Misplaced Pages

#489510

84-606: MIDL 1.0 is a standard DCE/RPC IDL with enhancements made for defining COM coclasses and interfaces. MIDL 2.0 (also known as MIDLRT) is a updated version of syntax that was developed in-house by Microsoft for use on the Windows platform that allowed for declaring Windows Runtime APIs. Various built in Windows Runtime APIs are written with MIDL 2.0 syntax and are available in the Windows SDK folder. The most recent version of MIDL

168-570: A bill of materials . This type of specification is a collaborative effort between a specification writer and a quantity surveyor . This approach is unusual in North America, where each bidder performs a quantity survey on the basis of both drawings and specifications. In many countries on the European continent, content that might be described as "specifications" in the United States are covered under

252-412: A functional specification (also, functional spec or specs or functional specifications document (FSD) ) is the set of documentation that describes the behavior of a computer program or larger software system . The documentation typically describes various inputs that can be provided to the software system and how the system responds to those inputs. Web services specifications are often under

336-577: A standard which is often referenced by a contract or procurement document, or an otherwise agreed upon set of requirements (though still often used in the singular). In any case, it provides the necessary details about the specific requirements. Standards for specifications may be provided by government agencies, standards organizations ( SAE , AWS , NIST , ASTM , ISO / IEC , CEN / CENELEC , DoD , etc.), trade associations , corporations , and others. A memorandum published by William J. Perry , U.S. Defense Secretary , on 29 June 1994 announced that

420-540: A static type system . It was designed to be compiled to provide low-level access to memory and language constructs that map efficiently to machine instructions , all with minimal runtime support . Despite its low-level capabilities, the language was designed to encourage cross-platform programming. A standards -compliant C program written with portability in mind can be compiled for a wide variety of computer platforms and operating systems with few changes to its source code. Since 2000, C has consistently ranked among

504-674: A "Structured Product Label" which drug manufacturers must by mandate use to submit electronically the information on a drug label. Recently, the ISO has made some progress in the area of food and drug standards and formal specifications for data about regulated substances through the publication of ISO 11238. In many contexts, particularly software, specifications are needed to avoid errors due to lack of compatibility, for instance, in interoperability issues. For instance, when two applications share Unicode data, but use different normal forms or use them incorrectly, in an incompatible way or without sharing

588-452: A certain platform or with a particular compiler, due, for example, to the use of non-standard libraries, such as GUI libraries, or to a reliance on compiler- or platform-specific attributes such as the exact size of data types and byte endianness . In cases where code must be compilable by either standard-conforming or K&R C-based compilers, the __STDC__ macro can be used to split the code into Standard and K&R sections to prevent

672-402: A major investment has been made in actually implementing the design. An alternative approach is to use provably correct refinement steps to transform a specification into a design, and ultimately into an actual implementation, that is correct by construction. In (hardware, software, or enterprise) systems development, an architectural specification is the set of documentation that describes

756-469: A manufacturer to help people choose or use the products. A data sheet is not a technical specification in the sense of informing how to produce. An " in-service " or " maintained as " specification , specifies the conditions of a system or object after years of operation, including the effects of wear and maintenance (configuration changes). Specifications are a type of technical standard that may be developed by any of various kinds of organizations, in both

840-639: A minimum set of interoperability specification, errors and data loss can result. For example, Mac OS X has many components that prefer or require only decomposed characters (thus decomposed-only Unicode encoded with UTF-8 is also known as "UTF8-MAC"). In one specific instance, the combination of OS X errors handling composed characters, and the samba file- and printer-sharing software (which replaces decomposed letters with composed ones when copying file names), has led to confusing and data-destroying interoperability problems. Applications may avoid such errors by preserving input code points, and normalizing them to only

924-488: A move to "greater use of performance and commercial specifications and standards" was to be introduced, which Perry saw as "one of the most important actions that [the Department of Defense] should take" at that time. The following British standards apply to specifications: A design/product specification does not necessarily prove a product to be correct or useful in every context. An item might be verified to comply with

