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51-514: The Máxima Canal is also known as the reroute of the Zuid-Willemsvaart or Omlegging van de Zuid-Willemsvaart . In the early nineteenth century the Zuid-Willemsvaart was dug through the northern part of the center of 's-Hertogenbosch . As there were few buildings in the area this was not a problem till the late nineteenth century. At that time, part of the Citadel of 's-Hertogenbosch , and part of

102-416: A house for the commander, the gunpowder magazine, a magazine for cannonballs, a magazine for stakes to use for the palisades , and a laboratory to make grenades and other gunpowder products. There was also a cellar for ice in the later demolished bastion I. Of particular interest is that the map also shows the building near the north west gate, and calls it the 'Arsenal', just like Hattinga did in 1749. In 1785

153-524: A new use of the building as archives. During the excavations the medieval city wall and Orthen Gate were located. The big building is now the home of the Brabants Historisch Informatie Centrum , a merger of the national archives for North Brabant and several community and other archives. The citadel is still owned by the state. William II, Prince of Orange William II ( Dutch : Willem II ; 27 May 1626 – 6 November 1650)

204-403: A result, Mary declined William's hand in marriage. In late 1640–early 1641, King Charles I decided to renew negotiations with Prince Frederick Henry of Orange. On 10 February 1641, Charles announced to Parliament that the betrothal of his daughter was actually concluded and that it only remained to consider this union from a political point of view. Charles himself hoped that in case of emergency,

255-490: A significant waterway. The extent of what was required followed from the national traffic and transport plan Nationaal Verkeers- en Vervoersplan (NVVP) . The NVVP designated the Zuid-Willemsvaart from the Meuse to Veghel as being a part of the main network for water transport. This main network has to be navigable for ships of CEMT class IV. In 's-Hertogenbosch the Zuid-Willemsvaart was only fit ships of CEMT class II, about half

306-518: A year, but the soldiers became prisoners of war. After the Belgian Revolution of 1830-1831, the military prison in the Citadel was abandoned, and became a ruin. The Revolutions of 1848 prompted the government to repair the fortifications of 's-Hertogenbosch. In June 1853 the minister of defense decided to tender the renovation of the prison as a barracks. The estimate was 18,000 guilders. In July

357-502: Is also an Ecological Connection Zone, or Ecologische Verbindingszone between the Aa and the Meuse. Citadel of %27s-Hertogenbosch The Citadel of 's-Hertogenbosch is a fortress on the north side of the town center of 's Hertogenbosch in the Netherlands . It was constructed from 1637 to 1642. In the 14th and 15th centuries the southern part of the current location of the citadel

408-506: The Aa river flowed along the north western city walls, like it does now. On the advice of Hendrik Nobel the Aa was widened in 1639. In order to prevent the city from overflowing in case of inundations, there were two dams in the moat of the citadel. The first was near the confluence with the Dieze . The other was where the north west city wall had been. Close by a new Orthen Gate was constructed. Up till

459-466: The Citadel of Lille . It got the name Fortress Willem Maria , after two children of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange , conqueror of the city. The fortress had two functions: It strengthened the city defenses, and it kept the city under control. Because of the latter it received the nickname papenbril . The Dutch word 'papen' referred to the suspected popery of the Catholic inhabitants. The citadel kept

510-539: The Glorious Revolution . His son William also became Stadtholder of the Five Dutch Provinces in 1672, marking the end of the formentioned Stadtholderless Period. William II (or Willem II), Prince of Orange, was born on 27 May 1626, as the first legitimate child and elder son of Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange , and his wife Amalia of Solms-Braunfels . Frederick Henry was the youngest son of William

561-489: The House of Orange was at first rejected by King Charles I, who wanted to give his daughter in marriage to Balthasar Charles, Prince of Asturias , only son and heir of King Philip IV of Spain and also Mary's maternal first cousin. A prerequisite for such a union was Mary's conversion to Catholicism , but the princess, who at the request of her mother studied the basics of the Catholic religion, did not want to change her faith. As

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612-479: The States of Holland (including Jacob de Witt ) in the castle of Loevestein . In addition, he sent his cousin, Willem Frederik of Nassau-Dietz with an army of 10,000 men to seize Amsterdam by force. Bad weather foiled this campaign, but Amsterdam did give in. By early 1650, William's consort Mary was pregnant again. William for most of his life enjoyed quite good health. However, in late October-early November, when

663-473: The States-General , an assembly of representatives from each of the seven provinces, but usually dominated by the largest and wealthiest province, Holland . In January 1640, William of Orange proposed to Mary, Princess Royal , the eldest daughter of Charles I of England, Scotland, & Ireland , by his wife Queen Henrietta Maria of France . The young princess was only 8-years old at the time. The offer of

