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109-542: The town is located in the eastern part of the county, on the border with Galați County . It is 20 km (12 mi) north of the county seat, Focșani . Mărășești lies on the right bank of the river Siret , which separates it from Galați County, in the area where the Siret receives the waters of the rivers Șușița and Zăbrăuț . King Milan I of Serbia was born in Mărășești on 22 August 1854. In 1917 during World War I ,

218-514: A halocline that stops at the Cold Intermediate Layer (CIL). This layer is composed of cool, salty surface waters, which are the result of localized atmospheric cooling and decreased fluvial input during the winter months. It is the remnant of the winter surface mixed layer. The base of the CIL is marked by a major pycnocline at about 100–200 metres (330–660 ft), and this density disparity

327-582: A coastline on the sea, its drainage basin includes parts of 24 countries in Europe. The Black Sea, not including the Sea of Azov , covers 436,400 km (168,500 sq mi), has a maximum depth of 2,212 m (7,257 ft), and a volume of 547,000 km (131,000 cu mi). Most of its coasts ascend rapidly. These rises are the Pontic Mountains to the south, bar the southwest-facing peninsulas,

436-536: A marked vertical stratification and a warm, shallow mixed layer. Day length and insolation intensity also control the extent of the photic zone . Subsurface productivity is limited by nutrient availability, as the anoxic bottom waters act as a sink for reduced nitrate , in the form of ammonia . The benthic zone also plays an important role in Black Sea nutrient cycling, as chemosynthetic organisms and anoxic geochemical pathways recycle nutrients which can be upwelled to

545-569: A strongly stratified vertical structure. Because of the extreme stratification, it is classified as a salt wedge estuary . Inflow from the Mediterranean Sea through the Bosporus and Dardanelles has a higher salinity and density than the outflow, creating the classic estuarine circulation. This means that the inflow of dense water from the Mediterranean occurs at the bottom of the basin while

654-433: A threat to health—and perhaps even life—for people living on the Black Sea coast. There have been isolated reports of flares on the Black Sea occurring during thunderstorms, possibly caused by lightning igniting combustible gas seeping up from the sea depths. The Black Sea supports an active and dynamic marine ecosystem, dominated by species suited to the brackish , nutrient-rich, conditions. As with all marine food webs,

763-516: A very thick convective bottom layer. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea. The discovery of the river, announced on August 1, 2010, was made by scientists at the University of Leeds and is the first of its kind to be identified. The undersea river stems from salty water spilling through

872-492: A weaker mixed assemblage of community development below the seasonal thermocline during summer months, and surface-intensified autumn production. This pattern of productivity is augmented by an Emiliania huxleyi bloom during the late spring and summer months. Since the 1960s, rapid industrial expansion along the Black Sea coastline and the construction of a major dam on the Danube have significantly increased annual variability in

981-608: Is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia , east of the Balkans , south of the East European Plain , west of the Caucasus , and north of Anatolia . It is bounded by Bulgaria , Georgia , Romania , Russia , Turkey , and Ukraine . The Black Sea is supplied by major rivers, principally the Danube , Dnieper and Dniester . Consequently, while six countries have

1090-469: Is administered by a county council consisting of 34 councilors. The president of the Galați County Council and the county councilors are elected locally, for a 4-year term. Following the 2020 local elections , the council is chaired by Costel Fotea ( PSD ), which has been in office since June 2016. The Galați County Council, renewed at the 2020 local elections , consists of 34 counsellors, with

1199-542: Is also a very important sector for the regional economy: about 40% of the employed population works in this sector, which contributes 16% to the regional GDP. Vegetable growers from the Tecuci area (especially those from Matca commune) and those from the Galați basin (Bădălan area and Vânători commune) are recognized for the quality of their products. The county of Galați is also an important transport hub. Thanks to its location on

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1308-718: Is divided into two depositional basins—the Western Black Sea and Eastern Black Sea—separated by the Mid-Black Sea High, which includes the Andrusov Ridge, Tetyaev High, and Archangelsky High, extending south from the Crimean Peninsula . The basin includes two distinct relict back-arc basins which were initiated by the splitting of an Albian volcanic arc and the subduction of both the Paleo - and Neo- Tethys oceans, but

1417-702: Is generally accepted to be a rendering of the Iranian word * axšaina- ("dark colored"). Ancient Greek voyagers adopted the name as Á-xe(i)nos , identified with the Greek word áxeinos (inhospitable). The name Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos (Inhospitable Sea), first attested in Pindar ( c.  475 BC ), was considered an ill omen and was euphemized to its opposite, Εὔξεινος Πόντος Eúxeinos Póntos (Hospitable Sea), also first attested in Pindar. This became

1526-587: Is located near the city of Tecuci, on the road Tecuci - Valea Mărului - Pechea - Galați , with a surface of 15 hectares (37 acres). The reservation is located on the lower terrace of the Bârlad river , at the point called La Rateș , where there was once an inn. In the eastern part of the county, on the territory of the Băneasa commune, between the villages of Băneasa and Roșcani, is the Băneasa Forest, where, in addition to

1635-580: Is subject to interannual variability. Outside of the Rim Current, numerous quasi-permanent coastal eddies are formed as a result of upwelling around the coastal apron and "wind curl" mechanisms. The intra-annual strength of these features is controlled by seasonal atmospheric and fluvial variations. During the spring, the Batumi eddy forms in the southeastern corner of the sea. Beneath the surface waters—from about 50 to 100 metres (160 to 330 ft)—there exists

