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47-496: Mátrafüred is an other inner area of the town of Gyöngyös in Heves county , Hungary , in the Mátra mountain range . The territory of Mátrafüred have an own postal code: 3232. It is 6.3 km away from the town center. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 844. Mátrafüred is the terminus of a narrow gauge railway line, what connect it with the town. Bronze Age artifacts were found on

94-513: A 20-story residential tower were built, and the town's population doubled. The narrow-gauge railway also started passenger transport in the direction of Gyöngyössolymos . The Mátra Museum was opened in the former castle of the Orczy family  [ fr ] , with a natural science and hunting exhibition. An other exhibition was opened in the former house of the Almásy family  [ fr ] from

141-555: A disproportionately pervasive influence over their community. A broad array of animals depend on mistletoe for food, consuming the leaves and young shoots, transferring pollen between plants and dispersing the sticky seeds. In western North America their juicy berries are eaten and spread by birds (notably the phainopepla ) while in Australia the mistletoebird behaves similarly. When eaten, some seeds pass unharmed through their digestive systems, emerging in extremely sticky droppings which

188-485: A mistletoe plant is established on its host, it usually is possible to save a valuable branch by pruning and judicious removal of the wood invaded by the haustorium , if the infection is caught early enough. Some species of mistletoe can regenerate if the pruning leaves any of the haustorium alive in the wood. There are 1500 species of mistletoe, varying widely in toxicity to humans; the European mistletoe ( Viscum album )

235-405: A small proportion of the sugars it needs from its own photosynthesis, but as a seedling actively photosynthesizes until a connection to the host is established. Some species of the largest family, Loranthaceae, have small, insect-pollinated flowers (as with Santalaceae), but others have spectacularly showy, large, bird-pollinated flowers. Most mistletoe seeds are spread by birds that eat

282-408: A stop on the standard gauge railway line and two narrow gauge railways also start from here to the mountains for tourist purposes. The settlement got its name from the stream that crosses the town, which may refer to the mistletoe that often occurs on the waterfront, or to the pearly water. According to one theory, one of Árpád 's daughters was Gyöngyös, who was buried here. From the 11th to

329-438: A wide range of host trees , some of which experience side effects including reduced growth, stunting, and loss of infested outer branches. A heavy infestation may also kill the host plant. Viscum album successfully parasitizes more than 200 tree and shrub species. All mistletoe species are hemiparasites because they do perform some photosynthesis for some period of their life cycle. However, in some species its contribution

376-424: Is Viscum continuum . A mistletoe seed germinates on the branch of a host tree or shrub, and in its early stages of development it is independent of its host. It commonly has two or even four embryos, each producing its hypocotyl , that grows towards the bark of the host under the influence of light and gravity, and potentially each forming a mistletoe plant in a clump. Possibly as an adaptation to assist in guiding

423-435: Is twinned with: This Heves county location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Mistletoe Mistletoe is the common name for obligate hemiparasitic plants in the order Santalales . They are attached to their host tree or shrub by a structure called the haustorium , through which they extract water and nutrients from the host plant. The name mistletoe originally referred to

470-551: Is a town in Heves County , Hungary , beside of the Gyöngyös creek, under the Mátra mountain ranges. As of 2022 census, it has a population of 27,957 (see Demographics). The town is located 8.4 km from the M3 motorway and 80.8 km from Budapest . Gyöngyös is terminus of the (Nr. 85) Vámosgyörk–Gyöngyös railway line and the main road 3 lead across the town. Gyöngyös have a train station and

517-746: Is more toxic than the American mistletoe ( Phoradendron serotinum ), though concerns regarding toxicity are more prevalent in the US. The effects are not usually fatal. In parts of South Asia, they are frequently used as an external medicine. The active substances are phoratoxin (in Phoradendron ) and tyramine (in Viscum ) and their effects include blurred vision , diarrhea , nausea and vomiting . Less commonly they cause cardiac problems; seizures , hypertension , and even cardiac arrest . Toxins are more concentrated in

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564-440: Is not native to North America , but Viscum album was introduced to Northern California in 1900. The eastern mistletoe native to North America, Phoradendron leucarpum , belongs to a distinct genus of the family Santalaceae . European mistletoe has smooth-edged, oval, evergreen leaves borne in pairs along the woody stem, and waxy, white berries that it bears in clusters of two to six. The eastern mistletoe of North America