714-419: The 1960s. In March 1869 the minister of defense wanted to improve the scientific education for non-commissioned officers in the infantry. Therefore all NCO's that entered into education to become a lieutenant second class were divided in two classes. The second class was given with each regiment, and led to the second class. The first class, which led to the exam for lieutenant 2nd class, would be given only in

765-519: The Dutch Republic conquered 's-Hertogenbosch after a famous siege. It spelled the end for Bastion Orthenpoort, and the Orthen Gate was demolished in 1635. In 1637 construction of the citadel started. The design was probably by Pieter Bilderbeeck, inspector of national fortifications. He chose a regular pentagonal form with bastions with brick walls. This was a kind of ideal type of fortification, cf

816-450: The Dutch defensive strategy. It led to the 1874 Fortification law, which recognized that fortifications like the citadel were obsolete. It determined that the fortress 's-Hertogenbosch would be dismantled. The government remained owner of the citadel, but it no longer had a function in the city's defenses. The esplanade was returned to the municipality. The military would remain in the citadel till

867-510: The Máxima Canal. They have an air draft of 7 m, enough for ships to load three layers of containers . In the Netherlands it is mandatory that major infrastructural works that destroy parts of nature are compensated for by creating new nature. For the Máxima Canal nature was compensated by creating Kanaalpark Rosmalen . It is a nature reserve that includes a new 'river' Rosmalense Aa. This

918-624: The Prince of Orange would help him to maintain royal power in England. A modest wedding ceremony took place on 2 May 1641 at the Chapel Royal in Whitehall Palace , London . William was not yet fifteen, while Mary was just nine at that time. Mary and William were congratulated by courtiers, and received several gifts; in addition, in honour of the couple, a volley of 120 guns was fired. Almost as soon as

969-619: The Silent (stadtholder 1559–1584); his older half brother Maurits of Nassau was Stadtholder (1585–1625); Frederick Henry was stadtholder from 1625 to 1647. Frederick Henry also had another half-brother, Philip William , who reigned as Prince of Orange (1584−1618). William had eight liveborn siblings, but his surviving siblings were Luise Henriette (1627−1667), Albertine Agnes (1634−1696), Henriette Catherine (1637−1708) and Maria (1642−1688). All of his surviving sisters married into German nobility. The stadtholders governed in conjunction with

1020-504: The ceremony ended, William returned to the Netherlands. In November 1643, the second marriage ceremony between the 17-year-old William and 12-year-old Mary took place in The Hague . The marriage was not consummated until 1644. In February 1644, Mary completely merged into the life of her husband's court. In 1647, his father, Frederick Henry died on 14 March, after a long illness (he suffered from gout and possibly some kind of Alzheimer's in

1071-424: The citadel and the adjoining harbor would get closest of all the approaches. Later it was claimed that a breach had already started in the wall of the citadel when the town surrendered. On 9 October the governor agreed to hand over the city by treaty. Perhaps the town could have held out longer. However, it's probable that the early surrender enabled most French emigré soldiers to march out in uniform together with

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1122-498: The citadel, even though there were few supplies. On 19 December Oppen bombarded the citadel, and demanded its surrender. In light of their superior artillery, the defenders flatly rejected this demand. However, even from a short-term perspective, there was little hope for the garrison. It had eighty guns, and a lot of war material, but only 1,000 men. Such a garrison was way too small for 's-Hertogenbosch. Even so, it could have held out against Oppen's forces if it had been supported by

1173-481: The citadel, so a complete infantry battalion could be housed. The new barracks were finished somewhere in 1891-1892. The changes included four new wings that were attached to the building, resembling a letter 'H'. In 1899 the current guard house was built next to the southern gate. In the 1980s a major restoration of the citadel began. In 1984 the four wings, which had been added to the 1789 building in 1891, were demolished again. Big concrete basements were dug out for

1224-507: The citadel. During the 1870 mobilization of the fortress, the NCO's participating in the course were sent back to their regiments. Later the course was resumed. In 1877 there was a suspicion of fraud at the course in Maastricht, and so that school was disbanded, and the students divided over the remaining infantry institutes in 's-Hertogenbosch and Kampen . In 1880 the course for cavalry course NCO's

1275-402: The citadel. During the whole nineteenth century the significance of the fortress and citadel had steadily diminished. In 1870 the citadel was 'mobilized' for the last time, but now it was only a small part of a fortified position that started at the 'Lunetten van Vught'. Furthermore, it was only prepared against a raid, not against a serious siege. The Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871 changed

1326-482: The citadel. On the 23rd the French howitzers started to bombard the citadel and town from Orthen. The besieging French artillery did quite some damage in the town, but generally the town's artillery had the upper hand. On 27 September 1794 Fort Crèvecoeur on the Meuse was taken by the French. It allowed them to somewhat lower the inundations around the town, and gave them many guns to press the siege. The French attack towards

