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55-827: The M88 recovery vehicle is one of the largest armored recovery vehicles (ARV) in use by United States Armed Forces . There are three variants, the M88 , the M88A1 , and the M88A2 HERCULES (Heavy Equipment Recovery Combat Utility Lifting Extraction System). The M88 series has seen action in the Vietnam War , the Persian Gulf War , the Iraq War , and the War in Afghanistan , and to a lesser extent during

110-470: A hazardous material incident in both scope (i.e., CBRN can be a mass casualty situation) and intent. CBRN incidents are responded to under the assumption that they are intentional and malicious; evidence preservation and perpetrator apprehension are of greater concern than with Hazmat team incidents. A 2011 forecast concluded that worldwide government spending on CBRN defense products and services would reach US$ 8.38 billion that year. In English ,

165-522: A CBRN School to train Marine CBRN Defense Officers and Marine CBRN Defense Specialists at Fort Leonard Wood , Missouri . See also: Chemical Biological Incident Response Force (USMC CBIRF) The USN requires all personnel to take a web-based CBRNE training annually to get a basic understanding of facts and procedures related to responding to a CBRNE incident. The Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Protection Troops (NBC Protection Troops) of

220-618: A CBRN unit. Both PGK and FRU teams handle CBRN calls before an army PNBK unit responds. All members of the NZDF are trained in CBRN drills for deployment. RNZN personnel conduct training with the NZ Army and RNZAF for any deployment or training. The RNZAF conducted regular yearly training for all its personnel given the higher probability of airfields being the target of an enemy CBRN attack. RNZAF Security Forces personnel conduct all CBRN training for

275-412: A US aid package. They were used extensively in the 2023 Ukrainian counteroffensive . According to Oryx , at least 2 M88A1s were destroyed by Russian troops, while another one was captured. Armored recovery vehicle ARVs may have winches, jibs, cranes, and/or bulldozer blades to aid in tank recovery. Typically, any specialized lifting and recovery equipment replaces the turret and cannon found on

330-525: A battle tank. ARVs may in some cases have electric generators, blowtorches, chainsaws and fuel pumps to help with recovery operations, or spare parts, to facilitate field repairs. Some ARVs have a spade component to anchor the vehicle when it is towing or lifting. Since most ARVs are based on tank or APC chassis, they have an armoured crew cockpit and engine, which means that ARVs can be operated in combat conditions. Rarely, an ARV may be armed, such as some M32s, which have an 81 mm mortar for screening purposes, and

385-578: A career in CBRN at the United States Army CBRN School (USACBRNS) at Fort Leonard Wood . The USAF uses Air Force Specialty Code (AFSC 3E9X1) U.S. Air Force Emergency Management , who are also CBRN Specialists. The USAF trains all US Airmen pursuing a career in counter-CBRN operations at the USAF CBRN School at Fort Leonard Wood. The USMC uses CBRN as an abbreviation for two military occupational specialties . The Marine Corps runs

440-625: A different engine, an AVDS 1790-8CR with 1050 hp, compared to a Continental AVDS-1790-2DR, with 750 hp. The M88A2 is slightly larger than its predecessors, at 8.6 × 3.7 × 3.2 m compared to 8.3 × 3.4 × 3.2 m. It has a lower top speed (40 km/h) and a significantly lower road range at 322 km, compared to 450 km. There have been improvements in braking and steering. The M88A2 has upgraded armor protection including armored track skirts and applique armor panels, which both previous models lack. The later M88A1 and M88A2 models are equipped with nuclear, biological, chemical (NBC) defenses and

495-427: A hull superstructure to accommodate repair and recovery equipment. Many of the latter type of ARV had an A-frame or crane to allow the vehicle's crew to perform heavy lifting tasks, such as removing the engine from a disabled tank. After World War II, most countries' MBT models also had corresponding ARV variants. Many ARVs are also equipped with a bulldozer blade that can be used as an anchor when winching or as

550-606: A million reindeer against anthrax in 2015. Around 1.5 million reindeer carcasses in Russian permafrost are at risk of melting due to global warming in the Arctic . There is a risk that global warming in the Arctic can thaw the permafrost, leading to new infections in reindeer. An anthrax outbreak in 2016 in reindeer caused the Russian Armed Forces to evacuate a nomadic reindeer herding tribe. In May 2012, BioPrepWatch reported that

605-640: A new ARV vehicle was based on the chassis and parts of the automotive component of the M48 Patton and M60 tanks. The original M88 was introduced in 1961, M88A1 in 1977, and the current M88A2 introduced in 1997. It was originally manufactured by Bowen McLaughlin York, later the BMY division of Harsco Corporation , in 1961. The company later merged with FMC Corp. to form the United Defense Industries in 1994. United

