European states generally do not. Another major method of preemptive neutralization is the interrogation of known or suspected terrorists to obtain information about specific plots, targets, the identity of other terrorists, whether or not the interrogation subjects himself is guilty of terrorist involvement. Sometimes more extreme methods are used to increase suggestibility , such as sleep deprivation or drugs. Such methods may lead captives to offer false information in an attempt to stop
9246-541: The United States left the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty the following month, and Russia then left the START II treaty. The International Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation was signed by over 90 countries in November. A wave of social pension reform took place in European nations, with Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Lithuania, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, and Switzerland all in various phases of implementation. Similar reforms took place in Japan and Singapore. Anti-globalization protests took place during
9384-470: The United States was widely expected. Religious violence was prevalent in 2002. Hindu–Muslim relations were strained in India, most prominently by Muslim attack on a Hindu train car in February that led to weeks of deadly riots in Gujarat . Unrest from the Second Intifada led to widespread attacks on Jews throughout the world, and Christians in Pakistan faced several attacks throughout the year. The Catholic Church sexual abuse scandal continued from 2001;
9522-436: The United States. Increasing tensions between Iraq and the United States became a major geopolitical issue in 2002 amid suspicions that Iraq had resumed its production of weapons of mass destruction . The United Nations delivered an ultimatum for Iraq to comply with weapons inspections in late 2002. Because of this dispute, as well Hussein's involvement with terrorist groups amid the war on terror , an invasion of Iraq by
9660-399: The Western world, while Europe's recovery was more limited. South America saw significant economic challenges: Argentina's economic crisis continued from 2001, Brazil had low confidence in its economy, and Venezuela's economy suffered amid political upheaval. Unlike the Western world, Eastern Europe and Asia showed strong growth in 2002. Africa did not share this growth, as it also experienced
9798-461: The basis of much of their civilization was Etruscan. Rome itself was located next to the southern edge of the Etruscan domain, which covered a large part of north-central Italy. The Roman numerals, in particular, are directly derived from the Etruscan number symbols : ⟨𐌠⟩ , ⟨𐌡⟩ , ⟨𐌢⟩ , ⟨𐌣⟩ , and ⟨𐌟⟩ for 1, 5, 10, 50, and 100 (they had more symbols for larger numbers, but it
9936-513: The case of family doctor Harold Shipman when it was announced in July that he had killed 200 other people under his care beyond the 15 for which he was prosecuted. East Timor became a sovereign nation in 2002. It was one of two nations, along with Switzerland, to join the United Nations in September. Brazil, Lesotho, and Senegal established democracy in 2002 through the acceptance of fair elections, while Bahrain and Kenya moved toward democracy through
10074-638: The church adopted rules on how to address sexual abuse allegations on January 8, and Pope John Paul II made his second papal statement on the matter on March 22. The Catholic Church created four new Russian dioceses in February, resulting in protests by members of the Russian Orthodox Church . Belarus made the Belarusian Orthodox Church into the state's legally recognized religion, curtailing practice of other religions. The Church of England determined in July that divorcees could marry in
10212-535: The church. Then in December, the church saw its first leader in centuries from outside its own membership when the Welsh Rowan Williams was confirmed as Archbishop of Canterbury . Islam grappled with the aftermath of the September 11 attacks in 2002, facing both the expansion of Islamic terrorism and of United States military action in combating it. Orthodox Judaism was the subject of several disputes with
10350-471: The clock of Big Ben (designed in 1852), the hours from 1 to 12 are written as: The notations IV and IX can be read as "one less than five" (4) and "one less than ten" (9), although there is a tradition favouring the representation of "4" as " IIII " on Roman numeral clocks. Other common uses include year numbers on monuments and buildings and copyright dates on the title screens of movies and television programs. MCM , signifying "a thousand, and