1744-454: Is the major mechanism for isolation of the deep water. Below the pycnocline is the Deep Water mass, where salinity increases to 22.3 PSU and temperatures rise to around 8.9 °C (48.0 °F). The hydrochemical environment shifts from oxygenated to anoxic, as bacterial decomposition of sunken biomass utilizes all of the free oxygen. Weak geothermal heating and long residence time create

1853-856: The 2011 census , the ethnic structure of Galați County was relatively compact, with a high percentage of residents who declared themselves Romanian (90.07%), respectively 482,932 out of a total of 536,167. The second ethnic group in the number of inhabitants was that of the Roma ;- 16,990 (3.17%), followed by all the others (which did not exceed 1% of the total): Russian-Lipovans - 180, Greeks -&nbsp ;156, Hungarians - 133, Turks - 78, Italians - 68, Germans - 62, Jews - 57, Ukrainians - 48, Armenians -  29, Tatars - 4, Serbs - 8, Bulgarians - 7, Macedonians - 6, Poles - 3, other ethnic groups - 477. For 34,916 inhabitants (6.51%),

1962-866: The Battle of Mărășești between the Kingdom of Romania and the German Empire was fought near the town. It was the last major battle between the German Empire and the Kingdom of Romania on the Romanian front during World War I. A mausoleum containing the remains of 5,073 Romanian soldiers was built to commemorate the Romanian victory. Maria Zaharia (1905–1917) was born in Pădureni village. She acted as an impromptu artillery observer for

2071-570: The Bosporus ) Burgas , Varna , Constanța , Odesa , Sevastopol , Novorossiysk , Sochi , Poti , Batumi , Trabzon and Samsun . The Black Sea has a positive water balance , with an annual net outflow of 300 km (72 cu mi) per year through the Bosporus and the Dardanelles into the Aegean Sea . While the net flow of water through the Bosporus and Dardanelles (known collectively as

2180-678: The Cahul and Cantemir districts in the south of the Republic of Moldova and with the Odesa region in the west of Ukraine) as well as the Free Economic Zone Galați – Giurgiulești – Reni (Romania-Moldova-Ukraine). Codex Latinus Parisinus from 1395 mentions a "Caladda at the bend of the Danube", a Genoese port of call where it could dock. The name Galata , a neighbourhood of Constantinople and another former Genoese port of call, has

2289-713: The Caucasus Mountains to the east, and the Crimean Mountains to the mid-north. In the west, the coast is generally small floodplains below foothills such as the Strandzha ; Cape Emine , a dwindling of the east end of the Balkan Mountains ; and the Dobruja Plateau considerably farther north. The longest east–west extent is about 1,175 km (730 mi). Important cities along the coast include (clockwise from

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2398-884: The Danube (northern Serbia, northern Bulgaria ( Danubian Plain ) and southern Romania ( Wallachian Plain ) to northeast Ukraine and further across the Central Black Earth Region and southern Russia into Siberia . The littoral zone of the Black Sea is often referred to as the Pontic littoral or Pontic zone . The largest bays of the Black Sea are Karkinit Bay in Ukraine; the Gulf of Burgas in Bulgaria; Dnieprovski Bay and Dniestrovski Bay, both in Ukraine; and Sinop Bay and Samsun Bay, both in Turkey. The largest rivers flowing into

2507-432: The Danube which forms the border with Tulcea County to the southeast. Galați County is bordered by: Located at the extreme east–central part of Romania, at the confluence of the Danube with the rivers Siret and Prut, Galați County has an area of 4,466.3 square kilometres (1,724.4 sq mi), which represents 1.9% of the country's surface. The county includes 4 urban centers (the cities of Galați and Tecuci ,

2616-549: The Gauls , on the grounds that this area, inhabited in antiquity by the Thracians from north ( Dacians ), also experienced the migration of the Celts. If ancient historians such as Herodotus really mention the presence of Celtic tribes in the Balkans and their migration to Anatolia in the 4th century BC, to found Galatia , Romanian protochronists , for their part, date

2725-730: The North Atlantic oscillation , the climatic mechanisms resulting from the interaction between the north Atlantic and mid-latitude air masses. While the exact mechanisms causing the North Atlantic Oscillation remain unclear, it is thought the climate conditions established in western Europe mediate the heat and precipitation fluxes reaching Central Europe and Eurasia, regulating the formation of winter cyclones , which are largely responsible for regional precipitation inputs and influence Mediterranean sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The relative strength of these systems also limits

2834-623: The Romanian Army and was killed during the Battle of Mărășești. She is buried at the Mausoleum of Mărășești, the only child who is laid to rest there. This Vrancea County location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gala%C8%9Bi County Galați ( Romanian pronunciation: [ɡaˈlatsʲ] ) is a county ( județ ) of Romania , in Moldavia region, with

2943-614: The Santonian . Since its initiation, compressional tectonic environments led to subsidence in the basin, interspersed with extensional phases resulting in large-scale volcanism and numerous orogenies , causing the uplift of the Greater Caucasus , Pontides , southern Crimean Peninsula and Balkanides mountain ranges. During the Messinian salinity crisis in the neighboring Mediterranean Sea , water levels fell but without drying up

