Solid-state electronics are semiconductor electronics: electronic equipment that use semiconductor devices such as transistors , diodes and integrated circuits (ICs). The term is also used as an adjective for devices in which semiconductor electronics that have no moving parts replace devices with moving parts, such as the solid-state relay , in which transistor switches are used in place of a moving-arm electromechanical relay , or the solid-state drive (SSD), a type of semiconductor memory used in computers to replace hard disk drives , which store data on a rotating disk.
21-595: The MANIAC III ( M athematical A nalyzer N umerical I ntegrator and A utomatic C omputer Model III ) was a second-generation electronic computer (i.e., using solid-state electronics rather than vacuum tubes ), built in 1961 for use at the Institute for Computer Research at the University of Chicago . It was designed by Nicholas Metropolis and constructed by the staff of the Institute for Computer Research. Its design
42-501: A projector and are thus an alternative to traditional projection screens, and they can be used for large, uninterrupted (without a visible grid arising from the bezels of individual displays) video walls . microLED displays are LED displays with smaller LEDs, which poses significant development challenges. Their use in cinemas to replace projectors and projection screens has been explored. Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) came into existence in 1962 and were primarily red in color for
63-428: A top "Physical Sciences" award and IEEE recognition. The project was again displayed at the 29th International SEF at Anaheim Ca. Convention Center on May 8–10. The ¼-inch thin miniature flat panel modular prototype, scientific paper, and full screen (tiled LED matrix) schematic with video interface was displayed at this event. It received awards by NASA and General Motors Corporation . This project marked some of
84-628: Is a flat panel display that uses an array of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as pixels for a video display . Their brightness allows them to be used outdoors where they are visible in the sun for store signs and billboards . In recent years, they have also become commonly used in destination signs on public transport vehicles, as well as variable-message signs on highways. LED displays are capable of providing general illumination in addition to visual display, as when used for stage lighting or other decorative (as opposed to informational) purposes. LED displays can offer higher contrast ratios than
105-519: The Sony XEL-1 OLED screen which was marketed in 2009. Later, at CES 2012 , Sony presented Crystal LED , a TV with a true LED-display, in which LEDs are used to produce actual images rather than acting as backlighting for other types of display, as in LED-backlit LCDs which are commonly marketed as LED TVs. The 2011 UEFA Champions League Final match between Manchester United and Barcelona
126-444: The cathode-ray tube (CRT) was still a vacuum tube. It meant only the chassis was 100% solid-state, not including the CRT. Early advertisements spelled out this distinction, but later advertisements assumed the audience had already been educated about it and shortened it to just "100% solid state". LED displays can be said to be truly 100% solid-state. LED display A LED display
147-435: The thermionic vacuum tubes it replaced worked by controlling a current of electrons or ions in a vacuum within a sealed tube. Although the first solid-state electronic device was the cat's whisker detector , a crude semiconductor diode invented around 1904, solid-state electronics started with the invention of the transistor in 1947. Before that, all electronic equipment used vacuum tubes , because vacuum tubes were
168-508: The transistor radio , cassette tape player , walkie-talkie and quartz watch , as well as the first practical computers and mobile phones . Other examples of solid state electronic devices are the microprocessor chip, LED lamp, solar cell , charge coupled device (CCD) image sensor used in cameras, and semiconductor laser . Also during the 1960s and 1970s, television set manufacturers switched from vacuum tubes to semiconductors, and advertised sets as "100% solid state" even though
189-537: The HP Model 5082-7000 Numeric Indicator. It was the first LED device to use integrated circuit (integrated LED circuit ) technology, and the first intelligent LED display, making it a revolution in digital display technology, replacing the Nixie tube and becoming the basis for later LED displays. Early models were monochromatic by design. The efficient Blue LED completing the color triad did not commercially arrive until
210-674: The Westinghouse Educational Foundation Science Talent Search group, a Science Service organization. The paper entry was named in the "Honors Group" publicized to universities on January 25, 1978. The paper was subsequently invited and presented at the Iowa Academy of Science at the University of Northern Iowa. The operational prototype was displayed at the Eastern Iowa SEF on March 18 and obtained