10488-580: The conflict in 2002. The Nepalese Civil War escalated in 2002, with casualties approximately equaling the combined totals from 1996 to 2001; half of this increase was civilian casualties, as civilians were targeted by both the Nepali government and the communist insurgents. Chechen insurgents in Russia escalated their attacks during the Second Chechen War , destroying a Russian Mil Mi-26 in August and causing
10626-581: The conventional definition of a planet. Small RNA was discovered in 2002, and the human ancestor Sahelanthropus was first described. Norway won the most gold medals in the 2002 Winter Olympics , which were held in Salt Lake City . The popular film franchises Harry Potter and The Lord of the Rings saw continued success while James Bond and Star Wars were less successful than other franchise instalments. Pop music lost its popularity in 2002 amid
10764-481: The country's Kurdish population in 2002. The majority of Gibraltar 's population engaged in protests when the British government considered delivering partial control of the territory to Spain; this culminated with a referendum that rejected the move. The Chinese Communist Party chose Hu Jintao as its next leader in a November meeting. The African Union formally came into existence in July. The United Kingdom held
10902-805: The deadliest in the world with 18 fatalities. The only direct conflict between nations in 2002 was the India–Pakistan standoff in Kashmir, beginning in late 2001. This conflict was primarily one of brinkmanship , with the threat of nuclear warfare . Riots in Gujarat and suicide bombings in Jammu further escalated tensions. The Second Intifada continued in 2002 between the Israel Defense Forces and Palestinian paramilitary groups with an escalation in violence. Palestinian suicide bombings became coordinated to maximize
11040-451: The dots was variable and not necessarily linear . Five dots arranged like ( ⁙ ) (as on the face of a die ) are known as a quincunx , from the name of the Roman fraction/coin. The Latin words sextans and quadrans are the source of the English words sextant and quadrant . Each fraction from 1 ⁄ 12 to 12 ⁄ 12 had a name in Roman times; these corresponded to
11178-453: The early movement of art globalization with its focus on experimental and documentary works from developing nations. Traditional visual art was mostly replaced by film and photography at the exhibition. Critically acclaimed paintings in 2002 include The Upper Room , a collection of paintings by Chris Ofili based on a drawing of a monkey by Andy Warhol , and Dispersion , an abstract work by Julie Mehretu . The architecture world focused on
11316-647: The economic instability. NATO established a diplomatic relationship with Russia through the NATO-Russia Council in May, and NATO announced seven new members in November: Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia. This expansion meant that NATO countries bordered Russia for the first time. Russia and the United States signed the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty nuclear disarmament agreement in May, but
11454-485: The effective inclusion of human rights protection as a crucial element in that cooperation. They argue that international human rights obligations do not stop at borders, and a failure to respect human rights in one state may undermine its effectiveness in the global effort to cooperate to combat terrorism. Some countries see preemptive attacks as a legitimate strategy. This includes capturing, killing, or disabling suspected terrorists before they can mount an attack. Israel,
11592-550: The enduring underlying inequalities which fuel terrorist activity. Causal factors need to be delineated and measures implemented which allow equal access to resources and sustainability for all people. Such activities empower citizens, providing "freedom from fear" and "freedom from want". This can take many forms, including the provision of clean drinking water, education, vaccination programs, provision of food and shelter and protection from violence, military or otherwise. Successful human security campaigns have been characterized by
11730-423: The final months of the year. Growth was focused in the first half of the year before tapering in the second half as stock markets entered into a downturn . By October, global equities saw a 24% decrease in 2002. Particularly affected was AOL-Time Warner , with its stocks losing 65% of their value by the fall. The information technology industry in particular saw major decline in 2002 before it began its recovery from
11868-628: The following examples: Any missing place (represented by a zero in the place-value equivalent) is omitted, as in Latin (and English) speech: The largest number that can be represented in this manner is 3,999 ( MMMCMXCIX ), but this is sufficient for the values for which Roman numerals are commonly used today, such as year numbers: Prior to the introduction of Arabic numerals in the West, ancient and medieval users of Roman numerals used various means to write larger numbers (see § Large numbers below) . Forms exist that vary in one way or another from