3052-505: The Turkish Straits ) is out of the Black Sea, water generally flows in both directions simultaneously: Denser, more saline water from the Aegean flows into the Black Sea underneath the less dense, fresher water that flows out of the Black Sea. This creates a significant and permanent layer of deep water that does not drain or mix and is therefore anoxic . This anoxic layer is responsible for

3161-632: The 13th century. A 1570 map Asiae Nova Descriptio from Abraham Ortelius 's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum labels the sea Mar Maggior (Great Sea), compare Latin Mare major . English writers of the 18th century often used Euxine Sea ( / ˈ j uː k s ɪ n / or / ˈ j uː k ˌ s aɪ n / ). During the Ottoman Empire , it was called either Bahr-e Siyah ( Perso-Arabic ) or Karadeniz ( Ottoman Turkish ), both meaning "Black Sea". The International Hydrographic Organization defines

3270-410: The 17th century Umbrărești (1649), Salcea (1695) etc. On the map of Dimitrie Cantemir from Descriptio Moldaviae , the settlements Nicorești , Poiana , Piscu , Corod , Oancea , Adam , Tulucești , Foltești , Tecuci , Galați are recorded. At the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, Slobozia -type settlements appeared, which lead to the thickening of

3379-607: The 4th largest industrial center of Romania, in recent years it has registered a sharp decline, which led to its inclusion, along with 5 other counties in Romania (Mureș, Prahova, Dolj, Gorj, Hunedoara) in the Just Transition Mechanism financed by the European Union, which attempts to reduce the social and economic impact of the transition of mono-industrial and coal-intensive regions to a decarbonized economy. According to

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3488-573: The Black Sea Depression they are terrigenous non-carbonate silts , and at the foot of the continental slope turbidite sediments. The Black Sea is the world's largest body of water with a meromictic basin. The deep waters do not mix with the upper layers of water that receive oxygen from the atmosphere. As a result, over 90% of the deeper Black Sea volume is anoxic water. The Black Sea's circulation patterns are primarily controlled by basin topography and fluvial inputs, which result in

3597-404: The Black Sea are: These rivers and their tributaries comprise a 2-million km (0.77-million sq mi) Black Sea drainage basin that covers wholly or partially 24 countries: Unrecognised states: Some islands in the Black Sea belong to Bulgaria, Romania, Turkey, and Ukraine: Short-term climatic variation in the Black Sea region is significantly influenced by the operation of

3706-585: The Black Sea features a range of trophic groups, with autotrophic algae, including diatoms and dinoflagellates , acting as primary producers. The fluvial systems draining Eurasia and central Europe introduce large volumes of sediment and dissolved nutrients into the Black Sea, but the distribution of these nutrients is controlled by the degree of physiochemical stratification, which is, in turn, dictated by seasonal physiographic development. During winter, strong wind promotes convective overturning and upwelling of nutrients, while high summer temperatures result in

3815-510: The Black Sea from the rest of the global ocean system. The large shelf to the north of the basin is up to 190 km (120 mi) wide and features a shallow apron with gradients between 1:40 and 1:1000. The southern edge around Turkey and the eastern edge around Georgia , however, are typified by a narrow shelf that rarely exceeds 20 km (12 mi) in width and a steep apron that is typically 1:40 gradient with numerous submarine canyons and channel extensions. The Euxine abyssal plain in

3924-472: The Black Sea is called Siyābun . In the tenth-century Persian geography book Hudud al-'Alam , the Black Sea is called Georgian Sea ( daryā-yi Gurz ). The Georgian Chronicles use the name zğua sperisa ზღუა სპერისა (Sea of Speri) after the Kartvelian tribe of Speris or Saspers . Other modern names such as Chyornoye more and Karadeniz (both meaning Black Sea) originated during

4033-497: The Black Sea was an endorheic basin , operating independently of the global ocean system (similar to the Caspian Sea today). Currently, the Black Sea water level is relatively high; thus, water is being exchanged with the Mediterranean. The Black Sea undersea river is a current of particularly saline water flowing through the Bosporus Strait and along the seabed of the Black Sea, the first of its kind discovered. Current names of

4142-517: The Bosporus Strait from the Mediterranean Sea into the Black Sea, where the water has a lower salt content. Because of the anoxic water at depth, organic matter, including anthropogenic artifacts such as boat hulls, are well preserved. During periods of high surface productivity, short-lived algal blooms form organic rich layers known as sapropels . Scientists have reported an annual phytoplankton bloom that can be seen in many NASA images of

4251-483: The Bosporus is located at 36.5 m (120 ft) below present sea level (deepest spot of the shallowest cross-section in the Bosporus, located in front of Dolmabahçe Palace ) and has a wet section of around 38,000 m (410,000 sq ft). Inflow and outflow current speeds are averaged around 0.3 to 0.4 m/s (1.0 to 1.3 ft/s), but much higher speeds are found locally, inducing significant turbulence and vertical shear. This allows for turbulent mixing of

4360-619: The Celts of Galatia would be the population mentioned in the Bible in Paul the Apostle 's Epistle to the Galatians . And according to them, genealogy studies with modern tools of molecular genetics would support their thesis. However, the theory most accepted by historians is that the name Galați derives from old names of people, inhabitants of this area of the country. As Professor Păltănea also concludes,

4469-724: The County Public Service for the Administration of the Public and Private Domain Galați, the County Directorate for Records of Persons Galați and the Medical-Social Unit Gănești. The analysis of the succession and distribution of the archaeological evidence of material culture shows that the territory of the county was populated and entered the circuit of human use from prehistoric times. The oldest human remains in