1377-649: The city, could simply move its siege guns into buildings near the citadel, and destroy its walls at close range. Therefore 40 houses of the Ortheneind quarter were demolished together with the St Peter and Paul Church., totaling about 4 hectares of the city. The open space that was created would become known as De Plein (the esplanade ). Ideas that the Republic simply demolished part of the town so it could fire on potential rebels are popular, but are not supported by facts. In fact,

1428-451: The demolition of the buildings on the Esplanade would only be completed in 1646, because the new masters of the city negotiated with the owners of the buildings which they wanted to remove. The confluence of the rivers Dommel and Aa formed the western boundary of the terrain where the citadel was built. From their confluence they flowed north to the Meuse as the river Dieze . At the time

1479-406: The end of the eighteenth century there was no permanent habitation of the citadel. In 1789 a military prison was built in the citadel. This building also housed the military court. There is a map which shows the gunpowder magazine from about 1750, as well as an outline of the military prison. It can therefore be dated between 1750 and 1789, and probably to the late 1780s. At the time the citadel had

1530-588: The garrison on 12 October. Those who tried to escape in civilian clothes, where mostly captured, some of them betrayed by citizens. They were imprisoned in the citadel and mostly hanged on the grounds. In November 1813 Prince William landed in the Hague. Within a month he ruled the Sovereign Principality of the United Netherlands . However, many fortresses remained under French control. 's Hertogenbosch

1581-400: The inhabitants in line because it interrupted the city walls. I.e. the inhabitants could revolt, but then they would not be able to defend the city. The fort was probably completed in 1642, when the future Stadholder Willem II visited. In order to be able to defend the city-side of the citadel, in case that the city fell, an open area was required. Without it, an attacker which had conquered

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1632-550: The inspecting Lt-General van der Drissen mentioned a 'Verbuswinkel', probably a corruption of 'Bushuis', which also means arsenal. During the first of the coalition wars against the French Republic, the territory of present day Belgium was lost in the Flanders campaign of 1794. The French armies then moved north against the Dutch Republic. On 22 September 1794 the French army took the unoccupied Fort Orthen, about 1 kilometre from

1683-448: The job was finally awarded for 13,700 guilders. The plan had been made by Mr. van Maaren. It included better lodgings for men and officers. Other measures were directed at creating the possibility to make the building 'bomb free', probably by packing earth against it. The attics of the building were lowered. In 1854 the last phase of the reconstruction of the fortress started when work on the citadel's walls commenced. It seems that in 1855

1734-399: The last few years of his life), and William II succeeded to both his hereditary titles and his elective offices as stadtholder of six of the seven provinces: Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Guelders, Overijssel and Groningen at the young age of 21. Soon after he became stadtholder, his wife Mary suffered a miscarriage, after which she couldn't concieve for a few years. The Netherlands at this time

1785-408: The major garrisons of 's-Hertogenbosch and Maastricht . In 's-Hertogenbosch this was the 5th regiment, which would have four lieutenants to give the course, known as 'Hoofdcursus' in Dutch. In April 1869 it became known that the citadel would be the home of the course, and three companies of the 1st battalion of the 5th regiment were moved out. The warehouse of clothing for the 5th regiment remained in

1836-424: The medieval water gate at the city harbor Binnenhaven had to be demolished to make room for bigger ships. This solved the problem for another century. However, as time went by, ships got so big that the Zuid-Willemsvaart could not be enlarged without severely damaging housing or road traffic in 's-Hertogenbosch. It was clear that something had to be done if the Zuid-Willemsvaart was to continue its existence as

1887-437: The outside. During the night of 25–26 January 1814 multiple city gates were assaulted from within the town and from the outside. The French were defeated, and retreated to the citadel. Now the victors could make very credible threats to the French, who were very far from their own army. On the morrow of taking the town, 26 January, the French capitulated on adverse terms. The officers were free to leave on promise of not serving for

1938-408: The populace, but this was not the case. On the contrary, in the night of 6–7 January 1814 a resistance committee published its desire to get rid of the French on the streets of the town. The French were not able to find out who headed the resistance. Next, an alliance negotiator appeared on 15 January 1814, but he was sent back. The resistance then coordinated an uprising in the town with an assault from

1989-724: The princess's pregnancy was coming to an end, William fell ill with smallpox and died on 6 November, just after his attempt to capture Amsterdam from his political opponents. William served as stadtholder for only three years. His only son William was born two days before his death. This was the beginning of the First Stadtholderless Period . His son succeeded him in 1672 as stadtholder and later, in 1689, also became King of England . On 2 May 1641, William II married Mary, Princess Royal , second surviving child and eldest daughter of King Charles I of England by his French consort Henrietta Maria of France . In 1643, they held