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660-534: A smoke screen generator. The crew number decreased from 5, to 3–4, to 3 through the series. In February 2017, the Army awarded BAE Systems Land and Armaments a $ 28 million contract modification for the procurement of 11 M88A2 recovery vehicles. The upgrades include a modernized powertrain that boosts horsepower and torque, a seventh road wheel for enhanced stability, and hydro-pneumatic suspension units that improve cross-country mobility and recovery operations. By increasing

715-463: A stabiliser when lifting, a pump to transfer fuel to another vehicle, and more. Some can even carry a spare engine for field replacement, such as the German Leopard 1 ARV. ARVs are normally built on the chassis of a main battle tank (MBT), but some are also constructed on the basis of other armoured fighting vehicles , mostly armoured personnel carriers (APCs). ARVs are usually built on

770-470: Is a list of ARVs by country, either designer/manufacturer or user. The Russian acronym BREM ( cyr . БРЭМ) stands for "бронированная ремонтно-эвакуационная машина", literally "armoured repair and recovery vehicle". The British tested their first ARV designs in early 1942. The decision at the time was to focus on the Churchill infantry tank as the basis, but cruiser tank based ARVs were also produced. When

825-779: Is a regiment of the Sri Lanka Army that focuses on countering chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear (CBRN) hazards in the country.[1][2] The Sri Lanka Navy and Sri Lanka Air Force also maintain CBRN units in addition to the Army's CBRN regiment The Malaysian Army formed a CBRN unit, Peperangan Nuklear, Biologi dan Kimia 3 Divisyen (English: Chemical, Biological and Nuclear Warfare Division 3 ; PNBK 3D) in April 2002. The Royal Malaysia Police has CBRN providers. The Pasukan Gerakan Khas (PGK) has two special operations detachments with HAZMAT expertise - 69 Commandos and Special Actions Unit . The Federal Reserve Unit (FRU) also has

880-668: Is also used by the UK Home Office as a civil designation. Police, fire and ambulance services in the UK must all have some level of CBRN providers. Within the ambulance service, this is performed by the Hazardous Area Response Team (HART) and Special Operations Response Team (SORT). Since the introduction of new equipment to UK fire services under the New Dimension program , CBRN decontamination of personnel (including members of

935-531: Is responsible for decontaminating military equipment, weapons, and personnel, and the Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Company, based at Goiânia and part of the Brazilian Special Operations Command , that makes the decontamination and defense in CBRN situations. The Brazilian Presidential Guard and Army Police also have CBRN units. The Brazilian Marine Corps has

990-450: Is to be the host of the first Brazilian Navy nuclear-powered submarine; and the Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Company, at Duque de Caxias, Rio de Janeiro . The Air Force is making special teams for transporting victims from CBRN attacks/accidents. The term CBRN is in common use in disaster and emergency services organizations across the country. Since July 2005,

1045-680: The 2016 Summer Olympics , police forces like the GATE from São Paulo, the Federal Police , and the National Public Security Force were prepared. In the military, there is CBRN equipment and personnel in all branches of the Armed Forces. The Brazilian Army has two specific teams: the 1st Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear Defense Battalion , which is based in Rio de Janeiro and

1100-582: The Argentine Army , was the first CRBN response team created, in the 1990s, as a part of the country's Rapid Deployment Force . The Policía Federal Argentina have the Brigada de Riesgos Especiales, this unit is the only national response for CBRN/HAZMAT incidents. Also, has three units called Riesgo Quimico y Biológico, Riesgo Radiológico y Nuclear, and the tactical response unit called Protección QBNR. Brazilian firefighters are trained for NBC situations. During

1155-779: The Canadian Armed Forces also started using the term CBRN Defence , instead of NBC Defence , due to the increased threat of dirty bomb use (which is radiological in nature). CBRNE is a new term that is being used in both civilian and military organizations. The Canadian Joint Incident Response Unit is a Canadian Forces unit, under the direction of the Canadian Special Operations Forces Command , charged with supporting "the Government of Canada in order to prevent, control and mitigate CBRN threats to Canada, Canadians and Canadian interests." All members of

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1210-498: The Canadian Armed Forces are trained in CBRNE defense and maintain minimum standards, tested at least every three years. At the provincial level, cities are provided opportunities for emergency services with CBRN training. In Ontario, emergency services in Windsor, Peterborough, Toronto, and Ottawa have obtained CBRN standing at NFPA Standard 472 Level 3 Technician level. In mid-July 2016,