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4578-568: The Covurlui Plateau date from the Final Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic. Paleolithic cultures are located in Berești and Cavadinești . The Upper Paleolithic was highlighted in the north of the county, on the current territory of the villages Pleșa , Puricani , Crăiesti , Bălăbănești , Șipote , Rădești , Băneasa , Suceveni . In the strategic archaeological succession, settlements from

4687-562: The N:P:Si ratio in the basin. Coastal areas, accordingly, have seen an increase in the frequency of monospecific phytoplankton blooms, with diatom-bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 2.5 and non-diatom bloom frequency increasing by a factor of 6. The non-diatoms, such as the prymnesiophytes Emiliania huxleyi (coccolithophore), Chromulina sp., and the Euglenophyte Eutreptia lanowii , can out-compete diatom species because of

4796-464: The Rim Current. The Rim Current has a maximum velocity of about 50–100 cm/s (20–39 in/s). Within this feature, two smaller cyclonic gyres operate, occupying the eastern and western sectors of the basin. The Eastern and Western Gyres are well-organized systems in the winter but dissipate into a series of interconnected eddies in the summer and autumn. Mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow becomes more pronounced during these warmer seasons and

4905-399: The S and SW that cause intervals of warming and melting of the snow cover. Against the general climatic background, the meadows of the Siret, the Prut and the Danube introduce into the values and regime of the main meteorological elements, changes that lead to the creation of a specific meadow topoclimate, wetter and cooler in summer and wetter and less cold in winter. The general circulation of

5014-463: The Technological High School Simion Mehedinți Galați, the Special High School Emil Gârleanu Galați, Special Professional School Paul Popescu Neveanu Galați, Special High School Constantin Pufan Galați, High School Saints Peter and Paul , and Special High School Constantin Păunescu in Tecuci. The public institutions/services under the coordination of the County Council are the General Directorate of Social Assistance and Child Protection Galați,

5123-424: The acceleration of the process of disintegration of feudal relations and the emergence and emphasis of capitalist production relations. The popular masses of the county acted in the anti-Ottoman movement from 1821 and in the revolutionary ones from 1848. The active participation of the population of the former counties Covurlui and Tecuci in the political fight for the unification of the Romanian Principalities

5232-783: The agricultural area in use, livestock and poultry and the technical potential in land improvement arrangements and equipment with tractors and agricultural machines. Galați County has 358,311 hectares (885,410 acres) of agricultural land, of which 292,926 hectares (723,840 acres) are arable, 43,612 hectares (107,770 acres) are pastures, 656 hectares (1,620 acres) are hayfields, 19,397 hectares (47,930 acres) are vineyards and wine nurseries and 1,720 hectares (4,300 acres) are orchards and fruit nurseries. The county also has 43,814 hectares (108,270 acres) of forests and other lands with forest vegetation, 13,231 hectares (32,690 acres) of lakes and ponds, as well as 3,554 hectares (8,780 acres) of other degraded and unproductive surfaces. In this context, agriculture

5341-409: The amount of cold air arriving from northern regions during winter. Other influencing factors include the regional topography , as depressions and storm systems arriving from the Mediterranean are funneled through the low land around the Bosporus, with the Pontic and Caucasus mountain ranges acting as waveguides, limiting the speed and paths of cyclones passing through the region. The Black Sea

5450-413: The atmosphere has as its main features the relatively high frequency of slow advections of temperate-oceanic air from the W and NW (especially in the warm semester), the equally high frequency of advections of temperate-continental air from the NE and E (especially in cold season), as well as less frequent advections of arctic air from the N and tropical maritime air from the SW and S. On December 1, 2021,

5559-503: The authority of the Galați County Council are Paul Păltănea History Museum in Galați, the Visual Art Museum in Galați, the Răsvan Angheluță Natural Sciences Museum Complex in Galați, the County Library V. A. Urechia Galați, the Cultural Center Dunărea de Jos Galați. The educational structures under the coordination of the Galați County Council are the ones that form the school network organized in Galați County for special high school and special post-high school education, respectively

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5668-414: The banks of the Danube and near the borders with Moldova and Ukraine , a multimodal transport hub for logistics transfer (ship-truck-train) is being built in Galați, which will lead to an increase in the volume of trade in goods with Eastern Europe and the importance of both the city and the county in terms of international trade. If during the years of the communist era , Galați County had become

5777-429: The capital city at Galați , between 45°25'N and 46°10'N latitude, 27°20'E and 28°10'E longitude. It borders the counties of Vaslui , Vrancea , Brăila , Tulcea . To the east it borders the Republic of Moldova , the border crossing points being Galați– Giurgiulești (road and broad gauge railway ) and Oancea– Cahul (road). The county was established in 1968, through the territorial reorganization of

5886-424: The cardinal directions , with black or dark for north, red for south, white for west, and green or light blue for east. Hence, "Black Sea" meant "Northern Sea". According to this scheme, the name could only have originated with a people living between the northern (black) and southern (red) seas : this points to the Achaemenids (550–330 BC). In the Greater Bundahishn , a Middle Persian Zoroastrian scripture,