2040-482: The school was merged with that in Kampen, and its building became available for a new purpose. The Zuid-Willemsvaart was an important canal dug which had been dug between 1823 and 1825. It had been dug through the quite north-west side of the town's center, south of the citadel. In the succeeding years ships on the canal became bigger, and steam propulsion was introduced. Now it became increasingly troublesome to navigate in

2091-518: The size of CEMT class IV. Realization of the NVVP required a drastic measure, which was to make a shortcut from the Zuid-Willemsvaart to the Meuse east of 's-Hertogenbosch. Construction of the Máxima Canal started in 2007. The work was executed by the Willemsunie, a combination of the contractors 'Van Hattum en Blankevoort', 'KWS Infra', 'GMB Civiel' and 'Van den Herik Kust- en Oeverwerken'. The Máxima Canal

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2142-402: The small space between Bastion I, which stuck out into the canal, and the water gates of the town's harbor. This was not only a matter space, but also had to do with currents. In 1880, Bastion I was therefore almost completely demolished to facilitate shipping. In 1890 the minister of defense asked to increase the 1891 budget by 42,000 guilders. He planned to change the main building and renovate

2193-480: The soldiers of the Tolbrug barracks were the first to use the new barracks. In 1858 the punishment battalion from Medemblik of 240 soldiers was quartered in the citadel. It was a good place for this battalion on account of the citadel's isolation, and there were many stories of soldiers attempting to escape. The municipality however was worried about the combination of this battalion with the 50,000 kg of gunpowder in

2244-529: The southern Netherlands in the hands of the Spanish monarchy. A separate peace furthermore violated the alliance with France formed in 1635. However, the States of six provinces voted to accept it. Secretly, William opened his own negotiations with France with the goal of extending his own territory under a more centralized government. In addition, he worked for the restoration of his exiled brother-in-law, Charles II , to

2295-616: The throne of England, William's father-in-law Charles I had been executed months earlier. In 1650 William II became involved in a bitter quarrel with the province of Holland and the powerful Regents of Amsterdam , Cornelis and Andries Bicker and their more diplomatic cousin Cornelis de Graeff . With the Peace of Münster, the Regents wanted to reduce the army, saving money. That would also diminish William's authority. William imprisoned eight members of

2346-438: Was also split in two classes, and the first was merged into the infantry 'hoofdcursus'. The 'hoofdcursus' was given with the intention that all students were good enough to succeed, and would become officers. Therefore the number of students was related and limited to the number of officers vacancies. In 1883 the school had 59 students for the infantry, and 6 for the artillery, and was dividend in two study years. On 1 October 1890

2397-512: Was engaged in the Eighty Years' War against Spain for its independence. Under Frederick Henry, the Netherlands had largely won the war, and since 1646 had been negotiating with Spain on the terms for ending it. The negotiators agreed to the Peace of Münster in 1648, but William opposed acceptance of the treaty, even though it recognized the independence of the (northern) Netherlands, because it left

2448-479: Was one of these. Commander Colonel Moulé de la Raitrie had been in 's-Hertogenbosch for four years, and was quite aware of how it could be defended. On 12 December 1813 the garrison was reinforced by the retreating troops of general Molitor . On 15 December the Prussian commander Adolf Friedrich von Oppen crossed the Meuse. On the 18th Molitor left 's Hertogenbosch for Grave , but 500 soldiers were left behind to garrison

2499-477: Was opened on 19 December 2014. It spelled the end for commercial use of the Zuid-Willemsvaart in 's-Hertogenbosch. Recreational shipping is still allowed to use the old canal, but has sharply decreased. One of the reasons is that the locks and bridges now operate less frequently. Two locks bridge the difference in water level between the Meuse and the Zuid-Willemsvaart: There are eight bridges across

2550-542: Was part of the city proper. It contained the Orthen Gate, which had been constructed between 1315 and 1350. Later Bastion Orthenpoort was constructed to protect this part of the city. In 1541 a first attempt to construct it had been made with the assistance of the Italian architect and engineer Alessandro Pasqualini . In 1617-1618 the Bastion was finally constructed when the threat of the Dutch Republic became ever more real. In 1629

2601-561: Was sovereign Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland , Zeeland , Utrecht , Guelders , Overijssel and Groningen in the United Provinces of the Netherlands from 14 March 1647 until his death three years later on 6 November 1650. His death marked the beginning of the First Stadtholderless Period , leading to the rise of Johan De Witt , who stayed in power for the next 22 years. His only child, William III , reigned as King of England, Scotland, and Ireland in 1689, following

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