1265-544: The European Parliament negotiated a new draft counterterrorism directive aimed at protecting Europe's people from biological, chemical and other attacks. The timeline of the directive is illustrated in the following table: The directive would criminalize: The directive also includes text to help victims of terror attacks. Hong Kong has had CBRN response capabilities since the early 1990s and advanced training from 1998. The Standing CBRN Planning Group (known as

1320-646: The Kosovo War , where they were deployed to help recover heavy armored vehicles of the Allied ground units. As of 2000, the M88A2 replacement cost was around US$ 2,050,000 . In response to the information about the T-54A tank the US had to develop new M60 tank (production started in 1959) heavier than 46 metric tons, which M74 armored recovery vehicle was unable to retrieve. The design of

1375-628: The Mobile Brigade Corps (Brimob) has a CBR unit under the Gegana detachment. It was formed in December 2009. This unit acts as first responders to bomb and terrorist threats in the public. The Irish Defence Forces have CBRNE training and equipment capabilities – in particular the Ordnance Corps ( Explosive Ordnance Disposal/EOD teams ), Engineer Corps and Army Ranger Wing (ARW) – and will aid

1430-570: The Russian Federation are special forces designed to conduct the most complex set of measures aimed at reducing the loss of associations and formations of the Ground Forces and ensuring their combat tasks assigned during operations in conditions of radioactive, chemical and biological contamination, as well as at enhancing their survivability and protection against high-precision and other weapons. The Russian government vaccinated around half

1485-408: The 1990s term CBRN (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear) was created as a replacement for the 1960s–1980s term NBC (Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical), which had previously replaced the earlier 1950s term ABC (Atomic, Biological, and Chemical). The addition of the R (for Radiological ) is a consequence of the "new" threat of a radiological weapon (also known as " dirty bombs "). In

1540-461: The 2000s, the term CBRNE (Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive) was introduced as an extension of CBRN , the inclusion of the E (for Explosive ) is for the enhanced (improvised) explosives threat. In Spanish the term NRBQ ( Nuclear, Radiológico, Bacteriológico y Químico ) has replaced NBQ . The Argentine Armed Forces has the Batallón de Ingenieros QBN 601 of

1595-719: The ARV (since the same parts can be used on the ARV and the vehicles it supports). Some ARVs are operated in tandem with armoured bulldozers. ARVs generally can only tow an equivalent-class vehicle or one that is lighter in weight. As such, an APC chassis-based ARV can only tow and recover an APC, but not a much heavier tank. While most ARVs are made from or based on APC or tank chassis, more rarely, an ARV may be based on an artillery tractor chassis. Some ARVs have specialized equipment that enables them to operate on beaches or in shallow water. During World War I, some British Mark IV heavy tanks were fitted with jibs to produce " salvage tanks ", but

1650-731: The CDefNBQR (Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Center) that controls the ARAMAR Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Iperó , São Paulo , conceived to provide physical security and to perform CBRN emergencies control actions at the Centro Experimental Aramar, responsible for developing Brazilian Navy nuclear researches; the Itaguaí Nuclear, Biological, Chemical and Radiological Defense Battalion, at Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro , which

1705-477: The Continental AVDS-1790-2DR Diesel engine and had a 10 HP Diesel auxiliary power unit. While the original M88 and M88A1 are designated as a "medium recovery vehicle", the M88A2, original designation being M88A1E1, is designated as "heavy recovery vehicle". They are all similar in many fundamental ways. The later version is distinctly heavier at 70 tons, compared to the original 56 tons, and uses

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1760-639: The Interior's associate d Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency AFAD Works in coordination with law enforcement units to intervene in the events of any CBRN accident. Apart from these, Turkey mostly makes its own CBRN protective clothing and equipment. Mechanical and Chemical Industry Corporation 's Maksam factory mainly covers the needs of respirators for NATO and neighboring countries. Main products such as SR6 and SR6M NBC Respirator licensed United Kingdom production. MAKSAM Panoramic Mask MKE NEFES (breath) CBRN Gas Mask SR10 and SR10 ST Masks CBRN

1815-545: The M88, which has a .50 cal heavy machine gun. One WWII M4 Sherman -based ARV had a dummy gun installed where the turret would normally go. Early ARVs in WWII were often repurposed tanks, with the turret and armament removed and replaced with some type of winch. In the 2010s, ARVs are generally factory-built. Even so, ARVs often use a shared chassis that is used on an army's other fighting vehicles, as this facilitates repair and maintenance of