5995-412: The centre of the Black Sea reaches a maximum depth of 2,212 metres (7,257.22 feet) just south of Yalta on the Crimean Peninsula . The Paleo- Euxinian is described by the accumulation of eolian silt deposits (related to the Riss glaciation ) and the lowering of sea levels ( MIS 6, 8 and 10). The Karangat marine transgression occurred during the Eemian Interglacial (MIS 5e). This may have been

6104-424: The city of Galați , on the left bank of the Siret river), composed of 3,700 silver coins bearing the Greek inscriptions Gallati and Kallatiasy , will tip the scales towards the theory supported by Vasile Pârvan and Carl Patsch , which is the basis of the name of the Roman province Galatia in Asia Minor . The name Galați is also known as Kalas in Turkish, Γκαλάτσι in Greek and גאלאץ in Hebrew. But

6213-445: The city of Galați is the paleontological reserve of Barboși (Tirighina) with an area of about 1 hectare (2.5 acres), containing mollusk fossils from the old Euxine phase (about 400,000 years ago). Also, not far from Galați, namely to the north of the city, but on the Prut valley, on the territory of the commune Tulucești , in the place called Râpa Bălaia , there is the second paleontological reserve. The third paleontological reserve

6322-628: The civilian settlement on the hearth of the city of Galați today maintained trade links with Lower Moesia , with Greece and Asia Minor on the Danube and the Black Sea . In the 10th-13th centuries, forms of early feudalism , closely related to Byzantine influence, were registered on the current territory of Galați County, a fact attested by the numerous Byzantine coins discovered. In the XV-XVI centuries, numerous settlements are attested by written historical documents, such as Blăjerii de Jos (1448), Liești (1495), Șerbănești (1430), Bucești (1548), Drăgănești (1575), and in

6431-656: The climatic conditions, in the vegetation cover and soils, as well as in the geological structure of the relief. The latter offer a view with gentle heights ranging between 310 metres (1,020 ft) in the north and 5–10 metres (16–33 ft) in the south. The territory of Galați County itself presents a tabular (flat) relief with a more pronounced fragmentation in the north and weaker in the south;five geomorphological units can be distinguished, according to altitude, position and relief features: Covurlui Plateau, Tecuci Plain, Covurlui Plain , Low Siret Meadow, and Low Prut Meadow. The old geological formations are of little importance from

6540-417: The commonly used designation in Greek, although in mythological contexts the "true" name Póntos Áxeinos remained favoured. Strabo 's Geographica (1.2.10) reports that in antiquity, the Black Sea was often simply called "the Sea" ( ὁ πόντος ho Pontos ). He thought that the sea was called the "Inhospitable Sea Πόντος Ἄξεινος Póntos Áxeinos by the inhabitants of the Pontus region of

6649-405: The construction materials industry. The main natural reserve in Galați County is located on the sands of the Tecuci Plain, namely south of the town of Liesti , around the village of Hanu Conachi , on a strip of about 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) long and 05–1 kilometre (3.11–0.62 mi) wide with an area of about 84 hectares (210 acres) and which continues to the Siret meadow. A few distance from

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6758-427: The country. From the point of view of the workforce, 121,433 employees (2.16% of the national total - 16th place) and 10,192 unemployed people (4.22% - 4th place) were registered in Galați county, and the average salary net was 3,703  lei - 15th place nationally. Regarding the balance of international trade (FOB/CIF balance), in 2022, Galați county recorded a deficit of 377.4 million euros, after in

6867-519: The county, namely 17 hotels, 6 hostels, 5 motels, 6 tourist villas, 1 bungalow and 9 tourist guesthouses, with a total accommodation capacity of 2,196 beds. 51,673 arrivals and 84,786 overnight stays were registered, the net capacity utilization index in operation being 18.1%. In 2022, Galați County registered 97,526 tourists and 151,886 overnight stays, an increase compared to previous years. Black Sea Unrecognised states: The Black Sea

6976-403: The demographic structure of the county. Thus, the population growth was stimulated by the development of agriculture, by the liberalization of trade, by the intensification of transport, by the processes of free transfer by the state of land ownership rights to the peasants. In the first half of the 19th century, social-political turmoil and numerous conflicts took place. They contributed to

7085-510: The development of unionist ideas. Galati County has an industrial-agrarian economy. Industrial units and those providing services are mainly concentrated in urban areas, while in rural areas the main activities are agricultural. The statistics regarding the number of merchants operating in the urban environment of Galați county show a significant concentration of them in the county seat municipality, where over 86% of them are found. The other municipality, Tecuci, gathers only 11% of merchants, while

7194-447: The eighth largest city in Romania, with a population of 217,851 inhabitants, is the largest maritime port of the Danube on the territory of Romania, located at 80 kilometres (50 mi) from the Black Sea and approximately 250 kilometres (160 mi) from Bucharest and the cities of Iași , Ploiești , Constanța , Chișinău (Republic of Moldova), and Odesa (Ukraine). The ethnic composition of Galați County in 2011 According to

7303-429: The followers of protochronism ( pseudohistorical current which became very influential in Romania under the regime of Nicolae Ceaușescu ) links the name Galați , even if it does not appear before the 14th century, to the Celtic root and Indo-European languages , [gall-] meaning "foreigner" ( Gaul , gaulois , Gaulish , Galatia , Galicia , Galicia ) " and being a derivation of Galatiens (the Greek name of

