Lüne ( Latin : Hliuni ) was a location on the left bank of the lower Elbe , known in connection with the Saxon war of 795. It was a village near Lüneburg .
26-571: The Frankish king Charlemagne , intending to campaign against the Avars , summoned Saxon troops. Some Transelbean Saxons refused to heed the summons and Charlemagne marched into Saxony, encamping at Lüne while waiting for his Obodrite allies to join him. Some Saxons ambushed the Obodrite king Witzan as he was crossing the Elbe, killing him. A campaign of devastation was then waged against Saxony, culminating in
52-541: A "King of the Franks" ( Rex Francorum) gradually disappeared. The title "King of the Franks" is attested in the Kingdom of France until 1190, that of "Queen of the Franks" (for queen consorts) until 1227. That represented a shift in thinking about the monarchy from that of a popular monarchy , the leader of a people, sometimes without a defined territory to rule, to that of a monarchy tied to a specific territory. Clovis I united all
78-525: A part of the original Frankish territory and also a part of the newly acquired Aquitaine. Chlothar II defeated Brunhilda and her great-grandson, Sigibert II, reunifying the kingdom. By that time the realms of Neustria , Burgundy and Austrasia had developed regional identities. In order to appease the local nobility, Austrasia was usually ruled by separate king, often a son or brother of the king ruling in Neustria and Burgundy. A similar arrangement for Aquitaine
104-439: Is a system of inheritance in which property is apportioned among heirs . It contrasts in particular with primogeniture , which was common in feudal society and requires that the whole or most of the inheritance passes to the eldest son, and with agnatic seniority , which requires the succession to pass to next senior male. Partible inheritance systems are common ones to be found in legal systems based on both common law and
130-645: The Burgundian and the Alamanni Kingdoms. They acquired Provence , and went on to make the peoples of the Bavarii and Thuringii their clients. The Merovingians were later replaced by the new Carolingian dynasty in the 8th century. By the late 10th century, the Carolingians themselves had been replaced throughout much of their realm by other dynasties. A timeline of Frankish rulers has been difficult to trace since
156-472: The Napoleonic Code . In the latter case, there may be a further requirement implying division according to a scheme, such as equal shares for legitimate children. Partible inheritance has been common in ancient Celtic and Germanic tribal societies, an example of the latter pattern is the so-called Salic patrimony . Historically speaking, non-partible inheritance has been associated with monarchies and
182-681: The Western Roman Empire in the 5th century, were first led by individuals called dukes and reguli . The earliest group of Franks that rose to prominence was the Salian Merovingians , who conquered most of Roman Gaul , as well as the Gaulish territory of the Visigothic Kingdom , following the Battle of Vouillé in 507 AD. The sons of Clovis I , the first King of the Franks, conquered
208-549: The Abodrites who had been Charles's man and did not think they would be able to return to Charles's grace. The others all came peacefully, promising to obey his orders, and so the lord king trusted in them again, and did not put any of them to death deliberately, so as to retain their trust. According to Hervé Pinoteau , Counts Heimo and Sigfred were killed at the "battle of Lüne on the Elbe" on 5 May 795. Frankish king The Franks , Germanic-speaking peoples that invaded
234-636: The Frankish petty kingdoms as well as most of Roman Gaul under his rule, conquering the Domain of Soissons of the Roman general Syagrius as well as the Visigothic Kingdom of Toulouse (Aquitaine). He took his seat at Paris, which along with Soissons , Reims , Metz , and Orléans became the chief residences. Upon his death, his four sons – and later his grandsons – split the kingdom among them. Every son received
260-526: The Franks) started to become kingdoms that were more permanent. West Francia formed the heart of what was to become the Kingdom of France ; East Francia evolved into the Kingdom of Germany ; and Middle Francia became the Kingdom of Lotharingia in the north, the Kingdom of Italy in the south, and the Kingdom of Provence in the west. West and East Francia soon divided up the area of Middle Francia. The idea of
286-628: The Saxons had, as usual, broken their promise to accept Christianity and keep faith with the king, he entered Saxony with an army and reached the Elbe at Lüne. [After he arrived in the Bardengau he pitched camp near the place called Bardowick to await the arrival of the Slavs, whom he had commanded to come to him.] At that time, Witzin, the king of the Obodrites, was slain there by the Saxons. [This event further persuaded
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#1732858954975312-526: The Western, Middle, or Eastern kingdom such as Italy , Provence , Neustria , and Aquitaine . Names marked with an asterisk (*) were not Carolingians, but Robertians . After this, the House of Capet ruled France. For the continuation, see the list of French monarchs . After Lothair's death in 855, his realm was divided between his sons: Louis divided his lands between his three sons, but they all ended up in
338-584: The entire Frankish kingdom. He arranged for the deposition of the Merovingian king Childeric III and in March 752, Pepin was himself anointed King of the Franks. The office of Mayor was absorbed into the Crown, and this marked the start of the Carolingians as the ruling dynasty. Charlemagne was crowned emperor in the year 800, beginning the line of Holy Roman Emperors that lasted (with some interruptions) until 1806, although