231-477: The change in precision of results due to the nature of the computation. It weighed about 600 pounds (270 kg). Solid-state electronics The term solid-state became popular at the beginning of the semiconductor era in the 1960s to distinguish this new technology. A semiconductor device works by controlling an electric current consisting of electrons or holes moving within a solid crystalline piece of semiconducting material such as silicon , while
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#1733085314322252-520: The development of the blue (and later green) LED based on Indium Gallium Nitride, that possibilities opened for big LED video displays. The entire idea of what could be done with LED was given an early shake up by Mark Fisher's design for U2 's PopMart Tour of 1997. He realized that with long viewing distances, wide pixel spacing could be used to achieve very large images, especially if viewed at night. The system had to be suitable for touring so an open mesh arrangement that could be rolled up for transport
273-425: The earliest progress towards the replacement of the 70+-year-old high-voltage analog CRT system ( cathode-ray tube technology) with a digital x-y scanned LED matrix driven with an NTSC television RF video format. Mitchell's paper and operational prototype projected the future replacement of CRTs and included foreseen applications to battery operated devices due to the advantages of low power consumption. Displacement of
294-404: The electromagnetic scan systems included the removal of inductive deflection, electron beam and color convergence circuits and has been a significant achievement. The unique properties of the light-emitting diode as an emissive device simplify matrix scanning complexity and have helped the modern television adapt to digital communications and shrink into its current thin form factor. The 1977 model
315-446: The first decade. The first practical LED was invented by Nick Holonyak in 1962 while he was at General Electric . The first practical LED display was developed at Hewlett-Packard (HP) and introduced in 1968. Its development was led by Howard C. Borden and Gerald P. Pighini at HP Associates and HP Labs , who had engaged in research and development (R&D) on practical LEDs between 1962 and 1968. In February 1969, they introduced
336-425: The late 1980s. In the late 1980s, Aluminium Indium Gallium Phosphide LEDs arrived. They provided an efficient source of red and amber and were used in information displays. However, it was still impossible to achieve full colour. The available "green" was hardly green at all – mostly yellow, and an early blue had excessively high power consumption. It was only when Shuji Nakamura , then at Nichia Chemical, announced
357-483: The only electronic components that could amplify —an essential capability in all electronics. The transistor, which was invented by John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain while working under William Shockley at Bell Laboratories in 1947, could also amplify, and replaced vacuum tubes. The first transistor hi-fi system was developed by engineers at GE and demonstrated at the University of Philadelphia in 1955. In terms of commercial production, The Fisher TR-1
378-602: Was broadcast live in 3D format in Gothenburg (Sweden), on an EKTA screen. It had a refresh rate of 100 Hz, a diagonal of 7.11 m (23 ft 3.92 in) and a display area of 6.192×3.483 m, and was listed in the Guinness Book of Records as the largest LED 3D TV. A claim for the 'first all-LED flat panel television screen' is presented in this section. It was possibly developed, demonstrated and documented by James P. Mitchell in 1977. Initial public recognition came from
399-451: Was changed to eliminate vacuum tubes, thus it occupied a very small part of a very large and powerfully air-conditioned room. It used 20,000 diodes, 12,000 transistors, and had 16K 48-bit words of magnetic-core memory . Its floating-point multiplication time was 71 microseconds, and division time was 81 microseconds. The MANIAC III's most novel feature was unnormalized significance arithmetic floating point. This allowed users to determine
420-465: Was the first "all transistor" preamplifier , which became available mid-1956. In 1961, a company named Transis-tronics released a solid-state amplifier, the TEC S-15. The replacement of bulky, fragile, energy-hungry vacuum tubes by transistors in the 1960s and 1970s created a revolution not just in technology but in people's habits, making possible the first truly portable consumer electronics such as
441-539: Was used. The whole display was 52m (170ft) wide and 17m (56ft) high. It had a total of 150,000 pixels. The company that supplied the LED pixels and their driving system, SACO Technologies of Montreal, had never engineered a video system before, previously building mimic panels for power station control rooms. Today, large displays use high-brightness diodes to generate a wide spectrum of colors. It took three decades and organic light-emitting diodes for Sony to introduce an OLED TV,
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