611-495: Is similar, but has shorter, broader leaves and longer clusters of 10 or more berries. Over the centuries, the term has been broadened to include many other species of parasitic plants with similar habits, found in other parts of the world, that are classified in different genera and families such as the Misodendraceae of South America and the mainly southern hemisphere tropical Loranthaceae . The word 'mistletoe' derives from

658-402: Is very nearly zero. For example, some species, such as Viscum minimum , that parasitize succulents , commonly species of Cactaceae or Euphorbiaceae , grow largely within the host plant, with hardly more than the flower and fruit emerging. Once they have germinated and attached to the circulatory system of the host, their photosynthesis reduces so far that it becomes insignificant. Most of

705-467: The Orczy family  [ fr ] was rebuilt in classicist style by Lőrinc Orczy in 1824, and the new building of the state gymnasium was built opposite it in 1899, and a music school operates in the old one. Financial institutions became important in addition to handicrafts and grape production in the 19th century. The economic role of the Jews was strengthened, and they built several synagogues . At

752-400: The marbled murrelet . In Australia the diamond firetail and painted honeyeater are recorded as nesting in different mistletoes. A study of mistletoe in junipers concluded that more juniper berries sprout in stands where mistletoe is present, as the mistletoe attracts berry-eating birds which also eat juniper berries. Mistletoe is relevant to several cultures. Pagan cultures regarded

799-417: The narrow-gauge railway for tourist purposes in 1926. The first hotel was built in 1930. Between 1949 and 1989 the hotels were union resorts. The bed of the marshy Sás lake was dredged in 1960 and the water supply was provided from the nearby spring. The campsite next to the lake was opened in 1961 and the 50-meter steel watchtower was built. The lake open for boating. The cold water spa closed in

846-496: The 'seeds' (in actuality drupes ). Of the many bird species that feed on them, the mistle thrush is the best-known in Europe, the phainopepla in southwestern North America, and Dicaeum flowerpeckers in Asia and Australia. Depending on the species of mistletoe and the species of bird, the seeds are regurgitated from the crop, excreted in their droppings, or stuck to the bill, from which

893-511: The 14th century, the area belonged to the Aba family . It is mentioned for the first time in documents in 1261 as Gyngus . King Charles I donated the town and its countryside to Thomas Szécsényi in 1327, and raised it to the rank of market town in 1334. The city is located at the junction of trade routes , on the border of the lowlands and the uplands, so trade and industry also played an important role in addition to viticulture . The first church in

940-698: The 18th century: the St. Bartholomew Church , the Franciscan Church and Monastery were rebuilt, the St. Urban Church, the Orthodox St. Nicholas Church and, the St. John of Nepomuk Chapel with its triangular layout on the banks of the Gyöngyös creek were built in 1736. The building of the Jesuit gymnasium was built next to the church of St. Bartholomew in 1751-52, which was taken over by the Franciscans in 1773. The castle of

987-429: The 1970s. The Avar hotel was built in 1976. A bicycle path was built to Gyöngyös in 1999 parallel to the road. A visitor center was built next to Sás lake in 2014, and an adventure park was opened near the lake. [REDACTED] Media related to Mátrafüred at Wikimedia Commons This Heves county location article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Gy%C3%B6ngy%C3%B6s Gyöngyös

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1034-866: The 2022 census, 88.3% of the population were of Hungarian ethnicity, 2.9% were Gypsies , 0.7% were Ukrainians , and 10.9% were did not wish to answer. The religious distribution was as follows: 34.7% Roman Catholic , 3.4% Calvinist , 14.2% non-denominational, and 43.9% did not wish to answer. The Gypsies and the Ruthenians have a local nationality government. 844 people live in Mátrafüred , 80 live in Mátraháza and 14 live in Kékestető other inner areas, furthermore 56 people live in 6 other outskirts. Mátrafüred (3232), Mátraháza (3233) and Kékestető (3221) have an postal code. Population by years: Mayors since 1990 : Gyöngyös

1081-555: The Bey of Hatvan. Due to the increase in the number of Balkan merchants settling in the 17th century, the proportion of Orthodox people increased. Duke Francis Rákóczi negotiated about peace with Pál Széchényi  [ hu ] , Archbishop of Kalocsa in Gyöngyös in 1704, summarizing his demands in 25 points. The general of the insurgents, János Bottyán , was buried in the Franciscan church in 1709. The Baroque style became dominant in

