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50-532: In 1993, Malaysia's Prime Minister , Dr. Mahathir Mohamad , called for the end of the Malaysian government's monopoly on communications services. He believed that the creation of privately owned companies could better serve Malaysia's communications needs in the decades ahead. One result of Mahathir's 1993 "Malaysia Plan" was the creation of the Binariang Sdn. Bhd. company by Malaysian tycoon Ananda Krishnan , which

100-871: A caretaker capacity. Colour key (for political coalitions/parties):     Alliance Party (2)     Barisan Nasional (6)     Pakatan Harapan (2)     Perikatan Nasional (1) Hisamuddin Putra Ismail Nasiruddin Abdul Halim Yahya Petra Ahmad Shah Iskandar Azlan Shah Ja'afar Salahuddin Sirajuddin Mizan Zainal Abidin Abdul Halim Muhammad V Abdullah Ibrahim Iskandar Centre Spatial Guyanais Download coordinates as: The Guiana Space Centre (French: Centre spatial guyanais ; CSG ), also called Europe's Spaceport ,

150-469: A former penal colony including the infamous Devil's Island . Now a tourist site, the islands are under the launching trajectory for geosynchronous orbit and have to be evacuated during launches. As of 2017 , Kourou counts amongst the spaceports with the highest percentage of successful launches, both successive and overall. Here is a chronology of all orbital launches from the Kourou spaceport since 1970, under

200-662: A majority in the House of Representatives and party discipline is exceptionally strong in Malaysian politics, so passage of the government's legislation through the House of Representatives is mostly a formality. Under the Constitution, the prime minister's role includes advising the Yang di-Pertuan Agong on: Under Article 39 of the Constitution, executive authority is vested in the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. However, Article 40(1) states that in most cases,

250-535: A rocket launched from Cape Canaveral Space Force Station , with a latitude of 28.5°, can only be launched to an inclination of 28.5°, requiring a significant amount of propellant to change the inclination. The location of the Guiana Space Centre provides benefits for launching spacecraft into low-inclination or geostationary Earth orbits. Rockets of similar size to those used at other spaceports to place satellites into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO), such as

300-628: Is a spaceport to the northwest of Kourou in French Guiana , a overseas region of France in South America . Kourou is located approximately 500 kilometres (310 mi; 270 nmi) north of the equator at a latitude of 5°. In operation since 1968, it is a suitable location for a spaceport because of its near equatorial location and open sea to the east and north. At CSG, space launches are conducted by several European private companies and government agencies working together. The CSG land itself

350-608: Is a Boeing 601 HP spacecraft. It was launched on 12 December 2006 from Russia's Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan . On 21 June 2021, MEASAT-3 had experienced an unidentified problem. MEASAT said on 6 August 2021 that it has chosen to deorbit the satellite. MEASAT-3a was constructed by Orbital Sciences Corporation under their Star-2 platform. It was launched on 21 June 2009 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. MEASAT-3b

400-490: Is likely to command the confidence of the majority of the members of that House. This person must be a Malaysian citizen, but cannot have obtained their citizenship by means of naturalisation or registration. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall appoint other ministers from either the Dewan Rakyat or Dewan Negara (Senate) with the prime minister's advice. The prime minister and his/her cabinet ministers must take and subscribe to

450-588: Is located 2.8 km (1.7 mi) from the ELA-3 launch zone. The mobile launch table completes the trip with an Ariane 5 in about one hour. It is then secured in place over the launch pad's flame ducts. Fire safety is ensured by a detachment of the Paris Fire Brigade , a branch of the French Army . Security around the base is ensured by French Gendarmerie forces, assisted by the 3rd Foreign Infantry Regiment of

500-558: Is located along the Route de l'Espace in the Roche Christine site at 5°15′45″N 52°47′27″W  /  5.26258°N 52.79074°W  / 5.26258; -52.79074 , between ELA-3 and ELS launch facilities. CNES was responsible for the construction of the Ariane 6 ground segments including the new launch pad. Earthworks on the 150 hectare launch site began at the end of June 2015 and

