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64-448: A CPU chip is designed for portable computers to run fanless , under 10 to 15W, which is cool enough without a fan. It is typically housed in a smaller chip package, but more importantly, in order to run cooler, it uses lower voltages than its desktop counterpart and has more sleep mode capability. A mobile processor can be throttled down to different power levels or sections of the chip can be turned off entirely when not in use. Further,

128-431: A desktop computer in a portable size and weight. Cell phones and PDAs use " system on a chip " integrated circuits that use less power than most notebook processors. While it is possible to use desktop processors in laptops, this practice is generally not recommended, as desktop processors heat faster than notebook processors and drain batteries faster. This microcomputer - or microprocessor -related article

192-420: A "quiet PC", and the term is generally not used in a business context, but by individuals and the businesses catering to them. A proposed general definition is that the sound emitted by such PCs should not exceed 30 dB A , but in addition to the average sound pressure level , the frequency spectrum and dynamics of the sound are important in determining if the sound of the computer is noticed . Sounds with

256-523: A centralized location with a dedicated room-sized cooling system. For these systems noise was not an important issue. The first home computers , such as the Commodore 64 , were very low power, and therefore could run fanless or, like the IBM PC , with a low-speed fan only used to cool the power supply, so noise was seldom an issue. By the mid 1990s as CPU clock speeds increased above 60 MHz, "spot-cooling"

320-540: A computer. Components that need less power will be easier to cool quietly. A quiet power supply is selected to be efficient while providing enough power for the computer. A motherboard based on a chipset that uses less energy will be easier to cool quietly. Undervolting and underclocking generally require motherboard support, but when available can be used to reduce energy use and heat output, and therefore cooling requirements. Many modern motherboard chipsets have hot northbridges which may come with active cooling in

384-519: A feature, commonly called Riplock , which reduces drive noise by slowing the drive during video playback. For playback operations only 1x (or real time) speed is required. Energy Star Energy Star (trademarked ENERGY STAR ) is an energy-efficiency program administered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in partnership with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). The EPA establishes energy efficiency specifications, and those that meet these specifications are eligible to display

448-498: A fixed fan speed using an inline resistor or diode; or a variable speed using a potentiometer to supply a lower voltage. Fan speed can also be reduced more crudely by plugging them into the power supply's 5 volt line instead of the 12 volt line (or between the two for a potential difference of 7 volts, although this cripples the fan's speed sensing). Most fans will run at 5 volts once they are spinning, but may not start reliably at less than 7 V. Some simple fan controllers will only vary

512-452: A function within a Super I/O solution ), which can be configured through BIOS or with a system monitoring software like SpeedFan and Argus Monitor , and most recent motherboards have built-in PWM fan control for one or two fans. Even though a given hardware monitoring chip may be capable of performing fan control, a motherboard manufacturer may not necessarily wire up the fan header pins of

576-775: A hard drive being transferred to, and amplified by, the case, hard drives can be mounted with soft rubber studs, suspended with elastics or placed on soft foam or Sorbothane . Hard disk enclosures can also help reduce drive noise, but care must be taken to ensure that the drive gets adequate cooling - with disk temperatures often be monitored by SMART software. A solid-state drive has no moving mechanical components and runs silently, but (as of 2016 ) are still roughly four times more expensive per unit of storage than consumer-grade HDDs. In some cases, other solid state storage methods may be suitable: All forms of solid-state storage are more expensive than traditional spinning-disk drives, so some quiet PC designs use them in conjunction with

640-487: A higher-capacity but non-Energy Star rated dehumidifier may be a more energy efficient alternative than an Energy Star rated but lower-capacity model. The Energy Star program's savings calculator has also been criticized for unrealistic assumptions in its model that tend to magnify savings benefits to the average consumer. Another factor yet to be considered by the EPA and DOE is the overall effect of energy-saving requirements on

704-526: A product family are measured and reported against an allowance set by the maximum throughput of the device. Operation modes (OM) are measured and reported for devices such as inkjet products against an allowance set by the functions present in the EUT (equipment under test). Devices that included "adders" such as Ethernet, on-board memory, wireless, etc. are mathematically "added" to increase the OM allowance. On February 1, 2011,