7412-467: The following composition: Galați County has 2 municipalities, 2 towns and 61 communes The health units under the authority of the Galați County Council are the County Emergency Clinical Hospital Sfântul Apostol Andrei Galați, the Clinical Hospital for Infectious Diseases Sfânta Cuvioasa Parascheva Galați, the Pneumophthisiology Hospital Galați, the Municipal Hospital Anton Cincu Tecuci, and Târgu Bujor City Hospital. The cultural institutions under

7521-412: The forest itself, the wild peony is also protected, on account of which legends were created and a great popular celebration that takes place every year, the "Peony Festival". Also, in the forest at Hanu Conachi , the "Acacia Festival" is held every year. These two reserves are not only scientific objectives, but also permanent attractions for tourists. According to the Köppen climate classification ,

7630-410: The former Galați Region  [ ro ] , which included a territory similar to that of the current Brăila and Galați counties, plus the northern part of Tulcea County. Galați County is part of the South-East Development Region (together with the counties of Vrancea, Buzău, Brăila, Constanța and Tulcea), of the Lower Danube Euroregion (together with the counties of Brăila and Tulcea, with

7739-441: The highest sea levels reached in the late Pleistocene . Based on this some scholars have suggested that the Crimean Peninsula was isolated from the mainland by a shallow strait during the Eemian Interglacial. The Neoeuxinian transgression began with an inflow of waters from the Caspian Sea . Neoeuxinian deposits are found in the Black Sea below −20 m (−66 ft) water depth in three layers. The upper layers correspond with

7848-726: The information was unavailable. From the point of view of the citizenship of the county residents, on December 1, 2021, 496,048 were Romanian citizens (99.83%), Moldovan - 322, Italian - 123, Turkish - 37, British  - 30, Ukrainians - 30, Spanish - 23, Greeks - 20, Syrians - 20, Germans - 14, French - 13, Americans -  12, Dutch - 8, Iraqis - 7, Serbian - 4, Hungarians - 3. 39 inhabitants were citizens of other European countries, and 125 of countries from other continents. 3 were stateless, and 7 did not declare their citizenship. Galati County

7957-565: The inhabitants of Galicia - Ukrainians originally from the mountainous regions of the Carpathians - would have given the name to the city of Galați in the 13th century, when the Principality of Galicia-Volhynia expanded its area of commercial and political influence in Moldavia . This is the thesis favoured by Russian and Ukrainian historical circles. Also, the Serbs claim that the origin of

8066-518: The late 1980s. Additionally, an alien species—the warty comb jelly ( Mnemiopsis leidyi )—established itself in the basin, exploding from a few individuals to an estimated biomass of one billion metric tons. The change in species composition in Black Sea waters also has consequences for hydrochemistry, as calcium-producing coccolithophores influence salinity and pH, although these ramifications have yet to be fully quantified. In central Black Sea waters, silicon levels also reduced significantly, due to

8175-407: The limited availability of silicon, a necessary constituent of diatom frustules. As a consequence of these blooms, benthic macrophyte populations were deprived of light, while anoxia caused mass mortality in marine animals. Overfishing during the 1970s further compounded the decline in macrophytes, while the invasive ctenophore Mnemiopsis reduced the biomass of copepods and other zooplankton in

8284-677: The limits of the Black Sea as follows: On the Southwest. The Northeastern limit of the Sea of Marmara [A line joining Cape Rumili with Cape Anatoli (41°13'N)]. In the Kertch Strait . A line joining Cape Takil and Cape Panaghia (45°02'N). The area surrounding the Black Sea is commonly referred to as the Black Sea Region . Its northern part lies within the Chernozem belt (black soil belt) which goes from eastern Croatia ( Slavonia ), along

8393-582: The main lakes are Brateș 24 square kilometres (9.3 sq mi) and Tălăbasca. The maximum altitude is reached in the Fălciu Hills: 274 metres (899 ft). Due to its position on the outside of the Carpathian arc , Galați County occupies the area of interpenetration of the edges of the East-European, South-European and partly Central-European geographical sub-regions, which is faithfully reflected both in

8502-515: The mouth of the Siret River - Barboși - Poiana - Trotuș - Oituz , which demonstrates the intensity of the material and spiritual activity of the natives. The Geto-Dacian culture is represented by settlements located on the current hearths of Galați and Frumușița and by the Piroboridava settlement ( Poiana ). Roman life was particularly intense. The Roman military fort from Barboși and

8611-500: The name is Galac . According to the other, the name derives from the Cuman galat , which appears, also from the 13th century, in other toponyms from the surroundings, for example Gălățui , a lake name whose suffix is Cuman (the suffix [-ui] means "water". The county lies on a low plain, between the Prut River to the east, the Siret River to the west and southwest. Both flow into

8720-728: The network of rural settlements, of which Slobozia Blăneasa , Slobozia Oancea , Slobozia Conachi , and Slobozia Corni still exist. In the second half of the 19th century, new rural settlements appeared as a result of the increase in the production of grain goods after the unification of the Romanian Principalities of 1859, the agrarian reform of 1864 and after the Rural Law of 1878. The different forms of population growth - migrations, agricultural herding, slow infiltrations and colonizations, immigrations ( Lipovans , Greeks, Bulgarians, Armenians, Jews etc.) - contributed to changing