SECTION 10

#1732863246490

1008-590: A semicolon; as a side effect of the evaluation, functions may be called and variables assigned new values. To modify the normal sequential execution of statements, C provides several control-flow statements identified by reserved keywords. Structured programming is supported by if ... [ else ] conditional execution and by do ... while , while , and for iterative execution (looping). The for statement has separate initialization, testing, and reinitialization expressions, any or all of which can be omitted. break and continue can be used within

1092-405: A set of documented requirements to be satisfied by a material, design, product, or service. A specification is often a type of technical standard . There are different types of technical or engineering specifications (specs), and the term is used differently in different technical contexts. They often refer to particular documents, and/or particular information within them. The word specification

1176-551: A specific list of products, or "open" allowing for substitutions made by the constructor. Most construction specifications are a combination of performance-based and proprietary types, naming acceptable manufacturers and products while also specifying certain standards and design criteria that must be met. While North American specifications are usually restricted to broad descriptions of the work, European ones and Civil work can include actual work quantities, including such things as area of drywall to be built in square meters, like

1260-494: A specific material type (concrete) or a work product (steel door) of the construction work. A specific material may be covered in several locations, depending on the work result: stainless steel (for example) can be covered as a sheet material used in flashing and sheet Metal in division 07; it can be part of a finished product, such as a handrail, covered in division 05; or it can be a component of building hardware, covered in division 08. The original listing of specification divisions

1344-402: A specification or stamped with a specification number: this does not, by itself, indicate that the item is fit for other, non-validated uses. The people who use the item ( engineers , trade unions , etc.) or specify the item ( building codes , government, industry, etc.) have the responsibility to consider the choice of available specifications, specify the correct one, enforce compliance, and use

1428-423: A warning message if a local function was called with the wrong number of arguments, or if different calls to an external function used different numbers or types of arguments. Separate tools such as Unix's lint utility were developed that (among other things) could check for consistency of function use across multiple source files. In the years following the publication of K&R C, several features were added to

1512-589: A wide variety of mainframe computers , minicomputers , and microcomputers , including the IBM PC , as its popularity began to increase significantly. In 1983 the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) formed a committee, X3J11, to establish a standard specification of C. X3J11 based the C standard on the Unix implementation; however, the non-portable portion of the Unix C library was handed off to

1596-432: Is MIDL 3.0 released on December 30, 2021. Version 3.0 is a more streamlined version of MIDL 2.0, utilizing more modern and simplified syntax familiar to C , C++ , C# , or Java . MIDL 3.0 is also more concise than the previous versions, allowing for programs to be reduced by almost two thirds in length due to using built-in reasonable defaults for attributes and being more concise. This Microsoft Windows article

1680-460: Is a mathematical description of software or hardware that may be used to develop an implementation . It describes what the system should do, not (necessarily) how the system should do it. Given such a specification, it is possible to use formal verification techniques to demonstrate that a candidate system design is correct with respect to that specification. This has the advantage that incorrect candidate system designs can be revised before

1764-481: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . This programming-language -related article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . C (programming language) This is an accepted version of this page C ( pronounced / ˈ s iː / – like the letter c ) is a general-purpose programming language . It was created in the 1970s by Dennis Ritchie and remains very widely used and influential. By design, C's features cleanly reflect

SECTION 20

#1732863246490

1848-553: Is a process for dealing with observations that are out-of-specification. The United States Food and Drug Administration has published a non-binding recommendation that addresses just this point. At the present time, much of the information and regulations concerning food and food products remain in a form which makes it difficult to apply automated information processing, storage and transmission methods and techniques. Data systems that can process, store and transfer information about food and food products need formal specifications for

1932-451: Is an informal name for the current major C language standard revision. It was informally known as "C2X" through most of its development. C23 was published in October 2024 as ISO/IEC 9899:2024. The standard macro __STDC_VERSION__ is defined as 202311L to indicate that C23 support is available. C2Y is an informal name for the next major C language standard revision, after C23 (C2X), that

2016-506: Is broadly defined as "to state explicitly or in detail" or "to be specific". A requirement specification is a documented requirement , or set of documented requirements, to be satisfied by a given material, design, product, service, etc. It is a common early part of engineering design and product development processes in many fields. A functional specification is a kind of requirement specification, and may show functional block diagrams. A design or product specification describes