550-589: Is managed by CNES , the French national space agency. The launch infrastructure built on the CSG land is owned by the European Space Agency . The private company Arianespace operates the launches including planning missions, handing customer relationships and overseeing the team at CSG at that integrates and prepares vehicles for launch. The rockets themselves are designed and produced by other companies, ArianeGroup for

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600-403: Is the head of government of Malaysia . The prime minister directs the executive branch of the federal government . The Yang di-Pertuan Agong appoints the prime minister as a member of Parliament (MP) who, in his opinion, is most likely to command the confidence of a majority of MPs. The prime minister is usually the leader of the party winning the most seats in a general election. After

650-621: The Ariane 6 and Avio for the Vega . In 1964, Guiana was selected to become the spaceport of France, replacing France's first launch site Centre interarmées d'essais d'engins spéciaux in Hammaguir , Algeria. In 1975, France offered to share Kourou with the ESA, with ESA covering today two thirds of Guiana Space Centre's budget. Commercial launches are also bought by non-European companies. ESA pays two-thirds of

700-480: The French Foreign Legion . Before and during launch windows, CSG facility security is significantly enhanced by anti-personnel and anti-aircraft measures, the exact configurations of which are classified by the French military. All entrants to the launch complex are also subject to checks for proof of permission to enter the facility. The Guiana Space Centre (as per CNES) also contains the Îles du Salut ,

750-612: The Proton and Ariane 5 rockets , can send similar payloads to a low Earth orbit (LEO). For example, the Proton rocket, launched from high latitudes in Russia, can only send 6,270   kg to GTO, while the Kourou-launched Ariane 5 can send more than 10,000   kg to GTO. Originally built in the 1960s under the name of Base Équatoriale du CECLES (English: ELDO Equatorial Base ),

800-518: The Collective of 500 Brothers led protests in Kourou, which spread across the entire country, and resonated in mainland France. On 21 March 2017, the launch of an Ariane 5 rocket carrying a Brazilian satellite and a South Korean satellite was prevented due to protesters and workers on strike from the CSG blockading the centre. Further strikes and occupation of the space centre meant that the satellites were not launched until May 2017. Negotiations between

850-647: The European Space Agency (ESA), with the organisation covering around 66% of the spaceport's annual budget, as well as financing new facilities. Indigenous and local activist groups argue that mainland France is only interested in French Guiana as far as the space centre is concerned, and the funding that the space centre receives is symbolic given the inequity in living standards seen between the department and mainland France. For example, despite there being high poverty levels and unemployment rates of over 20% in

900-417: The French and European space programmes.    Success       Failure       Partial Failure       Scheduled The space sector was responsible for about 15% of French Guiana's GDP in 2014, around half of the 28% it was in 1990. This reduction is mostly due to expansion in other sectors, rather than decreasing space activity. As of 2020,

950-504: The French government and Guianese protesters resulted in a rejection of a €1.1 billion offer made by the French, with the Guianese demanding at least €3 billion in aid. Since the protests, CNES (National Centre for Space Studies), the French government space agency that operates the spaceport, added an additional €10 million to the €40 million it had already pledged to fund economic and social programmes in French Guiana. Particularly regarding

1000-593: The Guiana launch site. The ELS project is being co-funded by Arianespace, ESA, and the European Union , with CNES being the prime contractor. The project has a projected cost of approximately €320 million, where €120 million are allocated for modernizing the Soyuz vehicle. The official opening of the launch site construction occurred on 27 February 2007. On 13 September 2010, Spaceflight Now reported that after several delays in

1050-477: The House of Representatives, must advise a new election of the lower house or resign the office. The defeat of a supply bill (one that concerns the spending of money) or unable to pass important policy-related legislation is seen to require the resignation of the government or dissolution of Parliament , much like a non-confidence vote, since a government that cannot spend money is hamstrung, also called loss of supply . The prime minister's party will normally have