1870-470: The M88A2 is capable of a 70-ton, single line recovery, and a 140-ton 2:1 recovery when used with the 140 ton pulley. The A-frame boom of the A2 can lift 35 tons when used in conjunction with the spade down. The spade can be used for light earth moving, and can be used to anchor the vehicle when using the main winch. The M88 employs an Auxiliary power unit (APU) to provide auxiliary electrical and hydraulic power when

1925-820: The RNZAF and complete CBRN courses at the Defence CBRN Centre in the United Kingdom. The NZ Army teaches all pre-deployment CBRN training for members of the NZDF. The New Zealand Special Air Service is also trained for operations including disposal, and containment of chemical agents in a CBRN environment. Pakistan-based defense industry GIDS manufactures NBC suites which include Individual Protective Equipment (IPE) like gloves , boots , and air filters as well as decontamination kits and Chemical Weapon Agent (CWA) detectors. The Spanish Army 1st CBRN Regiment 'Valencia'

1980-484: The Russian security service ordered over 100 "capsule cradles", which are devices that people can use to protect infants or even small pets in the event of a nuclear, chemical, biological, or radiological threat. According to the article, Soviet military engineers invented capsules in the 1960s. A company is currently producing the capsules in a factory in Russia. Numbers vary, but news reports and market forecast reports place

2035-611: The SRPG is the CBRN Incident Advisory Group (RIAG) form in the initial stages of a CBRN incident using telephone conferencing. RIAG consists of five experts who assist with the technical response to the incident by providing real-time advice and support to the departments involved. The Hong Kong capability is well rehearsed, with regular departmental exercises conducted and a full-scale CBRN exercise conducted every year. The Indian Army ordered 16 CBRN monitoring vehicles, of which

2090-769: The SRPG) plans for all CBRN incidents in Hong Kong. The SRPG was set up with the support of the Secretary for Security by the Senior Bomb Disposal Officer in Hong Kong, Dominic Brittain. It consists of representatives from 9 government departments who plan the response to CBRN threats. These departments include Police EOD, Fire Services, the Hospital Authority and the Department of Health, amongst others. The operational arm of

2145-679: The UK received supplies of US medium tanks – first the M3, then M4 Sherman, conversions were made of these to operate alongside and so simplify support. CBRN Chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense ( CBRN defense ) or Nuclear, biological, and chemical protection ( NBC protection ) is a class of protective measures taken in situations where chemical , biological , radiological , or nuclear (including terrorism ) hazards may be present. CBRN defense consists of CBRN passive protection, contamination avoidance, and weapons of mass destruction mitigation. A CBRN incident differs from

2200-415: The basis of a vehicle in the same class as they are supposed to recover; a tank-based ARV is used to recover tanks, while an APC-based one recovers APCs (it does not have the power to tow a much heavier tank). ARVs with a crane can be used to lift and place concrete fortifications in place and help with other battlefield engineering. Some combat engineering vehicles (CEVs) are based on ARVs. The following

2255-570: The cable. There is also concern with loss of tractive force when an M88A2 tows a heavy M1 Abrams on a slope in wet, muddy conditions. The M88A2 was extensively tested at the Aberdeen Proving Ground , Maryland , and in August 1998, was officially approved for the towing of 70-ton combat vehicles such as the M1 Abrams . About 8 M88s were sent to Ukraine during Russo-Ukrainian War as a part of

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2310-670: The civil authority if requested. The Irish Army runs CBRNE defense courses has detection equipment, and decontamination equipment and is reported to have purchased 10,000 protective CBRN/NBC suits , enough for all of its personnel. All Army Reserve personnel undergo CBRN warfare defense training. The Irish national police force, the Garda Síochána , has a number of nationwide CBRN response teams. The teams are based regionally (in six regions; Dublin, Eastern, Northern, Southern, South-Eastern & Western) and began operating in 2004 with 100 trained officers (170 responders trained throughout

2365-803: The country as of 2009). There is a requirement for members to be re-certified within 18 months of training. CBRN response teams are trained by the Garda Tactical Training Unit, and supported nationally by the Emergency Response Unit (ERU). Other emergency services also have limited CBRN expertise, such as the Health Service Executive (HSE) and Dublin Fire Brigade (DFB), which have a Hazardous Materials (Haz-Mat) and Chemical Incident Unit. 14 CBRN Regiment (Chemical Biological Radiology and Nuclear Regiment), Sri Lanka Engineers

2420-523: The first 8 were inducted in December 2010. It was developed by the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO) and manufactured by Ordnance Factories Board . The Indonesian Army has a CBRN defense unit which is the Kompi Zeni Nuklir, Biologi dan Kimia (abbreviated "Kompi Zeni Nubika Pusat Zeni TNI AD") translated as Army Engineers Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Company . The unit