2100-415: Is common for one organization to refer to ( reference , call out , cite ) the standards of another. Voluntary standards may become mandatory if adopted by a government or business contract. In engineering , manufacturing , and business , it is vital for suppliers , purchasers , and users of materials, products, or services to understand and agree upon all requirements. A specification may refer to

2184-560: Is currently less fruitful and not yet put forward as an urgent agenda due to the tight restrictions of regional or national constitution. Specifications and other standards can be externally imposed as discussed above, but also internal manufacturing and quality specifications. These exist not only for the food or pharmaceutical product but also for the processing machinery , quality processes, packaging , logistics ( cold chain ), etc. and are exemplified by ISO 14134 and ISO 15609. The converse of explicit statement of specifications

2268-497: Is defined as 201112L to indicate that C11 support is available. C17 is an informal name for ISO/IEC 9899:2018, a standard for the C programming language published in June 2018. It introduces no new language features, only technical corrections, and clarifications to defects in C11. The standard macro __STDC_VERSION__ is defined as 201710L to indicate that C17 support is available. C23

2352-516: Is for the most part backward compatible with C90, but is stricter in some ways; in particular, a declaration that lacks a type specifier no longer has int implicitly assumed. A standard macro __STDC_VERSION__ is defined with value 199901L to indicate that C99 support is available. GCC , Solaris Studio , and other C compilers now support many or all of the new features of C99. The C compiler in Microsoft Visual C++ , however, implements

2436-464: Is hoped to be released later in the 2020s decade, hence the '2' in "C2Y". An early working draft of C2Y was released in February 2024 as N3220 by the working group ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 /WG14. Historically, embedded C programming requires non-standard extensions to the C language to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic , multiple distinct memory banks , and basic I/O operations. In 2008,

2520-414: Is not covered by the above standards , it can be evaluated by the additional source of pharmacopoeias from other nations, from industrial specifications, or from a standardized formulary such as A similar approach is adopted by the food manufacturing, of which Codex Alimentarius ranks the highest standards, followed by regional and national standards. The coverage of food and drug standards by ISO

2604-622: Is now also referred to as C78 . The second edition of the book covers the later ANSI C standard, described below. K&R introduced several language features: Even after the publication of the 1989 ANSI standard, for many years K&R C was still considered the " lowest common denominator " to which C programmers restricted themselves when maximum portability was desired, since many older compilers were still in use, and because carefully written K&R C code can be legal Standard C as well. In early versions of C, only functions that return types other than int must be declared if used before

Microsoft Interface Definition Language - Misplaced Pages Continue

2688-528: Is owned by the Royal Institute of British Architects (RIBA) through their commercial group RIBA Enterprises (RIBAe). NBS master specifications provide content that is broad and comprehensive, and delivered using software functionality that enables specifiers to customize the content to suit the needs of the project and to keep up to date. UK project specification types fall into two main categories prescriptive and performance. Prescriptive specifications define

2772-420: Is sometimes called C90. Therefore, the terms "C89" and "C90" refer to the same programming language. ANSI, like other national standards bodies, no longer develops the C standard independently, but defers to the international C standard, maintained by the working group ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22 /WG14. National adoption of an update to the international standard typically occurs within a year of ISO publication. One of

2856-578: The IEEE working group 1003 to become the basis for the 1988 POSIX standard. In 1989, the C standard was ratified as ANSI X3.159-1989 "Programming Language C". This version of the language is often referred to as ANSI C , Standard C, or sometimes C89. In 1990 the ANSI C standard (with formatting changes) was adopted by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) as ISO/IEC 9899:1990, which

2940-513: The federal government and its agencies stipulates that a copy of the drawings and specifications must be kept available on a construction site. Specifications in Egypt form part of contract documents. The Housing and Building National Research Center ( HBRC ) is responsible for developing construction specifications and codes. The HBRC has published more than 15 books which cover building activities like earthworks , plastering, etc. Specifications in