12006-575: The form of options that can be exercised in the future when new information is available. While some countries with longstanding terrorism problems have law enforcement agencies primarily designed to prevent and respond to terror attacks, in other nations, counterterrorism is a relatively more recent objective of law enforcement agencies. Though some civil libertarians and criminal justice scholars have criticized efforts of law enforcement agencies to combat terrorism as futile and expensive or as threats to civil liberties, other scholars have analyzed
12144-520: The general standard represented above. While subtractive notation for 4, 40 and 400 ( IV , XL and CD ) has been the usual form since Roman times, additive notation to represent these numbers ( IIII , XXXX and CCCC ) continued to be used, including in compound numbers like 24 ( XXIIII ), 74 ( LXXIIII ), and 490 ( CCCCLXXXX ). The additive forms for 9, 90, and 900 ( VIIII , LXXXX , and DCCCC ) have also been used, although less often. The two conventions could be mixed in
12282-685: The government of Burundi and the CNDD-FDD on December 3, but the other major faction in Burundi, the Palipehutu-FNL , did not participate in peace talks. The largest attack on civilians in 2002 was a series of bombings in Bali that killed or injured hundreds on October 12, with Australian tourists making up a large portion of the victims. Major attacks also took place in Kenya on November 28, bombing Israeli citizens at
12420-406: The group, a very difficult challenge for human intelligence operations because operational terrorist cells are often small, with all members known to one another, perhaps even related. Counterintelligence is a great challenge with the security of cell-based systems, since the ideal, but the nearly impossible, goal is to obtain a clandestine source within the cell. Financial tracking can play
12558-627: The intermediate ones were derived by taking half of those (half an X is V , half a 𐌟 is ↆ and half a Φ/⊕ is D ). Then 𐌟 and ↆ developed as mentioned above. The Colosseum was constructed in Rome in CE 72–80, and while the original perimeter wall has largely disappeared, the numbered entrances from XXIII (23) to LIIII (54) survive, to demonstrate that in Imperial times Roman numerals had already assumed their classical form: as largely standardised in current use . The most obvious anomaly (
12696-464: The largest economies focused primarily on combating inflation . The gross world product increased by 1.7%, the second lowest growth in a decade after that of 2001. Most developed nations began 2002 in a budget surplus and ended in a deficit. The Euro , a single official currency for the nations of the European Union , was introduced on January 1. The early 2000s recession began to stabilize in
12834-635: The local level. Emergency medical services are capable of triaging, treating, and transporting the more severely affected individuals to hospitals, which typically have mass casualty and triage plans in place for terrorist attacks. Public health agencies , from local to the national level, may be designated to deal with identification, and sometimes mitigation, of possible biological attacks, and sometimes chemical or radiological contamination. Many countries have dedicated counterterrorist units trained to handle terrorist threats. Besides various security agencies , there are police tactical units whose role
12972-473: The long run (e.g., the French doctrine used in colonial Indochina and Algeria ), particularly if it is not accompanied by other measures. However, new methods such as those taken in Iraq have yet to be seen as beneficial or ineffectual. Whatever the target of terrorists, there are multiple ways of hardening the targets to prevent the terrorists from hitting their mark, or reducing the damage of attacks. One method
13110-453: The mission with minimal casualties. The units include assault teams, snipers , EOD experts, dog handlers, and intelligence officers. Most of these measures deal with terrorist attacks that affect an area or threaten to do so, or are lengthy situations such as shootouts and hostage takings that allow the counterterrorist units to assemble and respond; it is harder to deal with shorter incidents such as assassinations or reprisal attacks, due to
13248-527: The more unusual, if not unique MDCDIII for 1903, on the north entrance to the Saint Louis Art Museum . There are numerous historical examples of IIX being used for 8; for example, XIIX was used by officers of the XVIII Roman Legion to write their number. The notation appears prominently on the cenotaph of their senior centurion Marcus Caelius ( c. 45 BC – 9 AD). On