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1100-647: The MEASAT-1 and -2 satellites have three enhancements over the standard model. They were the first in the 376 series to be fitted with gallium arsenide solar cells , which deliver 40 percent more payload power as compared to their silicon predecessors. They were also the first Model 376s to use lightweight, high-gain shaped antenna . The satellites also used a more efficient bipropellant system for stationkeeping and attitude control maneuvers. Both MEASAT-1 & 2 satellites were launched on Ariane rockets from Centre Spatial Guyanais at Kourou in French Guiana . MEASAT-1

1150-523: The Prime Minister's Office) is the body and ministry in which the prime minister exercises his/her functions and powers. In the case where a government cannot get its appropriation (budget) legislation passed by the House of Representatives, or when the House passes a vote of "no confidence" in the government, the prime minister is bound by convention to resign immediately. The Yang di-Pertuan Agong's choice of replacement prime minister will be dictated by

1200-508: The Russians will get access to the Kourou spaceport for launching their own payloads with Soyuz rockets. Russia will use the Guiana Space Centre in addition to Baikonur Cosmodrome . The Guiana location has the significant benefit of greatly increased payload capability, owing to the near equatorial position. A Soyuz rocket with a 1.7 tones to geostationary transfer orbit performance from Baikonur will increase its payload potential to 2.8 tones from

1250-523: The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is bound to exercise his powers on the advice of the Cabinet or a minister acting under the Cabinet's general authority. Thus, in practice, actual governing authority is vested in the Prime Minister and Cabinet. From time to time, prime ministers are required to leave the country on business and a deputy is appointed to take their place during that time. In the days before jet aeroplanes, such absences could be for extended periods. However,

1300-425: The circumstances. All other ministers shall continue to hold office by the pleasure of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, unless if the appointment of any minister is revoked by his/her majesty upon the advice of the prime minister. Any minister may resign his/her office. Following a resignation in other circumstances, defeat in an election, or the death of a prime minister, the Yang di-Pertuan Agong would generally appoint as

1350-502: The construction of a mobile gantry the launch pad had been finished, and the first flight of the Soyuz was expected to occur in early 2011. By October 2010, 18 launch contracts were signed. Arianespace has ordered 24 launchers from Russian industry. On 21 October 2011, two Galileo IOV-1 and IOV-2 satellites were launched using a Soyuz-ST rocket, in the "first Russian Soyuz vehicle ever launched from Europe's Spaceport in French Guiana.". On 26 February 2022, Roscosmos announced that it

1400-410: The date of its first meeting. Article 55(4) of the Constitution permits a delay of 60 days in the holding of the general election from the date of dissolution and Parliament shall be summoned to meet on a date not later than 120 days from the date of dissolution. Conventionally, between the dissolution of one Parliament and the convening of the next, the prime minister and the cabinet remain in office in

1450-469: The department, the cost of living remains high due to a dependence on mainland France for imported food and resources, yet large amounts of funding are invested in the space programme, rather than in public services for the department. The department became the site of strikes and protests throughout March and April 2017, which were held to highlight the insecurity and infrastructural issues facing French Guiana. Alongside 30 labour unions who launched strikes,

1500-468: The direct-to-user service, powered by 112-watt traveling-wave tube amplifiers. The regional service to Malaysia was provided on 12 transponders in C band , using 12-watt solid state amplifiers. MEASAT-2 had 11 active transponders in Ku band. Eight of these use 95-watt traveling-wave amplifiers, and three have 62 watts. MEASAT-2 also had six active transponders in C band, powered by 12-watt solid-state amplifiers. In

1550-542: The east reduces the potential risk of rocket stages and debris from launch failures falling on or near human settlements, which enhances safety during spaceflight activities. Furthermore, rockets typically launch towards the east to take advantage of Earth's rotation and the angular momentum it provides. The near-equatorial location of the Guiana Space Centre offers an advantage for launches to low- inclination or geostationary Earth orbits, as rockets can be launched into orbits with an inclination of as low as 6°. In contrast,