3024-477: The public and private sectors. Example organization types include a corporation , a consortium (a small group of corporations), a trade association (an industry-wide group of corporations), a national government (including its different public entities, regulatory agencies , and national laboratories and institutes), a professional association (society), a purpose-made standards organization such as ISO , or vendor-neutral developed generic requirements. It

3108-720: The structure , behavior , and more views of that system . A program specification is the definition of what a computer program is expected to do. It can be informal , in which case it can be considered as a user manual from a developer point of view, or formal , in which case it has a definite meaning defined in mathematical or programmatic terms. In practice, many successful specifications are written to understand and fine-tune applications that were already well-developed, although safety-critical software systems are often carefully specified prior to application development. Specifications are most important for external interfaces that must remain stable. In software development ,

3192-416: The 50 division format, which was adopted in both the United States and Canada starting in 2004. The 16 division format is no longer considered standard, and is not supported by either CSI or CSC, or any of the subscription master specification services, data repositories, product lead systems, and the bulk of governmental agencies. The United States' Federal Acquisition Regulation governing procurement for

3276-483: The C Standards Committee published a technical report extending the C language to address these issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a number of features not available in normal C, such as fixed-point arithmetic, named address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. C has a formal grammar specified by the C standard. Line endings are generally not significant in C; however, line boundaries do have significance during

3360-591: The C89 standard and those parts of C99 that are required for compatibility with C++11 . In addition, the C99 standard requires support for identifiers using Unicode in the form of escaped characters (e.g. \u0040 or \U0001f431 ) and suggests support for raw Unicode names. Work began in 2007 on another revision of the C standard, informally called "C1X" until its official publication of ISO/IEC 9899:2011 on December 8, 2011. The C standards committee adopted guidelines to limit

3444-657: The Construction Specifications Institute and the Registered Specification Writer (RSW) through Construction Specifications Canada. Specification writers may be separate entities such as sub-contractors or they may be employees of architects, engineers, or construction management companies. Specification writers frequently meet with manufacturers of building materials who seek to have their products specified on upcoming construction projects so that contractors can include their products in

Microsoft Interface Definition Language - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-588: The UK are part of the contract documents that accompany and govern the construction of a building. They are prepared by construction professionals such as architects , architectural technologists , structural engineers , landscape architects and building services engineers . They are created from previous project specifications, in-house documents or master specifications such as the National Building Specification (NBS). The National Building Specification

3612-523: The United States and are usually subscription based. Specifications can be either "performance-based", whereby the specifier restricts the text to stating the performance that must be achieved by the completed work, "prescriptive" where the specifier states the specific criteria such as fabrication standards applicable to the item, or "proprietary", whereby the specifier indicates specific products, vendors and even contractors that are acceptable for each workscope. In addition, specifications can be "closed" with

3696-517: The United States and updated every two years. While there is a tendency to believe that "specifications overrule drawings" in the event of discrepancies between the text document and the drawings, the actual intent must be made explicit in the contract between the Owner and the Contractor. The standard AIA (American Institute of Architects) and EJCDC (Engineering Joint Contract Documents Committee) states that

3780-531: The address of the first item in the array. Pass-by-reference is simulated in C by explicitly passing pointers to the thing being referenced. C program source text is free-form code. Semicolons terminate statements , while curly braces are used to group statements into blocks . The C language also exhibits the following characteristics: While C does not include certain features found in other languages (such as object orientation and garbage collection ), these can be implemented or emulated, often through

3864-438: The adoption of new features that had not been tested by existing implementations. The C11 standard adds numerous new features to C and the library, including type generic macros, anonymous structures, improved Unicode support, atomic operations, multi-threading, and bounds-checked functions. It also makes some portions of the existing C99 library optional, and improves compatibility with C++. The standard macro __STDC_VERSION__

3948-428: The aims of the C standardization process was to produce a superset of K&R C, incorporating many of the subsequently introduced unofficial features. The standards committee also included several additional features such as function prototypes (borrowed from C++), void pointers, support for international character sets and locales , and preprocessor enhancements. Although the syntax for parameter declarations

4032-478: The application's preferred normal form for internal use. Such errors may also be avoided with algorithms normalizing both strings before any binary comparison. However errors due to file name encoding incompatibilities have always existed, due to a lack of minimum set of common specification between software hoped to be inter-operable between various file system drivers, operating systems, network protocols, and thousands of software packages. A formal specification