13386-576: The most important dimensions of the policing of terrorism as an important dimension of counter-terrorism, especially in the post-9/11 era, and have discussed how police view terrorism as a matter of crime control. Such analyses highlight the civilian police role in counterterrorism next to the military model of a war on terror . Pursuant to passage of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 , federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies began to systemically reorganize. Two primary federal agencies,
13524-407: The names of the related coins: Other Roman fractional notations included the following: The Romans developed two main ways of writing large numbers, the apostrophus and the vinculum , further extended in various ways in later times. Using the apostrophus method, 500 is written as IↃ , while 1,000 is written as CIↃ . This system of encasing numbers to denote thousands (imagine
13662-516: The number of civilian casualties, while the Israeli military killed approximately twice as many Palestinians in retaliation. In response to the suicide bombings, Israel carried out Operation Defensive Shield in March. Under this operation, Israel occupied much of West Bank , and it and briefly held Palestinian president Yasser Arafat under house arrest. The Battle of Jenin was particularly destructive, with
13800-411: The participation of a diverse group of actors, including governments, NGOs , and citizens. Foreign internal defense programs provide outside expert assistance to a threatened government. FID can involve both non-military and military aspects of counterterrorism. A 2017 study found that "governance and civil society aid is effective in dampening domestic terrorism, but this effect is only present if
13938-552: The primary difficulties of implementing effective counterterrorist measures is the waning of civil liberties and individual privacy that such measures often entail, both for citizens of, and for those detained by states attempting to combat terror. At times, measures designed to tighten security have been seen as abuses of power or even violations of human rights. Examples of these problems can include prolonged, incommunicado detention without judicial review or long periods of 'preventive detention'; risk of subjecting to torture during
14076-496: The publicly displayed official Roman calendars known as Fasti , XIIX is used for the 18 days to the next Kalends , and XXIIX for the 28 days in February. The latter can be seen on the sole extant pre-Julian calendar, the Fasti Antiates Maiores . There are historical examples of other subtractive forms: IIIXX for 17, IIXX for 18, IIIC for 97, IIC for 98, and IC for 99. A possible explanation
14214-426: The radar. To select the effective action when terrorism appears to be more of an isolated event, the appropriate government organizations need to understand the source, motivation, methods of preparation, and tactics of terrorist groups. Good intelligence is at the heart of such preparation, as well as a political and social understanding of any grievances that might be solved. Ideally, one gets information from inside
14352-543: The range of military and law enforcement options for intelligence gathering. Many countries increasingly employ facial recognition systems in policing. Domestic intelligence gathering is sometimes directed to specific ethnic or religious groups, which are the sources of political conversy. Mass surveillance of an entire population raises objections on civil liberties grounds. Domestic terrorists , especially lone wolves , are often harder to detect because of their citizenship or legal status and ability to stay under
14490-823: The rebuilding of the World Trade Center , and various exhibitions were held to showcase design concepts. The Tribute in Light was implemented on the site during the interim. Egypt began accepting designs for the Grand Egyptian Museum . New structures constructed or opened in 2002 include the Austrian Cultural Forum in New York, the Imperial War Museum North in Manchester , the Cathedral of Our Lady of
14628-413: The recipient country is not experiencing a civil conflict." Terrorism has often been used to justify military intervention in countries where terrorists are said to be based. Similar justifications were used for the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan and the second Russian invasion of Chechnya . Military intervention has not always been successful in stopping or preventing future terrorism, such as during
14766-519: The region, requiring further increases to the deficit. The region overall saw a negative GDP in 2002. Imports grew significantly in East Asia, with China competing with the United States as one of the largest export markets for other countries in the region. Imports in Latin America and Africa decreased compared to the previous year. The United States recovered in part from the recession that had affected