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768-485: A quiet power supply. Some incorporate heatsinks to cool components passively. Larger cases provide more space for airflow, larger coolers and heat sinks, and sound-dampening material. Noise-optimized cases often have ducting and partitioning within the case to optimize airflow and to thermally isolate components. Vents and ducts may easily be added to regular cases. Case designed to be quiet typically have wire grills or honeycombed fan grills. Both are far superior to

832-780: A scale of 1 to 100, provide a means for benchmarking the energy efficiency of specific buildings and industrial plants against the energy performance of similar facilities. The ratings are used by building and energy managers to evaluate the energy performance of existing buildings and industrial plants. The rating systems are also used by EPA to determine if a building or plant can qualify to earn Energy Star recognition. In 2020 Energy Star released an updated guide for verifying Energy Star certifications. Energy Star ratings have been compared to other clean energy rating systems and green building certification systems such as those by independent firms like MiQ , or LEED certifications for office buildings. The number of space types that can receive

896-517: A secondary hard drive which is only accessed when needed, or with network-attached storage , where less-quiet traditional hard drives are kept remote. Optical drives can be slowed down by software to quiet them, such as Nero DriveSpeed, or emulated by virtual drive programs such as Daemon Tools to eliminate their noise entirely. Notebook optical drives can be used, which tend to be quieter, however this may be because they tend to run slower (typically 24× CD speed, 8× DVD speed). Some DVD drives have

960-713: A separate heat exchanger that can use larger heat sinks or fans, watercooling can allow quieter overall operation. Devices such as GPUs , Northbridges , Southbridges , hard disk drives , memory , voltage regulator modules (VRMs), and even power supplies can be separately watercooled; in fact the whole PC can be immersed, in some cases. Older hard drives used ball bearing motors but more recent desktop hard drives use quieter fluid bearing motors. The smaller 2.5" form-factor hard drives generally vibrate less, are quieter, and use less power than traditional 3.5" drives, but often have lower performance and less capacity, and cost more per gigabyte . To minimize vibrations from

1024-422: A smooth frequency spectrum (lacking audible tonal peaks), and little temporal variation are less likely to be noticed. The character and amount of other noise in the environment also affects how much sound will be noticed or masked , so a computer may be quiet with relation to a particular environment or set of users. Prior to about 1975, all computers were typically large industrial/commercial machines, often in

1088-619: A variety of tests to prove that the products will display the following characteristics: New homes or apartments that earn the Energy Star label have been verified to meet energy efficiency requirements set by U.S. EPA. Energy Star certified homes are at least 10% more efficient than homes built to code and achieve a 20% improvement on average, while providing homeowners with better quality, performance, and comfort. Nearly 1.9 million Energy Star certified homes and apartments have been certified to date. These high-performing homes can be found across

1152-476: A voluntary labeling program designed to identify and promote energy-efficient products, Energy Star began with labels for computers and their peripherals . In 1995 the program was significantly expanded, introducing labels for residential heating and cooling systems and new homes. In 2000, the Consortium for Energy Efficiency was directed by members to begin an annual survey of Energy Star impact. According to

1216-415: Is low-power consumption , however, they are not without tradeoffs; they also tend to not perform as well as their desktop counterparts. The notebook processor has become an important market segment in the semiconductor industry . Notebook computers are a popular format of the broader category of mobile computers . The objective of a notebook computer is to provide the performance and functionality of

1280-403: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Fanless computer A quiet , silent or fanless PC is a personal computer that makes very little or no noise . Common uses for quiet PCs include video editing, sound mixing and home theater PCs , but noise reduction techniques can also be used to greatly reduce the noise from servers. There is currently no standard definition for

1344-400: Is a method of heat-dissipation by transferring the heat through a conductive material which is in contact with a liquid, such as demineralised water with an additive to prevent bacterial growth. This water travels in a loop that usually contains a reservoir, radiator and pump. Modern 12 V DC pump technologies allow extremely powerful and quiet designs. By efficiently transferring device heat to

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1408-401: Is common, and 140 mm fans are used where cases or heat sinks allow them. Quiet fan manufacturers include Nexus, EBM-Papst, Yate Loon, Scythe, and Noctua . Extensive comparative surveys have been posted by SPCR and MadShrimps. Fan noise is often proportional to fan speed, so fan controllers can be used to slow down fans and to precisely choose fan speed. Fan controllers can produce