4116-416: The basis for several implementations of C on new platforms. In 1978 Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie published the first edition of The C Programming Language . Known as K&R from the initials of its authors, the book served for many years as an informal specification of the language. The version of C that it describes is commonly referred to as " K&R C ". As this was released in 1978, it

4200-524: The building code or municipal code. Civil and infrastructure work in the United States often includes a quantity breakdown of the work to be performed as well. Although specifications are usually issued by the architect 's office, specification writing itself is undertaken by the architect and the various engineers or by specialist specification writers. Specification writing is often a distinct professional trade, with professional certifications such as "Certified Construction Specifier" (CCS) available through

4284-418: The capabilities of the targeted CPUs. It has found lasting use in operating systems code (especially in kernels ), device drivers , and protocol stacks , but its use in application software has been decreasing. C is commonly used on computer architectures that range from the largest supercomputers to the smallest microcontrollers and embedded systems . A successor to the programming language B , C

SECTION 50

#1732863246490

4368-651: The drawings and specifications are complementary, together providing the information required for a complete facility. Many public agencies, such as the Naval Facilities Command (NAVFAC) state that the specifications overrule the drawings. This is based on the idea that words are easier for a jury (or mediator) to interpret than drawings in case of a dispute. The standard listing of construction specifications falls into 50 Divisions , or broad categories of work types and work results involved in construction. The divisions are subdivided into sections, each one addressing

4452-514: The end of each expression statement, and the entry to and return from each function call. Sequence points also occur during evaluation of expressions containing certain operators ( && , || , ?: and the comma operator ). This permits a high degree of object code optimization by the compiler, but requires C programmers to take more care to obtain reliable results than is needed for other programming languages. Specification (technical standard) A specification often refers to

4536-463: The estimates leading to their proposals. In February 2015, ArCHspec went live, from ArCH (Architects Creating Homes), a nationwide American professional society of architects whose purpose is to improve residential architecture. ArCHspec was created specifically for use by licensed architects while designing SFR (Single Family Residential) architectural projects. Unlike the more commercial CSI/CSC (50+ division commercial specifications), ArCHspec utilizes

4620-474: The features of the solutions for the Requirement Specification, referring to either a designed solution or final produced solution. It is often used to guide fabrication/production. Sometimes the term specification is here used in connection with a data sheet (or spec sheet ), which may be confusing. A data sheet describes the technical characteristics of an item or product, often published by

4704-643: The features of the more-powerful PDP-11. A significant addition was a character data type. He called this New B (NB). Thompson started to use NB to write the Unix kernel, and his requirements shaped the direction of the language development. Through to 1972, richer types were added to the NB language: NB had arrays of int and char . Pointers, the ability to generate pointers to other types, arrays of all types, and types to be returned from functions were all also added. Arrays within expressions became pointers. A new compiler

4788-473: The function definition; functions used without prior declaration were presumed to return type int . For example: The int type specifiers which are commented out could be omitted in K&;R C, but are required in later standards. Since K&R function declarations did not include any information about function arguments, function parameter type checks were not performed, although some compilers would issue

4872-467: The item correctly. Validation of suitability is necessary. Public sector procurement rules in the European Union and United Kingdom require non-discriminatory technical specifications to be used to identify the purchasing organisation's requirements. The rules relating to public works contracts initially prohibited "technical specifications having a discriminatory effect" from 1971; this principle

4956-438: The language, supported by compilers from AT&T (in particular PCC ) and some other vendors. These included: The large number of extensions and lack of agreement on a standard library , together with the language popularity and the fact that not even the Unix compilers precisely implemented the K&R specification, led to the necessity of standardization. During the late 1970s and 1980s, versions of C were implemented for

5040-413: The loop. Break is used to leave the innermost enclosing loop statement and continue is used to skip to its reinitialisation. There is also a non-structured goto statement which branches directly to the designated label within the function. switch selects a case to be executed based on the value of an integer expression. Different from many other languages, control-flow will fall through to

