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32-531: The Løren Line is a 1.6-kilometer (0.99 mi) long section of Oslo Metro between Sinsen and Økern, connecting the Ring Line with the Grorud Line. It consists of one intermediate station, Løren. The line runs entirely in a tunnel, consisting of 1,400 meters (4,600 ft) of tunnel through bedrock and 170 meters (560 ft) in a concrete culvert . The line runs north a mostly parallel to the mainline Alna Line . In

64-463: A pipe , reinforced concrete or other material. In the United Kingdom , the word can also be used for a longer artificially buried watercourse . Culverts are commonly used both as cross-drains to relieve drainage of ditches at the roadside, and to pass water under a road at natural drainage and stream crossings. When they are found beneath roads, they are frequently empty. A culvert may also be

96-470: A U-turn and branches into the Grorud Line between the stations of Hasle and Økern. The line receives a service which runs along the Grorud Line, cuts along the Løren Line and then runs through the Ring Line. The trains run every fifteen minutes—half the departures along the Grorud Line. The Løren Line allows for ten minutes saved for riders heading from the Grorud Line to stations on the Ring Line, and allows

128-516: A bridge-like structure designed to allow vehicle or pedestrian traffic to cross over the waterway while allowing adequate passage for the water. Dry culverts are used to channel a fire hose beneath a noise barrier for the ease of firefighting along a highway without the need or danger of placing hydrants along the roadway itself. Culverts come in many sizes and shapes including round, elliptical, flat-bottomed, open-bottomed, pear-shaped, and box-like constructions. The culvert type and shape selection

160-772: A cross-town services of the Oslo Commuter Rail . Both the Norwegian National Rail Administration and Ruter have investigated the possibility to run services from the Trunk Line across the Alna Line and up the Gjøvik Line , but have found a too low traffic potential to carry out the proposal. The Løren Line is being built at the same time as the Løren, Hasle and Økern area is undergoing a major redevelopment. While

192-1038: A culvert site generally results in disturbance of the site's soil, stream banks , or stream bed , and can result in the occurrence of unwanted problems such as scour holes or slumping of banks adjacent to the culvert structure. Culverts must be properly sized and installed, and protected from erosion and scour. Many US agencies such as the Federal Highway Administration , Bureau of Land Management , and Environmental Protection Agency , as well as state or local authorities, require that culverts be designed and engineered to meet specific federal, state, or local regulations and guidelines to ensure proper function and to protect against culvert failures. Culverts are classified by standards for their load capacities, water flow capacities, life spans, and installation requirements for bedding and backfill. Most agencies adhere to these standards when designing, engineering, and specifying culverts. Culvert failures can occur for

224-577: A flood event overwhelms the culvert, or disrupts the road or railway above it. Ongoing culvert function without failure depends on proper design and engineering considerations being given to load, hydraulic flow, surrounding soil analysis, backfill and bedding compaction, and erosion protection. Improperly designed backfill support around culverts can result in material collapse or failure from inadequate load support. For existing culverts which have experienced degradation, loss of structural integrity or need to meet new codes or standards, rehabilitation using

256-461: A means in establishing a structural connection between the liner, host pipe and soil. Depending on the size and annular space to be filled as well as the pipe elevation between the inlet and outlet, it may be necessary to add grout in multiple stages or "lifts". If multiple lifts are required, then a grouting plan is required, which should define the placement of grout feed tubes, air tubes, type of grout to be used, and if injecting or pumping grout, then

288-490: A reline pipe may be preferred versus replacement. Sizing of a reline culvert uses the same hydraulic flow design criteria as that of a new culvert however as the reline culvert is meant to be inserted into an existing culvert or host pipe, reline installation requires the grouting of the annular space between the host pipe and the surface of reline pipe (typically using a low compression strength grout ) so as to prevent or reduce seepage and soil migration. Grouting also serves as

320-469: A wide variety of reasons including maintenance, environmental, and installation-related failures, functional or process failures related to capacity and volume causing the erosion of the soil around or under them, and structural or material failures that cause culverts to fail due to collapse or corrosion of the materials from which they are made. If the failure is sudden and catastrophic, it can result in injury or loss of life. Sudden road collapses are often