1472-491: Is idle, thus reducing heat. The heat produced by CPUs can be further reduced by undervolting , underclocking or both. Most modern mainstream and value CPUs are made with a lower TDP to reduce heat, noise, and power consumption. Intel's dual-core Celeron , Pentium , and i3 CPUs generally have a TDP of 35–54 W, while the i5 and i7 are generally 64–84 W (newer versions, such as Haswell ) or 95W (older versions, such as Sandy Bridge ). Older CPUs such as

1536-636: Is limited by the current specifications. Standby power consumption for televisions must be 3 watts or less. A wider range of Energy Star qualified televisions will be available. Other qualified home electronics include cordless phones, battery chargers, VCRs and external power adapters, most of which use 90% less energy. The Energy Star Program Requirements for Imaging Products are focused on product families such as electrophotographic (EP) printers, inkjet printers (e.g., thermal), copiers, facsimile machines and other imaging equipment including MFD 's (multifunctional devices). Typical Electrical Consumption (TEC) of

1600-489: Is made quieter through the use of higher efficiency (which reduces waste heat and need for airflow), quieter fans, more intelligent fan controllers (ones for which the correlation between temperature and fan speed is more complex than linear), more effective heat sinks, and designs that allow air to flow through with less resistance. For a given power supply size, more efficient supplies such as those certified 80 plus generate less heat. A power supply of appropriate wattage for

1664-435: Is more typical. Power supplies with thermally controlled fans can be made quieter by providing a cooler and/or less obstructed source of air, and fanless power supplies are available, either with large passive heat sinks or relying on convection or case airflow to dissipate heat. It is also possible to use fanless DC-to-DC power supplies that operate like those in laptops, using an external power brick to supply DC power, which

1728-517: Is not kept clean, requiring a larger or faster fan to handle the pressure drop behind the filter. The inside of a case can be lined with dampening materials to reduce noise by: Large heat sinks designed to operate efficiently with little airflow are often used in quiet computers. Often heat pipes are used to more efficiently distribute heat to the heat sink. If they use fans at all, quiet PCs typically use larger-than-usual low-speed fans with quiet-running motors and bearings. The 120 mm size

1792-551: Is rarely reported. Without knowing how it was measured, it is not possible to verify these claims, and comparisons between such measurements (e.g. for product selection) are meaningless. Comparative reviews, which test several devices under the same conditions, are more useful, but even then, an average sound pressure level is only one factor in determining which components will be perceived as quieter. A number of methods exist for reducing computer noise at little or no added cost. In some cases an acceptable solution may be to relocate

1856-504: Is then converted to appropriate voltages and regulated for use by the computer. These power supplies usually have lower wattage ratings. The electrical coils in power supplies can produce audible electromagnetic noise which can become noticeable in a quiet PC. Equipping the PSU with a power cord that uses a ferrite bead can sometimes help to reduce humming from the PSU. Case designed for low noise usually include quiet fans, and often come with

1920-533: The Core 2 Duo typically had a TDP of 65 W, while the Core 2 Quad CPUs were mostly 65–95 W. AMD's Athlon II x2 CPUs were 65 W, while the Athlon ;x4 was 95 W. The AMD Phenom ranged from 80 W in the x2 variant to 95 and 125 W in the quad-core variants. The AMD Bulldozer CPUs range from 95–125 W. AMD APUs range from 65 W for the lower-end dual-core variants, such as

1984-1124: The European Free Trade Association also ended. The Energy Star program was established by the Environmental Protection Agency in 1992 and operates under the authority of the Clean Air Act , section 103(g), and the 2005 Energy Policy Act , section 131 (which amended the Energy Policy and Conservation Act, section 324). Since 1992, Energy Star and its partners are estimated to have reduced various energy bills by at least $ 430 billion. The EPA manages Energy Star products, as well as home and commercial/industrial programs. The EPA develops and manages Energy Star Portfolio Manager, an online energy tracking and benchmarking tool for commercial buildings. The DOE manages Home Performance with Energy Star and provides technical support, including test procedure development for products and some verification testing of products. Initiated as

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2048-440: The clock frequency may be stepped down under low processor loads. This stepping down conserves power and prolongs battery life . Today's CPUs are usually more than just a single unit. They are split into " cores ", each acting like an individual CPU. They also use " threading ", allowing each core to do multiple tasks, amplifying the performance. One of the main characteristics differentiating laptop processors from other CPUs