5124-458: The more concise 16 traditional Divisions, plus a Division 0 (Scope & Bid Forms) and Division 17 (low voltage). Many architects, up to this point, did not provide specifications for residential designs, which is one of the reasons ArCHspec was created: to fill a void in the industry with more compact specifications for residential projects. Shorter form specifications documents suitable for residential use are also available through Arcom, and follow

SECTION 60

#1732863246490

5208-411: The next case unless terminated by a break . Expressions can use a variety of built-in operators and may contain function calls. The order in which arguments to functions and operands to most operators are evaluated is unspecified. The evaluations may even be interleaved. However, all side effects (including storage to variables) will occur before the next " sequence point "; sequence points include

5292-419: The operating system to a PDP-11 . The original PDP-11 version of Unix was also developed in assembly language. Thompson wanted a programming language for developing utilities for the new platform. He first tried writing a Fortran compiler, but he soon gave up the idea and instead created a cut-down version of the recently developed systems programming language called BCPL . The official description of BCPL

5376-406: The organisation's current corporate objectives or priorities. Sometimes a guide or a standard operating procedure is available to help write and format a good specification. A specification might include: Specifications in North America form part of the contract documents that accompany and govern the drawings for construction of building and infrastructure projects. Specifications describe

5460-551: The original language designer, served for many years as the de facto standard for the language. C has been standardized since 1989 by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and, subsequently, jointly by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). C is an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming , lexical variable scope , and recursion , with

5544-652: The preprocessing phase. Comments may appear either between the delimiters /* and */ , or (since C99) following // until the end of the line. Comments delimited by /* and */ do not nest, and these sequences of characters are not interpreted as comment delimiters if they appear inside string or character literals. C source files contain declarations and function definitions. Function definitions, in turn, contain declarations and statements . Declarations either define new types using keywords such as struct , union , and enum , or assign types to and perhaps reserve storage for new variables, usually by writing

5628-473: The quality and performance of building materials, using code citations and published standards, whereas the drawings or building information model (BIM) illustrates quantity and location of materials. The guiding master document of names and numbers is the latest edition of MasterFormat . This is a consensus document that is jointly sponsored by two professional organizations: Construction Specifications Canada and Construction Specifications Institute based in

5712-414: The rather voluminous commercial style of specifications too lengthy for most residential projects and therefore either produce more abbreviated specifications of their own or use ArCHspec (which was specifically created for residential projects). Master specification systems are available from multiple vendors such as Arcom, Visispec, BSD, and Spectext. These systems were created to standardize language across

5796-408: The recognizable expression and statement syntax of C with underlying type systems, data models, and semantics that can be radically different. The origin of C is closely tied to the development of the Unix operating system, originally implemented in assembly language on a PDP-7 by Dennis Ritchie and Ken Thompson , incorporating several ideas from colleagues. Eventually, they decided to port

5880-495: The representations of data about food and food products in order to operate effectively and efficiently. Development of formal specifications for food and drug data with the necessary and sufficient clarity and precision for use specifically by digital computing systems have begun to emerge from some government agencies and standards organizations: the United States Food and Drug Administration has published specifications for

5964-476: The requirements using generic or proprietary descriptions of what is required, whereas performance specifications focus on the outcomes rather than the characteristics of the components. Specifications are an integral part of Building Information Modeling and cover the non-geometric requirements. Pharmaceutical products can usually be tested and qualified by various pharmacopoeias . Current existing pharmaceutical standards include: If any pharmaceutical product

6048-529: The top four languages in the TIOBE index , a measure of the popularity of programming languages. C is an imperative , procedural language in the ALGOL tradition. It has a static type system . In C, all executable code is contained within subroutines (also called "functions", though not in the sense of functional programming ). Function parameters are passed by value, although arrays are passed as pointers , i.e.