2475-400: The fuel cell, and with it, all of the sediment that has accumulated with time. All variants have a 12.7 mm M2 Browning .50 caliber machine gun , 432 mm ground clearance, 2.6 m fording depth, 1.1 m wall climb and 2.6 m trench crossing capabilities. There has been no major deviation in battlefield role through the M88 series. The later models are merely able to lift heavier loads. The M88A1

2530-453: The main engine is not in operation. It can be used to slave-start other vehicles, provide power for the hydraulic impact wrench , as well as a means to refuel or de-fuel vehicles as required. The M88 series of vehicles can refuel M1 tanks from its own fuel tanks, but this is a last resort due to the possibility of clogging the AGT-1500 's fuel filters. The fuel pump draws fuel from the bottom of

2585-483: The majority of their work was at the tank parks in aid of moving, maintaining, and repairing damaged tanks. The first true ARVs were introduced in World War II , often by converting obsolete or damaged tanks, usually by removing the turret and installing a heavy-duty winch to free stuck vehicles, plus a variety of vehicle repair tools . Some were also purpose-built in factories , using an existing tank chassis with

2640-455: The public) has become a task carried out by fire services in the UK and they regularly train for such scenarios. Army All personnel are trained in CBRN through basic training and are to complete an online assessment annually. The British Army has a single dedicated regiment for all C-CBRN (Counter) matters in the armed forces. 28 Engineer Regiment is the only regiment within the armed forces that has full C-CBRN capability. Formed in 2019

2695-448: The regiment will officially be at full operational capability from early 2023, with the need for CBRN specialists becoming of more importance. Personnel within the regiment are trained in live environments where CBRN materials are used. The United States Army uses CBRN as an abbreviation for their Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Operations Specialists ( MOS ). The United States Army trains all US Army soldiers pursuing

2750-616: The standing force, however, SkyddC is also responsible for training conscripts, training 60 in 2022-2023. CBRN defense units in Turkey are the mainly CBRN Defense Battalion ( Kimyasal Biyolojik Radyolojik Nükleer (KBRN) Savunma Tabur ) of Turkish Armed Forces including CBRN Defense Special Response Unit ( KBRN Savunma Özel Müdahale Birliği ) and CBRN School and Training Center Command ( KBRN Okul ve Eğitim Merkezi ) Gendarmerie General Command has also unit within self Gendarmerie Search and Rescue Battalion Command has CBRN units. Ministry of

2805-467: The towing capacity from 70 short tons (64 t) to 80 short tons (73 t), it eliminates the need for two vehicles for raising and moving the newer, heavier M1 Abrams tanks, effectively bridging the single-vehicle recovery gap. One of the main issues afflicting the M88A2 is a high rate of winch failures. The leading cause of these failures is operation of the winch without tension on the cable. This leads to "birdnesting" loose wrapping and bunching up of

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2860-493: Was acquired by BAE Systems in 2005 to become BAE Systems Land and Armaments . In February 2008 BAE was awarded a $ 185 million contract modification from the U.S. Army to manufacture 90 Army-configured M88A2s, four United States Marine Corps -configured M88A2s and authorized spares list parts. The M88's primary role is to repair or replace damaged parts in fighting vehicles while under fire, as well as extricate vehicles that have become bogged down or entangled. The main winch on

2915-475: Was designed around the now obsolete M60 Patton tanks, so it was in light of the fact that two M88A1s were required to tow the new M1 Abrams tank that the decision was made to upgrade to the M88A2 in 1991. The original M88 produced from 1960 to 1964 used the Continental AVSI-1790-6A gasoline engine. It had 980 HP at 2800 rpm, as well as a 10 HP gasoline auxiliary power unit. The M88A1 was powered by

2970-771: Was formed in March 2005. Training in the defense against CBRN agents as part of combat support is the main aim of exercise 'Grifo' (Griffin) – the most important of this type that the Army undertakes. The National Police and the Spanish Civil Guard have their own CBRN units. The Military Emergencies Unit and emergency services have CBRN training. The Swedish Armed Forces has the National CBRN Defence Centre (designated SkyddC) localized in Umeå as its main CBRN protection forces. It consists of one company (1st CBRN-company) as

3025-419: Was founded on 22 April 1986 under the command of the Indonesian Army Corps of Engineers . The unit is also in cooperation with the Ministry of Health, the Indonesian Nuclear power regulator agency, the Veterinary Research Agency, and the National Nuclear Power Agency. This unit is the one and only unit that can handle CBRN Defense Capability within the Armed Forces. The Indonesian National Police special unit

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