2112-510: The "Prescott" core, was infamous for being one of the hottest-running CPUs on the market. By comparison, AMD 's Athlon series and the Intel Core ;2 perform better at lower clock speeds, and thus produce less heat. Modern CPUs often incorporate energy saving systems , such as Cool'n'Quiet , LongHaul , and SpeedStep . These reduce the CPU clock speed and core voltage when the processor

2176-604: The A4, to 100 W in the higher-end quad-core variants, such as the A8. Some processors come in special low-power versions. For example, Intel's lower TDP CPUs end in T (35 W) or S (65 W). Video cards can produce a significant amount of heat. A fast GPU may be the largest power consumer in a computer and because of space limitations, video card coolers often use small fans running at high speeds, making them noisy. Options to reduce noise from this source include: Power supply (PSU)

2240-606: The ENERGY STAR NextGen Certified Homes and Apartments, will be launched in 2023. This new certification uses a baseline of the ENERGY STAR Single-Family and Multifamily certification, with additional requirements such as heat pump water heaters and EV-ready charging capabilities. The Energy Star program has developed energy performance rating systems for several commercial and institutional building types and manufacturing facilities. These ratings, on

2304-595: The ENERGY STAR logo. More than 75 product categories are eligible for the ENERGY STAR label, including appliances, electronics, lighting, heating and cooling systems, and commercial equipment such as food service products. In the United States, the ENERGY STAR label often appears with the EnergyGuide label of eligible appliances to highlight energy-efficient products and compare energy use and operating costs. One of

2368-527: The EPA. Energy Star 4.0 specifications for computers became effective on July 20, 2007. The requirements are more stringent than the previous specification and existing equipment designs can no longer use the service mark unless re-qualified. They require the use of 80 Plus Bronze level or higher power supplies . Energy Star 5.0 became effective on July 1, 2009. Energy Star 6.1 became effective on September 10, 2014. Energy Star 7.1 became effective on November 16, 2018. The Version 8.0 specification for computers

2432-615: The EPA/DOE added the requirement that all products registered under the Energy Star service mark, must be tested by an AB (Accredited Body) or CB (Certification Body) Laboratory. The Energy Star is awarded to only certain bulbs that meet strict efficiency, quality, and lifetime criteria. Energy Star qualified fluorescent lighting uses 75% less energy and lasts up to ten times longer than normal incandescent lights . Energy Star Qualified light-emitting diode (LED) Lighting: To qualify for Energy Star certification, LED lighting products must pass

2496-528: The Energy Star program. The award was established in 1999. In March 2010, the Government Accountability Office (GAO) performed covert testing of the Energy Star product certification process and found that Energy Star was for the most part a self-certification program that was vulnerable to fraud and abuse. While the GAO demonstrated, by submitting fake products from made-up companies, that cheating

2560-506: The U.S. Energy and Employment Report for 2016, 290,000 American workers are involved in the manufacture of Energy Star certified products and building materials. The report also projects that employment in energy efficiency will grow much faster than other areas of the energy sector—9 percent in 2017 vs. average projected growth of 5 percent across all of the energy sector—and that Energy Star will be an integral part of that market. Energy Star specifications differ with each item, and are set by

2624-548: The U.S. and include a complete thermal enclosure system, a high-efficiency heating, ventilation and cooling system, a comprehensive water management system, and energy-efficient lighting and appliances. Together, U.S. homeowners living in certified homes saved $ 360 million on their energy bills in 2016 alone. In 2020, ENERGY STAR separated single-family and multifamily construction types into their own programs: Single-Family New Construction (SFNC) and Multifamily New Construction (MFNC). A new tier of ENERGY STAR certification, called

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2688-873: The category, including floor area , occupancy and energy consumption data into a free online tool provided by Energy Star. Energy Star energy performance ratings have been incorporated into some green buildings standards, such as LEED for Existing Buildings. In the U.S., builders of energy efficient homes are able to qualify for Federal Income tax credits and deductions. Energy Star estimated in 2020 that energy use in commercial buildings accounts for 20% of greenhouse gas emissions, costing more than $ 100B per year. Some examples of specialised industrial facilities which Energy Star has designed specific performance ratings for include: The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) annually recognizes small businesses that demonstrate abilities to reduce waste, conserve energy, and recycle. The businesses use resources and ideas outlined in