6132-468: The type followed by the variable name. Keywords such as char and int specify built-in types. Sections of code are enclosed in braces ( { and } , sometimes called "curly brackets") to limit the scope of declarations and to act as a single statement for control structures. As an imperative language, C uses statements to specify actions. The most common statement is an expression statement , consisting of an expression to be evaluated, followed by

6216-472: The urging of Alan Snyder and also in recognition of the usefulness of the file-inclusion mechanisms available in BCPL and PL/I . Its original version provided only included files and simple string replacements: #include and #define of parameterless macros. Soon after that, it was extended, mostly by Mike Lesk and then by John Reiser, to incorporate macros with arguments and conditional compilation . Unix

6300-703: The use of external libraries (e.g., the GLib Object System or the Boehm garbage collector ). Many later languages have borrowed directly or indirectly from C, including C++ , C# , Unix's C shell , D , Go , Java , JavaScript (including transpilers ), Julia , Limbo , LPC , Objective-C , Perl , PHP , Python , Ruby , Rust , Swift , Verilog and SystemVerilog (hardware description languages). These languages have drawn many of their control structures and other basic features from C. Most of them also express highly similar syntax to C, and they tend to combine

6384-531: The use on a K&R C-based compiler of features available only in Standard C. After the ANSI/ISO standardization process, the C language specification remained relatively static for several years. In 1995, Normative Amendment 1 to the 1990 C standard (ISO/IEC 9899/AMD1:1995, known informally as C95) was published, to correct some details and to add more extensive support for international character sets. The C standard

6468-510: Was augmented to include the style used in C++, the K&R interface continued to be permitted, for compatibility with existing source code. C89 is supported by current C compilers, and most modern C code is based on it. Any program written only in Standard C and without any hardware-dependent assumptions will run correctly on any platform with a conforming C implementation, within its resource limits. Without such precautions, programs may compile only on

6552-460: Was based on the time sequence of construction, working from exterior to interior, and this logic is still somewhat followed as new materials and systems make their way into the construction process. Each section is subdivided into three distinct parts: "general", "products" and "execution". The MasterFormat and SectionFormat systems can be successfully applied to residential, commercial, civil, and industrial construction. Although many architects find

6636-435: Was extended to public supply contracts by the then European Communities' Directive 77/62/EEC coordinating procedures for the award of public supply contracts, adopted in 1976. Some organisations provide guidance on specification-writing for their staff and partners. In addition to identifying the specific attributes required of the goods or services being purchased, specifications in the public sector may also make reference to

6720-706: Was further revised in the late 1990s, leading to the publication of ISO/IEC 9899:1999 in 1999, which is commonly referred to as " C99 ". It has since been amended three times by Technical Corrigenda. C99 introduced several new features, including inline functions , several new data types (including long long int and a complex type to represent complex numbers ), variable-length arrays and flexible array members , improved support for IEEE 754 floating point, support for variadic macros (macros of variable arity ), and support for one-line comments beginning with // , as in BCPL or C++. Many of these had already been implemented as extensions in several C compilers. C99

6804-511: Was not available at the time, and Thompson modified the syntax to be less 'wordy' and similar to a simplified ALGOL known as SMALGOL. He called the result B , describing it as "BCPL semantics with a lot of SMALGOL syntax". Like BCPL, B had a bootstrapping compiler to facilitate porting to new machines. Ultimately, few utilities were written in B because it was too slow and could not take advantage of PDP-11 features such as byte addressability. In 1971 Ritchie started to improve B, to use

6888-612: Was one of the first operating system kernels implemented in a language other than assembly . Earlier instances include the Multics system (which was written in PL/I ) and Master Control Program (MCP) for the Burroughs B5000 (which was written in ALGOL ) in 1961. In around 1977, Ritchie and Stephen C. Johnson made further changes to the language to facilitate portability of the Unix operating system. Johnson's Portable C Compiler served as

6972-466: Was originally developed at Bell Labs by Ritchie between 1972 and 1973 to construct utilities running on Unix . It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system. During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages, with C compilers available for practically all modern computer architectures and operating systems. The book The C Programming Language , co-authored by

7056-520: Was written, and the language was renamed C. The C compiler and some utilities made with it were included in Version 2 Unix , which is also known as Research Unix . At Version 4 Unix , released in November 1973, the Unix kernel was extensively re-implemented in C. By this time, the C language had acquired some powerful features such as struct types. The preprocessor was introduced around 1973 at

#489510