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1600-687: The formation of Malaysia on 16 September 1963, Tunku Abdul Rahman , the chief minister of the Federation of Malaya , became the first prime minister of Malaysia. According to the Federal Constitution , the Yang di-Pertuan Agong shall first appoint a prime minister to preside over the Cabinet . The prime minister is to be a member of the Dewan Rakyat (House of Representatives), and who in his majesty's judgment

1650-614: The latter part of 2009, MEASAT-1 was still functioning reliably beyond its planned 12 year life. With help from Boeing Satellite Systems, MEASAT drift relocated MEASAT-1 from its 91.5°E orbital location, across the Indian Ocean to provide service to the African continent from 46°E. In January 2010, MEASAT renamed MEASAT-1 as "AFRICASAT-1". The satellite was de-orbited and sent to a 'graveyard' orbit in April 2013 once it reached its end-of-life. MEASAT-3

1700-403: The new leader of the governing party or coalition as new Prime Minister. Malaysia uses first-past-the-post-voting system, which means a party or coalition who gets 112 seats in lower house will lead the government. The power of the prime minister is subject to a number of limitations. Prime ministers removed as leader of his or her party, or whose government loses a vote of no confidence in

1750-495: The oath of office and allegiance as well as the oath of secrecy in the presence of the Yang di-Pertuan Agong before they can exercise functions of office. The Cabinet is collectively accountable to the Parliament of Malaysia . The members of the Cabinet shall not hold any office of profit and engage in any trade, business or profession that will cause a conflict of interest . The Prime Minister's Department (sometimes referred to as

1800-413: The pad hosted an Ariane-2 and two Ariane-3 launches. The complex consisted of two areas: the launcher preparation zone and the launch pad, separated by one kilometre, allowing a launcher to be assembled in the preparation zone while another launch from the pad. A mobile service tower at the launch pad provided a protected environment for payload installation and final preparation of the rocket. Following

1850-534: The pad located at 5°14′10″N 52°46′30″W  /  5.236°N 52.775°W  / 5.236; -52.775 was designed for the Europa-II launch vehicle . One Europa-II was launched from the site in 1971, which ended in failure due to a guidance problem, before the program was cancelled. The pad at Giunana was demolished and subsequently rebuilt as the first launch complex for Ariane as ELA ( Ensemble de Lancement Ariane ). Redesignated later as ELA-1 , it

1900-419: The position can be fully decided by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the king of Malaysia when the position remains empty following the sudden resignation or death of the prime minister. Under Article 55(3) of Constitution of Malaysia , the lower house of Parliament , unless sooner dissolved by the Yang di-Pertuan Agong with his own discretion on the advice of the prime minister, shall continue for five years from

1950-453: The retirement of the Ariane 4 in favor of the Ariane 5 , In September 2011, the pad's service tower was demolished using explosives. ELA-3 ( Ensemble de Lancement Ariane-3 ) was active between 4 June 1996 and 5 July 2023, launching the Ariane 5 . This facility is located at 5°14′20″N 52°46′05″W  /  5.239°N 52.768°W  / 5.239; -52.768 and covers an area of 21 km (8.1 sq mi). ELA4

2000-401: The space centre was selected based on various factors. One of the primary benefits of this spaceport is its proximity to the equator , which makes it more efficient, requiring substantially less energy, to launch spacecraft into an near-equatorial , geostationary orbit compared to launching from spaceports at higher latitudes . Additionally, the centre's location adjacent to the open sea to

2050-438: The space sector employed 4,620 people in Guiana, meaning the industry was responsible for just under 10% of salaried jobs in the overseas department, though there are estimates that as many as 9,000 people are employed directly and indirectly as a result of activities at the spaceport. The Guiana Space Centre (or CSG) is one of the spaceports in the world that receives the most traffic, and it receives large amounts of funding from

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2100-440: The spaceport's annual budget and has also financed the upgrades made during the development of the Ariane launchers. On 4 April 2017, the center was occupied by 30 labour unions and indigenous peoples leaders in the midst of the 2017 social unrest in French Guiana . The center resumed operation on 24 April 2017, after an emergency relief plan of up to 2.1 billion euros was authorized by the French government. The location of