364-603: The hands of the youngest by 882: On the deposition of Charles the Fat, East Francia went to his nephew: Louis the Child was the last East Frankish Carolingian ruler. He was succeeded by Conrad of Franconia and then the Saxon Ottonian dynasty. For the continuation, see the list of German monarchs . Sigebert I (Austrasia, 561-575) Partible inheritance Partible inheritance , sometimes also called partitive ,
390-605: The king marched against them with his army. Some from the Saxon side came to meet him and completed their campaign with him, giving their support, and he and his army reached the Elbe. But others around the marshes of the Elbe and in Wihmodia did not come in the full numbers promised. Then all came to him, except those just-mentioned and those living across the Elbe: they had not come in full numbers up until now, because they had killed King Witzan of
416-565: The king returned to Gaul and celebrated Christmas and Easter at the palace of Aachen. According to the Annals of Lorsch , which do not name the place on the Elbe: Unfaithfulness arose—from where it habitually did—on the part of the Saxons. When the king wanted to campaign against other gentes they did not join him in full strength, nor did they send him the support he had ordered. Then, after he had realised their faithlessness yet again,
442-549: The king to beat down the Saxons promptly and made him hate the treacherous people even more.] To Saxony also came emissaries of the tudun, who possessed much power among the people and in the kingdom of the Avars. They declared that this tudun wished, with his land and people, to submit to the king and on his instruction accept the Christian faith. Once the Saxons had been soundly beaten, their country laid waste, and their hostages received,
468-434: The realm, according to old Germanic practice, was frequently divided among the sons of a king upon the king's death. However, territories were eventually reunited through marriage, treaty or conquest. There were often multiple Frankish kings who ruled different territories, and divisions of the territories were not very consistent over time. As inheritance traditions changed over time, the divisions of Francia (the lands of
494-517: The taking of hostages. This marks the beginning of a new phase in the Saxon wars, marked by economic devastation and deportations. While Charlemagne was still at Lüne, he was visited by envoys of the tudun of the Avar khaganate. According to the Royal Frankish Annals for 795: In this year the king came to Kostheim, a suburb of the city of Mainz, and there he held an assembly. When he heard that
520-513: The title Duke and Prince of the Franks ( dux et princeps Francorum ) after his conquest of Neustria in at the Battle of Tertry , which was cited by contemporary chroniclers as the beginning of Pepin's reign. Between 715 and 716, the descendants of Pepin disputed the succession. Finally, in 747 Pepin the Short became Mayor of the Palace of Austrasia in addition to that of Neustria, making him ruler of
546-544: The title was held by German monarchs after 962. Louis the Pious made many divisions of his empire during his lifetime. The final division, pronounced at Worms in 838, made Charles the Bald heir to the west, including Aquitaine, and Lothair heir to the east, including Italy and excluding Bavaria, which was left for Louis the German . However, following the emperor's death in 840, the empire
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#1732858954975572-708: The wish for landed estates to be kept together as units. In the Middle Ages , the partible inheritance systems, for example of the Merovingian dynasty , the Carolingian Empire , and the Kievan Rus , had the effect of dividing kingdoms into princely states, and are often thought to be responsible for their gradual decline in power. Partible inheritance was the generally-accepted form of inheritance adopted in New England in
598-571: Was confirmed in Aquitaine, where Pepin I's son Pepin II was opposing him, and granted West Francia (modern France), the lands west of Lothair's Kingdom. Louis the German was confirmed in Bavaria and granted East Francia (modern Germany), the lands east of Lothair's kingdom. The following table does not provide a complete listing for some of the various regna of the empire, especially those who were subregna of
624-623: Was plunged into a civil war that lasted three years. The Frankish kingdom was then divided by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. Lothair was allowed to keep his imperial title and his kingdom of Italy, and granted the newly created Kingdom of Middle Francia , a corridor of land stretching from Italy to the North Sea, and including the Low Countries, the Rhineland (including Aachen), Burgundy, and Provence. Charles
650-523: Was recognized as king of all the Franks in 679. From then on, the kingdom of the Franks can be treated as a unit again for all but a very brief period of civil war. This is the period of the roi fainéant , "do-nothing kings" who were increasingly overshadowed by their mayors of the palace . The Carolingians were initially mayors of the palace under the Merovingian kings, first in Austrasia and later in Neustria and Burgundy. In 687 Pepin of Heristal took
676-421: Was short-lived. Chlothar II had reunified the kingdom in 613. By that time the realms of Neustria , Burgundy and Austrasia had developed regional identities. In order to appease the local nobility, Clothar made his young son, Dagobert I , king of Austrasia. Austrasia was usually ruled by a separate king, often a son or brother of the king ruling in Neustria and Burgundy, for the following decades. Theuderic III
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