14904-412: The rise of country and hip hop , with hip hop artist Eminem producing the year's most successful album, The Eminem Show . The world population on January 1, 2002, was estimated to be 6.272 billion people, and it increased to 6.353 billion people by January 1, 2003. An estimated 134.0 million births and 52.5 million deaths took place in 2002. The average global life expectancy
15042-550: The rule of law. We recommend: (1) taking effective measures to make impunity impossible either for acts of terrorism or for the abuse of human rights in counter-terrorism measures. (2) the incorporation of human rights laws in all anti-terrorism programs and policies of national governments as well as international bodies." While international efforts to combat terrorism have focused on the need to enhance cooperation between states, proponents of human rights (as well as human security ) have suggested that more effort needs to be given to
15180-674: The same document or inscription, even in the same numeral. For example, on the numbered gates to the Colosseum , IIII is systematically used instead of IV , but subtractive notation is used for XL ; consequently, gate 44 is labelled XLIIII . Especially on tombstones and other funerary inscriptions, 5 and 50 have been occasionally written IIIII and XXXXX instead of V and L , and there are instances such as IIIIII and XXXXXX rather than VI or LX . Modern clock faces that use Roman numerals still very often use IIII for four o'clock but IX for nine o'clock,
15318-497: The same letters. For example, " XXX " and " XL " have other connotations in addition to their values as Roman numerals, while " IXL " more often than not is a gramogram of "I excel", and is in any case not an unambiguous Roman numeral. As a non- positional numeral system , Roman numerals have no "place-keeping" zeros. Furthermore, the system as used by the Romans lacked a numeral for the number zero itself (that is, what remains after 1
15456-475: The season's damages and deaths. The 2002 Pacific typhoon season entailed a typical number of typhoons, but they were above average in intensity with 46% of typhoons reaching "intense strength". Typhoon Rusa was the deadliest typhoon in 2002, killing at least 113 people in South Korea. The World Health Organization (WHO) recognized "reducing risks" and "promoting healthy life" as its health concern of focus in
15594-518: The short warning time and the quick exfiltration of the assassins. The majority of counterterrorism operations at the tactical level are conducted by state, federal, and national law enforcement or intelligence agencies . In some countries, the military may be called in as a last resort. For countries whose military is legally permitted to conduct domestic law enforcement operations, this is not an issue, and such counterterrorism operations are conducted by their military. Some counterterrorist actions of
15732-423: The smaller symbol ( I ) is subtracted from the larger one ( V , or X ), thus avoiding the clumsier IIII and VIIII . Subtractive notation is also used for 40 ( XL ), 90 ( XC ), 400 ( CD ) and 900 ( CM ). These are the only subtractive forms in standard use. A number containing two or more decimal digits is built by appending the Roman numeral equivalent for each, from highest to lowest, as in
15870-542: The strengthening of political institutions. Democracy was disestablished in Ivory Coast and Togo following mass political violence and unfair elections, respectively. The United States was not reelected to its membership on the United Nations Commission on Human Rights for the first time, leaving it unable to fulfill its usual role of seeking action against alleged cases of systemic human rights violations around
16008-475: The swine products. For a threatened or completed terrorist attack, an Incident Command System (ICS) may be invoked to control the various services that may need to be involved in the response. ICS has varied levels of escalation, such as might be required for multiple incidents in a given area (e.g. 2005 London bombings or the 2004 Madrid train bombings ), or all the way to a National Response Plan invocation if national-level resources are needed. For example,
16146-625: The transfer, return and extradition of people between or within countries; and the adoption of security measures that restrain the rights or freedoms of citizens and breach principles of non-discrimination. Examples include: Many argue that such violations of rights could exacerbate rather than counter the terrorist threat. Human rights activists argue for the crucial role of human rights protection as an intrinsic part to fight against terrorism. This suggests, as proponents of human security have long argued, that respecting human rights may indeed help us to incur security. Amnesty International included