2752-432: The computer is important for high efficiency and minimizing heat. Power supplies are typically less efficient when lightly or heavily loaded. High wattage power supplies will typically be less efficient when lightly loaded, for instance when the computer is idle or sleeping. Most desktop computers spend most of their time lightly loaded. For example, most desktop PCs draw less than 250 watts at full load, and 200 watts or less

2816-594: The durability and expected service life of a mass-market appliance built to a consumer-level cost standard. For example, a refrigerator may be made more efficient by the use of more insulative spacing and a smaller-capacity compressor using electronics to control operation and temperature. However, this may come at the cost of reduced interior storage (or increased exterior mass) or a reduced service life due to compressor or electronic failures. In particular, electronic controls used on new-generation appliances are subject to damage from shock, vibration, moisture, or power spikes on

2880-570: The electrical circuit to which they are attached. Critics have pointed out that even if a new appliance is energy efficient, any consumer appliance that does not provide customer satisfaction, or must be replaced twice as often as its predecessor contributes to landfill pollution and waste of natural resources used to construct its replacement. Energy Star qualified heat pumps, boilers, air conditioning systems, and furnaces are available. In addition, cooling and heating bills can be significantly lowered with air sealing and duct sealing. Air sealing reduces

2944-533: The energy performance rating in Portfolio Manager is expanding and now includes housing, bank/financial institutions, courthouses, hospitals (acute care and children's), hotels and motels, houses of worship, K-12 schools, medical offices, offices, residence halls/dormitories, retail stores, supermarkets, warehouses (refrigerated and non-refrigerated), hotels (see hotel energy management ) , data centers, senior care facilities, and wastewater facilities. See

3008-409: The fans' supply voltage between 8 V and 12 V to avoid this problem entirely. Some fan controllers start the fan at 12 V, then drop the voltage after a few seconds. PWM fan control, however, is the easiest and most efficient option for modern motherboards that have PWM fan headers. PWM fan control rapidly cycles between feeding the fan full voltage and no voltage, to control rotational speed. Typically

3072-417: The form of a small, noisy fan. Some motherboard manufacturers have replaced these fans by incorporating large heat sinks or heatpipe coolers, however they still require good case airflow to remove heat. Motherboard voltage regulators also often have heat sinks and may need airflow to ensure adequate cooling. Some motherboards can control the fan speed using an integrated hardware monitoring chip (often

3136-631: The label. In order to be recognized, labs and certification bodies must meet specified criteria and be subject to oversight by a recognized accreditation body. In addition, a percentage of Energy Star certified product models in each category are subject to off-the-shelf verification testing each year. As of 2017, there are 23 independent certification bodies and 255 independent laboratories recognized for purposes of Energy Star product certification and testing. Most cover multiple product types. In 2016, 1,881 product models were subject to verification testing with an overall compliance rate of 95%. In March 2017

3200-485: The minimum guidelines, purchasing an Energy Star labeled product does not always mean one is getting the most energy efficient option available. For example, dehumidifiers that are rated under 25 US pints (12 L) per day of water extraction receive an Energy Star rating if they have an energy factor of 1.2 (higher is better), while those rated 25 US pints (12 L) to 35 US pints (17 L) per day receive an Energy Star rating for an energy factor of 1.4 or higher. Thus

3264-478: The minimum standard. Dishwashers need at least 41% savings. Most appliances as well as heating and cooling systems have a yellow EnergyGuide label showing the annual cost of operation compared to other models. This label is created through the Federal Trade Commission and often shows if an appliance is Energy Star rated. While an Energy Star label indicates that the appliance is more energy efficient than

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3328-541: The most successful voluntary initiatives introduced by the U.S. government, the program has saved 5 trillion kilowatt-hours of electricity, more than US$ 500 billion in energy costs, and prevented 4 billion metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions. Elements of the ENERGY STAR program are implemented in Canada, Japan, and Switzerland. In 2018, a 15-year long agreement with the European Union expired. A previous agreement with

3392-501: The motherboard at the same time, even if individual settings for each fan are available in the hardware monitoring chip itself; these wiring issues being very common makes it difficult to design good general-purpose user interfaces for configuring fan control. Motherboards can also produce audible electromagnetic noise . The heat output of a CPU can vary according to its brand and model or, more precisely, its thermal design power (TDP). Intel 's third revision Pentium 4 , using