8829-657: The old Neolithic, belonging to the Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture , which appear in the form of unfortified settlements, were also located. Traces of this culture were discovered at Negrilești and north of Tecuci , in the Bârlad River valley, at Munteni . In Berești , traces of the pre-Cucutenian and Cucutenian cultures were highlighted. The pre-Cucutenian culture is represented by bichrome and trichome painted ceramics at Stoicani , Măstăcani , Smulți , Drăgănești , Băneasa , Suceveni . The citadel of Stoicani shows, through

8938-436: The onomastic value of the word Galați is proven by old inscriptions on which the names of people like Vasile Gălată , Petrea Galați , Marin Galați were found. In Romanian documents and chronicles, the name of the city is found in the form Gălați or Gălat , and in those from other countries it is mentioned as Gallaz , Galatz , Galazzo Finally, other hypotheses call for Slavic or Cuman etymologies. According to one,

9047-763: The others being the Red Sea , the White Sea and the Yellow Sea . The earliest known name of the Black Sea is the Sea of Zalpa, so called by both the Hattians and their conquerors, the Hittites . The Hattic city of Zalpa was "situated probably at or near the estuary of the Marrassantiya River, the modern Kızıl Irmak , on the Black Sea coast." The principal Greek name Póntos Áxeinos

9156-454: The outflow of fresher Black Sea surface-water into the Sea of Marmara occurs near the surface. According to Gregg (2002), the outflow is 16,000 cubic metres per second (570,000 cubic feet per second) or around 500 cubic kilometres per year (120 cubic miles per year), and the inflow is 11,000 m /s (390,000 cu ft/s) or around 350 km /a (84 cu mi/a). The following water budget can be estimated: The southern sill of

9265-501: The peak of the Khvalinian transgression, on the shelf shallow-water sands and coquina mixed with silty sands and brackish-water fauna, and inside the Black Sea Depression hydrotroilite silts. The middle layers on the shelf are sands with brackish-water mollusc shells. Of continental origin, the lower level on the shelf is mostly alluvial sands with pebbles, mixed with less common lacustrine silts and freshwater mollusc shells . Inside

9374-462: The penetration of some influences of the Greek civilization from Dobrogea. Thus, Greek ceramics and coins were discovered in Galați , Barboși (neighborhood of the city Galați) and Frumușita , and in Galați it seems that there was even a Greek settlement. The archaeological remains allow the reconstruction of an axis of the penetration of Greek civilization and material culture in the direction of Histria -

9483-412: The period 2011-2020. The territory showed a sharp downward trend, of 6.5%, in the period 2012-2020, of the global population, while the downward trend of the working-age population was in the same period of 10.5%. Between 2010 and 2020, the average net salary was, each year, below the national average by about 11%, but the downward trend is clear. Between 2016 and 2020, the difference to the national average

9592-488: The photic zone, enhancing productivity. In total, the Black Sea's biodiversity contains around one-third of the Mediterranean's and is experiencing natural and artificial invasions or "Mediterranizations". The main phytoplankton groups present in the Black Sea are dinoflagellates , diatoms , coccolithophores and cyanobacteria . Generally, the annual cycle of phytoplankton development comprises significant diatom and dinoflagellate-dominated spring production, followed by

9701-417: The point of view of mineral resources. Hydrocarbons (crude oil and natural gas) have been identified and are being extracted in the areas Schela - Independența , Munteni - Berheci and Brateș. Young and especially Quaternary geological formations, consisting of common clays, sands, gravels are exploited in Galați , Tecuci , Braniștea and in the minor bed of the river Prut , having particular importance for

9810-416: The population of the county was 496,892 inhabitants (down from 2011 when 536,167 inhabitants were registered), which represents 2.61% of the total population of Romania (the country's fifteenth county). Of that population, 242,055 are men and 254,837 women, with 259,071 living in urban areas and 237,821 in rural areas. The population density is 111.3/km (288.1/sq mi). The seat of the county - Galați ,

9919-662: The preservation of ancient shipwrecks which have been found in the Black Sea, which ultimately drains into the Mediterranean Sea , via the Turkish Straits and the Aegean Sea. The Bosporus strait connects it to the small Sea of Marmara which in turn is connected to the Aegean Sea via the strait of the Dardanelles . To the north, the Black Sea is connected to the Sea of Azov by the Kerch Strait . The water level has varied significantly over geological time. Due to these variations in

10028-416: The production of rolled products and 90.4% of the production of cold-rolled sheets and strips. More than two-thirds of metallurgical production is exported. The naval industry (Damen Shipyard Galați), a branch of great tradition locally, produces river and sea vessels up to 65,000 tdw, as well as marine drilling platforms. In the economy of Galați County, agriculture occupies an important place, due to

10137-488: The region. As a result of these characteristics the Black Sea has gained interest from the field of marine archaeology , as ancient shipwrecks in excellent states of preservation have been discovered, such as the Byzantine wreck Sinop D , located in the anoxic layer off the coast of Sinop, Turkey . Modelling shows that, in the event of an asteroid impact on the Black Sea, the release of hydrogen sulfide clouds would pose

10246-575: The remains of material culture, the occupations of hunting, animal husbandry and plant cultivation practiced by the inhabitants of this territory, as well as some household crafts, such as pottery, spinning, weaving. The continuity of the population is proven by the material cultures belonging to the period of transition to the Bronze Age , represented by the "shack" type settlements from Stoicani . The Iron Age left numerous material traces discovered and researched in more than 15 current localities, showing