16284-582: The treatment, or due to the confusion caused by it. In 1978 the European Court of Human Rights ruled in the Ireland v. United Kingdom case that such methods amounted to a practice of inhuman and degrading treatment , and that such practices were in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights Article 3 (art. 3). The human security paradigm outlines a non-military approach that aims to address
16422-448: The unit as . Fractions less than 1 ⁄ 2 are indicated by a dot ( · ) for each uncia "twelfth", the source of the English words inch and ounce ; dots are repeated for fractions up to five twelfths. Six twelfths (one half), is S for semis "half". Uncia dots were added to S for fractions from seven to eleven twelfths, just as tallies were added to V for whole numbers from six to nine. The arrangement of
16560-648: The war on terror came under scrutiny, particularly in Camp X-Ray in the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . China and Russia invoked anti-terrorism to take actions against their Uyghur and Chechen minorities, respectively. Australia, Russia, and the United States all declared a right to preemptive strikes against foreign terrorist groups in 2002. George W. Bush defined an " axis of evil " in an address in January, naming Iran, Iraq, and North Korea as foreign adversaries of
16698-505: The world. Afghanistan underwent significant liberalization under a transitional government following end of major fighting in the War in Afghanistan , particularly in the capital of Kabul , though distant regions of the country remained oppressed by warlords. Civil rights also increased following the end of conflicts in Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Macedonia. Turkey lessened its restrictions on
16836-568: The year, including violence between Hindus and Muslims in India during violent riots and other attacks and attacks on Jews in response to the Second Intifada . The Catholic Church grappled with scrutiny amid sexual abuse cases . East Timor was established as a new sovereign nation, and the African Union began operating as a new intergovernmental organization. The International Criminal Court
16974-755: Was Hero (Mandarin), the 28th highest-grossing film of the year. Film was marked by several unexpected successes and failures in 2002, including the underwhelming performances of the Star Wars film Attack of the Clones , the James Bond film Die Another Day , and the Disney film Treasure Planet , as well as the word-of-mouth success of My Big Fat Greek Wedding . Critically acclaimed films from 2002 include Adaptation , Far from Heaven , and Talk to Her . Music sales in 2002 amounted to about 3 billion units,
17112-572: Was GSG 9 of the German Federal Police , formed in response to the 1972 Munich massacre . Counterterrorist forces expanded with the perceived growing threat of terrorism in the late 20th century. After the September 11 attacks , Western governments made counterterrorism efforts a priority. This included more extensive collaboration with foreign governments, shifting tactics involving red teams , and preventive measures. Although terrorist attacks affecting Western countries generally receive
17250-479: Was a 6.1-magnitude earthquake that struck northern Afghanistan on March 25, killing approximately 1,000 people. A 6.5 magnitude earthquake in Iran killed approximately 200 people the following June. North America saw one of its most intense earthquakes when a 7.9 magnitude earthquake struck Alaska on November 3, but the remote location prevented any fatalities. The 2002 Atlantic hurricane season saw 12 named storms ,
17388-541: Was 67.1 years, an increase of 0.3 years from 2001. The rate of child mortality was 7.05%, a decrease of 0.27 pp from 2001. 26.85% of people were living in extreme poverty , a decrease of 1.40pp from 2000. The number of global refugees was approximately 12 million at the beginning of 2002, but it declined to 10.3 million by the end of the year. Approximately 2.4 million refugees were repatriated in 2002, of which 2 million were Afghan. 293,000 additional refugees were displaced in 2002, primarily from Liberia,
17526-484: Was a circled or boxed X : Ⓧ, ⊗ , ⊕ , and by Augustan times was partially identified with the Greek letter Φ phi . Over time, the symbol changed to Ψ and ↀ . The latter symbol further evolved into ∞ , then ⋈ , and eventually changed to M under the influence of the Latin word mille "thousand". According to Paul Kayser, the basic numerical symbols were I , X , 𐌟 and Φ (or ⊕ ) and
17664-556: Was a major political focus. Without settled international law , several nations engaged in anti-terror operations, and human rights concerns arose surrounding the treatment of suspected terrorists. Elsewhere, the Colombian conflict and the Nepalese Civil War represented some of the most severe militant conflicts, while the conflict between India and Pakistan was the only one between two sovereign nations. Religious tensions permeated