3456-489: The motherboard chipset provides temperature data from sensors on the CPU itself to control speed. Bearing and motor noise is an important consideration. Soft mounting fans (e.g. with rubber or silicone fan isolators) can help reduce transfer of fan vibration to other components. Piezoelectric fans are often quieter than rotating fans and may consume less power. Intel, Murata, and others have recently done development on use of piezoelectric fans in desktop PCs. Watercooling

3520-423: The motherboard correctly to the hardware monitoring chip, thus sometimes computer fan control cannot be performed on a given motherboard due to the wiring irregularities, even though the software may indicate that the fan control is available due to the underlying support by the hardware monitoring chip itself. Other times, it may be the case that a single fan-control setting may affect all fan connector headers on

3584-405: The older style of stamped grill. Features that facilitate neat cable management, such as brackets and space to run cables behind the motherboard tray, help increase cooling efficiency. Air filters can help to prevent dust from coating heat sinks and surfaces, which dust impedes heat transfer, making fans spin faster. However, the filter itself can increase noise if it restricts airflow too much or

3648-498: The outdoor air that penetrates a building, and duct sealing prevents attic or basement air from entering ducts and lessening the heating/cooling system’s efficiency. Energy Star qualified room air conditioners are at least 10% more energy efficient than the minimum U.S. federal government standards. Energy Star qualified televisions use 30% less energy than average. In November 2008, television specifications were improved to limit on-mode power use, in addition to standby power which

3712-736: The power of the computer. More or faster transistors use more power, which releases more heat. Increasing the rotation speed of fans to address this will (all things being equal) increase their noise. Similarly, increasing hard disk drives ' and optical disc drives ' rotation speeds increases performance , but generally also vibration and bearing friction. Though standards do exist for measuring and reporting sound power output by such things as computer components, they are often ignored. Many manufacturers do not give sound power measurements. Some report sound pressure measurements, but those that do often do not specify how sound pressure measurements were taken. Even such basic information as measurement distance

3776-403: The technical descriptions for models used in the rating system at. These documents provide detailed information on the methodologies used to create the energy performance ratings including details on rating objectives, regression techniques, and the steps applied to compute a rating. Energy Star maintains a 1–100 national benchmarking rating for buildings based on building attributes depending on

3840-405: The too-noisy computer outside the immediate working area, and access it either with long-distance HDMI/USB/DVI cables or via remote desktop software from a quiet thin client , e.g. based on a Raspberry Pi , a miniature computer that does not even use a heat sink. The following are notes regarding individual components in quiet PCs. The motherboard, CPU, and video card are major energy users in

3904-586: The widespread adoption of sleep mode among consumer electronics, and the TCO Certified program promoted lower energy consumption. Both added features that allowed systems to only consume as much power as is needed at a particular moment and helped reduce power consumption. In a similar manner the first low power and energy-conserving CPUs were developed for use in laptops but can be used in any machine to reduce power requirements, and hence noise. The main causes of PC noise are: Many of these sources increase with

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3968-456: Was added by means of a fan over the CPU heatsink to blow air onto the processor. Over time, more fans were included to provide spot-cooling in more locations where heat dissipation was needed, including the 3D graphics cards as they grew more powerful. Computer cases increasingly needed to add fans to extract heated air from the case, but unless very carefully designed, this would add more noise. Energy Star , in 1992, and similar programs led to

4032-776: Was finalized on October 15, 2019 and became effective on October 15, 2020. The EPA released Version 1.0 of the Computer Server specifications on May 15, 2009. It covered standalone servers with one to four processor sockets . A second tier to the specification adding active state power and performance reporting for all qualified servers, as well as blade and multi-node server idle state requirements became effective December 16, 2013. The Version 2.0 Energy Star specification for Computer Servers came into effect on December 16, 2013. The Version 3.0 Energy Star specification for Enterprise Servers came into effect on June 17, 2019 [1] . As of early 2008, average refrigerators need 20% savings over

4096-410: Was possible, they found no evidence of consumer fraud relating to the quality or performance of Energy Star qualified products. In response, the Environmental Protection Agency instituted third-party certification of all Energy Star products starting in 2011. Under this regime, products are tested in an EPA-recognized laboratory and reviewed by an EPA-recognized certification body before they can carry

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