1128-711: The Santalales—first in the Misodendraceae , but also in the Loranthaceae and three times in the Santalaceae (in the former Santalalean families Eremolepidaceae and Viscaceae , and the tribe Amphorogyneae). The largest family of mistletoes, the Loranthaceae , has 73 genera and over 900 species. Subtropical and tropical climates have markedly more mistletoe species; Australia has 85, of which 71 are in Loranthaceae, and 14 in Santalaceae. Mistletoe species grow on

1175-487: The Viscaceae bear evergreen leaves that photosynthesise effectively, and photosynthesis proceeds within their green, fleshy stems as well. Some species, such as Viscum capense , are adapted to semi-arid conditions and their leaves are vestigial scales, hardly visible without detailed morphological investigation. Therefore, their photosynthesis and transpiration only take place in their stems, limiting their demands on

1222-515: The banks of the Bene creek. At the end of the 19th century, the mills were not mechanized, but dismantled. The settlement became the center of the Mátra Association and the construction of watchtowers and hostels began. Mátrafüred got its current name from its cold water spa in 1893. János Kozmáry built the first watchtower on Dobogó Hill in 1900. The road leading to Gyöngyös was built in 1908, and

1269-410: The bird deposits on tree branches, where some may stick long enough to germinate. As the plants mature, they grow into masses of branching stems which suggest the popular name "witches' brooms". The dense evergreen witches' brooms formed by the dwarf mistletoes ( Arceuthobium species) of western North America also make excellent locations for roosting and nesting of the northern spotted owl and

1316-409: The bird wipes it onto a suitable branch. The seeds are coated with a sticky material called viscin . Some viscin remains on the seed and when it touches a stem, it sticks tenaciously. The viscin soon hardens and attaches the seed firmly to its future host, where it germinates and its haustorium penetrates the sound bark. Specialist mistletoe eaters have adaptations that expedite the process; some pass

1363-577: The development of Mátrafüred , so in 1926 the town built a narrow-gauge railway line to Mátrafüred for tourist purposes, which was classified as a resort in 1935. On the Pipis hill created a grass airport ( ICAO : LHGY) for gliding in 1931, what is the highest airport (350 m) in Hungary. A new synagogue built up in 1930, but in the summer of 1944, the town's Jewish population of 2,000 was deported and most of them murdered. After 1945, several housing estates and

1410-423: The entire crown and replacing it with their own growth. In such a tree the host is relegated purely to the supply of water and mineral nutrients and the physical support of the trunk. Such a tree may survive as a Viscum community for years; it resembles a totally unknown species unless one examines it closely, because its foliage does not look like that of any tree. An example of a species that behaves in this manner

1457-477: The host for its needs. Later it forms a haustorium that penetrates the host tissue and takes water and nutrients from the host plant. Species more or less obligate include the leafless quintral, Tristerix aphyllus , which lives deep inside the sugar-transporting tissue of a spiny cactus, appearing only to show its tubular red flowers, and the genus Arceuthobium (dwarf mistletoe; Santalaceae) which has reduced photosynthesis; as an adult, it manufactures only

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1504-502: The host's supply of water, but also limiting their intake of carbon dioxide for photosynthesis. Accordingly, their contribution to the host's metabolic balance becomes trivial and the idle parasite may become quite yellow as it grows, having practically given up photosynthesis. At another extreme other species have vigorous green leaves. Not only do they photosynthesize actively, but a heavy infestation of mistletoe plants may take over whole host tree branches, sometimes killing practically

1551-593: The household. In the Christian era, mistletoe in the Western world became associated with Christmas as a decoration under which lovers are expected to kiss, as well as with protection from witches and demons . Mistletoe continued to be associated with fertility and vitality through the Middle Ages, and by the 18th century it had also become incorporated into Christmas celebrations around the world. The custom of kissing under

1598-543: The leaves and berries of the plant, with teas prepared from the plant being particularly dangerous. While adults may suffer little effect, these are more pronounced in small children and in animals. Mistletoe has been used historically in medicine for its supposed value in treating arthritis , high blood pressure , epilepsy and infertility . Mistletoes are often considered pests that kill trees and devalue natural habitats, but some species have recently been recognized as ecological keystone species , organisms that have

1645-399: The mistletoe is referred to as popular among servants in late 18th-century England. The serving class of Victorian England is credited with perpetuating the tradition. The tradition dictated that a man was allowed to kiss any woman standing underneath mistletoe, and that bad luck would befall any woman who refused the kiss. One variation on the tradition stated that with each kiss a berry