17802-600: Was arrested in July for his actions in the Dirty War . Two generals from the Salvadoran Civil War were found liable for torture in an American court, and they were ordered to pay $ 54.6 million in damages. A major espionage case in the United States ended in May with Robert Hanssen sentenced to life in prison for spying on behalf of the Soviet Union. Serbia and Montenegro abolished capital punishment to qualify for entry to
17940-595: Was established by the United Nations in Sierra Leone to prosecute figures associated with the nation's civil war. A ban on the use of child soldiers was established in international law in February. The prosecution of former Yugoslavian president Slobodan Milošević began in February, but it was delayed and the genocide portion of the charges against him was dropped. Biljana Plavšić , the former president of Republika Srpska , plead guilty to crimes against humanity in
18078-526: Was founded in July. The global economy was stagnant as it slowly moved past the early 2000s recession . South America endured an economic crisis , and the telecommunications and information technology industries faced their own economic declines. The Euro was introduced as a new currency at the beginning of the year. The year 2002 was the second hottest on record at the time. Eruptions of Mount Nyiragongo severely affected surrounding populations in central Africa. The discovery of Quaoar in October challenged
18216-585: Was held in Johannesburg beginning on August 26. A number of proposals were endorsed in the summit, though environmentalists criticized the United States for not supporting stronger measures. The European Union ratified the Kyoto Protocol , while China and Russia announced their intent to do so. Australia and the United States rejected the protocol. The war in Afghanistan caused widespread environmental issues, with forests destroyed, wildlife poached by refugees, and
18354-514: Was held in Japan and South Korea, and it ended with a 2–0 victory by Brazil over Germany. The traditionally well-performing teams of Argentina, France, and Italy did not meet expectations, while Senegal, South Korea, Turkey, and the United States performed better than they had historically. Michael Schumacher significantly exceeded his competition and set numerous records with the Ferrari F2002 during
18492-560: Was influential in the war-based first-person shooter genre with its portrayal of grand cinematic battles. 2002 was the final year of traditional survival horror before it was overtaken by action-based survival horror games in franchises such as Resident Evil . Costa Rica was celebrated for an advance in free speech when it abolished criminal penalties for insulting public officials. Radio in India became more popular in 2002 following deregulation, with five major stations in Mumbai breaking
18630-786: Was the Special Irish Branch of the Metropolitan Police , later renamed the Special Branch after it expanded its scope beyond its original focus on Fenian terrorism. Various law enforcement agencies established similar units in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. The International Conference of Rome for the Social Defense Against Anarchists has been identified as the first international conference against terrorism. The first tactical counterterrorist unit
18768-636: Was widely covered in 2002 when three of the four Grand Slam tournaments ended with Serena Williams defeating her sister Venus Williams in the finals. In American football , the Tuck Rule Game between the New England Patriots and the Oakland Raiders became a national controversy after officials cited the obscure tuck rule to challenge a pass by Tom Brady . The New Zealand All Blacks received wide attention in rugby union for its victory in
18906-508: Was widely seen as responsible for terrorist attacks throughout the year. In response, the United States began providing military assistance against terrorists in several countries as part of Operation Enduring Freedom . International law regarding these actions had yet to be settled, and international organizations spent the year debating how action against terrorist groups should be carried out. Pakistan arrested al-Qaeda operative Ramzi bin al-Shibh in September on suspicions of involvement in
19044-400: Was written variously as ⟨𐌟⟩ or ⟨ↃIC⟩ , and was then abbreviated to ⟨ Ↄ ⟩ or ⟨ C ⟩ , with ⟨ C ⟩ (which matched the Latin letter C ) finally winning out. It might have helped that C was the initial letter of CENTUM , Latin for "hundred". The numbers 500 and 1000 were denoted by V or X overlaid with
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