10355-522: The same origin. The Romanian academic world mostly adheres to this Italian origin dating back to the 14th century: caladda in Genoese means "mooring hold", and the Genoese had numerous such places on the shores of the Black Sea and on the banks of the Danube , including, in present-day Romania, Giurgiu and Licostomo, near Chilia Veche . The discovery of the thesaurus of Barboși (southern quarter of

10464-464: The sea are usually equivalents of the English name "Black Sea", including these given in the countries bordering the sea: Such names have not yet been shown conclusively to predate the 13th century. In Greece , the historical name "Euxine Sea", which holds a different literal meaning (see below), is still widely used: The Black Sea is one of four seas named in English after common color terms –

10573-625: The sea. The collision between the Eurasian and African plates and the westward escape of the Anatolian block along the North Anatolian and East Anatolian faults dictates the current tectonic regime, which features enhanced subsidence in the Black Sea basin and significant volcanic activity in the Anatolian region. These geological mechanisms, in the long term, have caused the periodic isolations of

10682-492: The southern shoreline before Greek colonisation due to its difficult navigation and hostile barbarian natives (7.3.6), and that the name was changed to "hospitable" after the Milesians colonised the region, bringing it into the Greek world. Popular supposition derives "Black Sea" from the dark color of the water or climatic conditions. Some scholars understand the name to be derived from a system of colour symbolism representing

10791-514: The statements of the President of the County Council, Costel Fotea (May 2022), " the transformation of steel production is an approach that will be carried out in a context where, in recent years, technological developments and market conditions have determined a decline in the degree of employment in the metallurgical industry of the county. Thus, the number of employees decreased by more than 36% in

10900-469: The territory of Galați County belongs entirely to the continental climate sector. The southern and central part, which represents more than 90% of the surface, is a plain area, and the northern extremity - which accounts for almost 10% of the territory - is a hilly area. In both climatic areas, summers are very hot and dry and winters are frosty, marked by strong blizzards, but also by frequent temperature changes caused by advections of warm and moist air from

11009-651: The timings of these events remain uncertain. Arc volcanism and extension occurred as the Neo-Tethys Ocean subducted under the southern margin of Laurasia during the Mesozoic . Uplift and compressional deformation took place as the Neotethys continued to close. Seismic surveys indicate that rifting began in the Western Black Sea in the Barremian and Aptian followed by the formation of oceanic crust 20 million years later in

11118-571: The toponym Galați to the 23rd century BC, claiming that on the contrary, the proto-Celts would have migrated later from Anatolia to the Alps , where they developed Hallstatt culture in Europe. Also, they link the name Galați to the Tabula Peutingeriana from 1265 (map where, in addition to Galatia in central Anatolia, there is also Tanasia-Galatia north of the Black Sea) and state that

11227-432: The towns of Târgu Bujor and Berești ) and 61 communes comprising 180 villages. Confluence area between the Covurlui Plateau to the north (50% of the county's surface), the Tecuci and Covurlui plains (34%), and the lower Siret and Prut meadows to the south (16%), Galați County represents a unitary structure from the geomorphological point of view. The main watercourses are the rivers Danube , Prut , and Siret ,

11336-413: The towns of Berești and Târgu-Bujor have significantly lower percentages - 0.4% and 1.5% respectively. On the national economy as a whole, Galați county is the main producer of pig iron , crude steel , hot or cold-rolled sheets and strips, and the second in the production of maritime ships. The metallurgical industry in Galați (Liberty Steel Works) accounts for 55.6% of Romania's steel production, 55% of

11445-408: The two layers. Surface water leaves the Black Sea with a salinity of 17 practical salinity units (PSU) and reaches the Mediterranean with a salinity of 34 PSU. Likewise, an inflow of the Mediterranean with salinity 38.5 PSU experiences a decrease to about 34 PSU. Mean surface circulation is cyclonic ; waters around the perimeter of the Black Sea circulate in a basin-wide shelfbreak gyre known as

11554-508: The two previous years it had recorded a surplus of 96 and 55.5 million euro respectively. Regarding the classification of economic activities in the county according to turnover in 2019, the first place is the activities of wholesale and retail trade, repair and maintenance of motor vehicles and motorcycles (41.79%), followed by those in the manufacturing industry (32.95%) and those from agriculture (9.71%) and construction (8.89%). In 2020, there were 51 tourist reception structures in

11663-452: The water level in the basin, the surrounding shelf and associated aprons have sometimes been dry land. At certain critical water levels, connections with surrounding water bodies can become established. It is through the most active of these connective routes, the Turkish Straits, that the Black Sea joins the World Ocean . During geological periods when this hydrological link was not present,

11772-464: Was -14%. The territory has an energy poverty rate of 55% in winter and 40% year-round. In December 2021, 10,626 unemployed persons were registered in the territory, of which 4,681 women. The unemployment rate was 5.65% in December 2021, nearly double the national average of 2.69% ". On May 1, 2023, the natural increase of the county's population was negative, respectively -695, the 6th highest in

11881-458: Was determined, in large part, by the fact that two of the most important militants for unification lived and worked here: Alexandru Ioan Cuza , former pârcălab ( burgrave ) of Covurlui County , and Costache Negri (born in the village of Mînjina ). At Mînjina, prominent personalities of the Romanian nation, such as Nicolae Bălcescu , Ion Ghica , Mihail Kogălniceanu , Vasile Alecsandri , Alecu Russo , and Grigore Alexandrescu participated in

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