1692-561: The older form 'mistle' adding the Old English word tān (twig). 'Mistle' is common Germanic (Old High German mistil , Middle High German mistel , Old English mistel , Old Norse mistil ). Further etymology is uncertain, but may be related to the Germanic base for 'mash'. Parasitism has evolved at least twelve times among the vascular plants. Molecular data show the mistletoe habit has evolved independently five times within

1739-557: The only ancient writer to mention the use of mistletoe in this ceremony was Pliny. Evidence taken from bog bodies makes the Celtic use of mistletoe seem medicinal rather than ritual. It is possible that mistletoe was originally associated with human sacrifice and only became associated with the white bull after the Romans banned human sacrifices. The Romans associated mistletoe with peace, love and understanding and hung it over doorways to protect

1786-400: The process of growing away from the light, the adhesive on the seed tends to darken the bark. On having made contact with the bark, the hypocotyl, with only a rudimentary scrap of root tissue at its tip, penetrates it, a process that may take a year or more. In the meantime the plant is dependent on its own photosynthesis. Only after it reaches the host's conductive tissue can it begin to rely on

1833-434: The same time, the phylloxera epidemic dealt a significant blow to grape production. Gyöngyös was destroyed by fire on May 21, 1917. 580 houses burned down, 40% of the population became homeless. Two days later, King Charles IV and Queen Zita visited the city. Due to changes in the country's border after 1920, the Mátra 's tourist importance increased. The mayor of the town at the time, Árpád Puky, primarily supported

1880-467: The seeds through their unusually shaped digestive tracts so fast that a pause for defecation of the seeds is part of the feeding routine. Others have adapted patterns of feeding behavior; the bird grips the fruit in its bill and squeezes the sticky-coated seed out to the side. The seed sticks to the beak and the bird wipes it off onto the branch. Biochemically, viscin is a complex adhesive mix containing cellulosic strands and mucopolysaccharides . Once

1927-657: The species Viscum album (European mistletoe, of the family Santalaceae in the order Santalales); it is the only species native to the British Isles and much of Europe. A related species with red rather than white fruits, Viscum cruciatum , occurs in Southwest Spain and Southern Portugal, as well as in Morocco in North Africa and in southern Africa. There is also a wide variety of species in Australia. The genus Viscum

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1974-602: The town is the Romanesque St. Bartholomew's Church, which was rebuilt in the Gothic style in the 15th century. The Franciscans arrived in Gyöngyös in the 14th century, and their church was also built in the Gothic style. After the Ottoman conquest in the 16th century, the town became khas town  [ hu ] . The Jesuits established a gymnasium in 1634 with the permission of

2021-466: The treasury of the St. Bartholomew church, which also includes 43 pieces of goldsmith 's work from the 15th and 16th centuries. The Gyöngyösi KK handball team founded in 1975. The local campus of Agricultural University was built after 1980. The industrial park established in 2000 provides the largest number of jobs nowadays. It is home to many food factory, including dairy and sausage factories. According

2068-536: The western edge of the settlement. The Bene castle is first mentioned in the documents in 1301, what was built by the Csobánka family on the northeastern mountain ridge. They lost their property due to a rebellion against King Charles I in 1312. It was destroyed by the soldiers of Jan Jiskra in the middle of the 15th century. The remains of the wall were excavated in 1980. The settlement is referred to as Bene, Beneháza, Benepuszta and Beneváralja . A baroque-style chapel

2115-629: The white berries as symbols of male fertility , with the seeds resembling semen . The Celts , particularly, saw mistletoe as the semen of Taranis , while the Ancient Greeks referred to mistletoe as "oak sperm". Also in Roman mythology, mistletoe was used by the hero Aeneas to reach the underworld. Mistletoe may have played an important role in Druidic mythology in the Ritual of Oak and Mistletoe , although

2162-456: Was built in 1767 out of gratitude that the plague had avoided the settlement. A stone cross was erected in 1833 in front of the chapel. The inn where poet Mihály Vörösmarty , the first known tourist of Mátra , stayed in 1829 was built near the chapel. Today, the Palóc ethnographic museum operates in the building. The population was engaged in drapery production, for which mills were built on

2209-407: Was to be plucked from the mistletoe, and the kissing must stop after all the berries had been removed. From at least the mid-19th century, Caribbean herbalists of African descent have referred to mistletoe as "god-bush". In Nepal, diverse mistletoes are used for a variety of medical purposes, particularly for treating broken bones. Mistletoe is the floral emblem of the US state of Oklahoma and

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