2150-638: The unity between the peninsula and the island portions of the nation. The satellites also contributed greatly to the rapid growth of computer networking in Malaysia, as well as the creation of a new direct-to-home (DTH) satellite television service, called " Astro ". Since the launch of MEASAT-1 and MEASAT-2 in 1996, the company has expanded its fleet to across six (6) geostationary satellites designed and built by Boeing Satellite Systems , Orbital Sciences Corporation , Loral Space & Communications , and Airbus Defence and Space . As advanced Model 376 spacecraft,

2200-635: Was completed at the start of 2016. Four platforms were levelled to accommodate the launch pad, the liquid oxygen and hydrogen tanks and the assembly building. Civil engineering works on the flame trench and other buildings began in the summer of 2016 and ended in 2019. The new launch facility was inaugurated on 28 September 2021 with first flight of the Ariane 6 conducted on 9 July 2024. ESA has built ELS ( Ensemble de Lancement Soyouz ) at 5°18′18″N 52°50′02″W  /  5.305°N 52.834°W  / 5.305; -52.834 for launching Russian-built Soyuz-2 rockets. The first Soyuz launch from ELS

2250-589: Was constructed by Airbus Defence and Space . It was launched on 12 September 2014 MYT from Centre Spatial Guyanais in French Guiana . MEASAT-3d was constructed by Airbus Defence and Space . It was launched on 23 June 2022 along with a satellite made by NSIL and Tata Play , GSAT-24 onboard Ariane 5 ECA+ flight VA257 from ELA-3 , Centre Spatial Guyanais . Prime Minister of Malaysia [REDACTED] [REDACTED] Race and politics The prime minister of Malaysia ( Malay : Perdana Menteri Malaysia ; Jawi : ڤردان منتري مليسيا ‎ )

2300-440: Was given the charter to develop Malaysia's first satellite communications system. In 1994, Binariang signed a contract with Hughes Space and Communications Company (now Boeing Satellite Systems) for two Model 376 satellites. The project was named the "Malaysia East Asia Satellite" program, or "MEASAT" for short. The satellites opened the door to reliable telephone and data transmission services to all of Malaysia, helping to strengthen

2350-611: Was launched in January 1996 and MEASAT-2 was launched in November 1996. MEASAT-1 was located in a geostationary orbit at 91.5 degrees East, and MEASAT-2 was located in a geostationary orbit at 148 degrees East . The contract with Hughes also called for the installation and testing of equipment for a satellite control station on Langkawi Island, and training of Malaysian spacecraft controllers. MEASAT 1 had five high-power transponders in Ku band for

2400-481: Was postponed several times, but launched on 21 October 2011. ELS is located on the territory of Sinnamary commune, 27 km (17 mi) from Kourou harbor. It is 10 km (6.2 mi) northwest of the site used for the Ariane 5 launches. Under the terms of the Russo-European joint venture, ESA will augment its own launch vehicle fleet with Soyuz rockets – using them to launch ESA or commercial payloads – and

2450-705: Was suspending operations at ELS as a reaction to international sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War . According to Stephane Israël , CEO of Arianespace, "there will no longer be Soyuz launches" from the Guiana Space Center. Astrium assembles each Ariane 5 launcher in the Launcher Integration Building. The vehicle is then delivered to the Final Assembly Building for payload integration by Arianespace. The Final Assembly Building

2500-541: Was used for Ariane 1 and Ariane 2 and 3 launches until being retired in 1989. In November 2001, it was refurbished again for the Vega rocket and renamed ELV ( Ensemble de Lancement Vega ). The first launch was on 13 February 2012. The ELA-2 pad ( Ensemble de Lancement Ariane-2 ), located at 5°13′55″N 52°46′34″W  /  5.232°N 52.776°W  / 5.232; -52.776 , built in 1986, had been used for Ariane 4 launches from 1988 until 2003. Before 1988, although purpose-built for Ariane 4 ,

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