352-406: Is a structure designed with the concept of minimum head loss. The flow in the approach channel is contracted through a streamlined inlet into the barrel where the channel width is minimum, and then it is expanded in a streamlined outlet before being finally released into the downstream natural channel. Both the inlet and the outlet must be streamlined to avoid significant form losses. The barrel invert

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384-404: Is a widespread practice in stream restoration. Long-term benefits of this practice include reduced risk of catastrophic failure and improved fish passage. If best management practices are followed, short-term impacts on the aquatic biology are minimal. While the culvert discharge capacity derives from hydrological and hydraulic engineering considerations, this results often in large velocities in

416-773: Is based on a number of factors including requirements for hydraulic performance, limitations on upstream water surface elevation, and roadway embankment height. The process of removing culverts to restore an open-air watercourse is known as daylighting . In the UK, the practice is also known as deculverting. Culverts can be constructed of a variety of materials including cast-in-place or precast concrete (reinforced or non-reinforced), galvanized steel , aluminum, or plastic (typically high-density polyethylene ). Two or more materials may be combined to form composite structures. For example, open-bottom corrugated steel structures are often built on concrete footings. Construction or installation at

448-731: Is often lowered to increase the discharge capacity. The concept of minimum energy loss culverts was developed by a shire engineer in Victoria and a professor at the University of Queensland during the late 1960s. While a number of small-size structures were designed and built in Victoria, some major structures were designed, tested and built in south-east Queensland. In forestry , proper use of cross-drainage culverts can improve water quality while allowing forestry operations to continue. Furuset Line Too Many Requests If you report this error to

480-517: The Grorud Line. The lower parts of the Grorud Line was closed from September through December to allow construction work on the connection. The Ring Line from Sinsen to Carl Berners plass is similarly proposed closed from June 2014 to March 2015. Construction is scheduled for completion in October 2015 and to be opened in early 2016. Construction was carried out with two crossections, from Anders Winsvoldsvei and Båhusveien at Bilia. In addition, Løres Station

512-498: The area previously has had some residential areas and has mostly been dominated by industry, it has now been designated a primary site for urban development in Oslo. The area has a potential for 25,000 residences and 2.5 million square meters (25 million sq ft) of commercial area. Oslo Municipal Council approved in May 2013 the construction of 730 apartments in the immediate vicinity of

544-424: The barrel, creating a possible fish passage barrier. Critical culvert parameters in terms of fish passage are the dimensions of the barrel, particularly its length, cross-sectional shape, and invert slope. The behavioural response by fish species to culvert dimensions, light conditions, and flow turbulence may play a role in their swimming ability and culvert passage rate. There is no simple technical means to ascertain

576-404: The coastal plains of Queensland , Australia, torrential rains during the wet season place a heavy demand on culverts. The natural slope of the flood plains is often very small, and little fall (or head loss ) is permissible in the culverts. Researchers developed and patented the design procedure of minimum energy loss culverts which yield small afflux. A minimum energy loss culvert or waterway

608-442: The culvert cannot pass the water volume in the stream, then the water may overflow the road embankment. This may cause significant erosion, ultimately washing out the culvert. The embankment material that is washed away can clog other structures downstream, causing them to fail as well. It can also damage crops and property. A properly sized structure and hard bank armoring can help to alleviate this pressure. Culvert style replacement

640-539: The metro's Grorud Line and the Furuset Line , with a possible transfer station with the Trunk Line. The zoning plan allow the line was passed on 14 December 2011. The contract for the ground work of the line was awarded by Sporveien to Skanska on 13 May 2013 and had a value of 357 million Norwegian krone and construction commenced in June. The project also included upgrade of the stations Rommen , Romsås and Vestli on

672-474: The metro. This would allow traffic to be diverted around the Ring Line instead of through the Common Tunnel, increasing capacity on the system as a whole. Five alternatives were proposed in 2007, which considered various ways to connect the Grorud Line and the Ring Line. Variations included building part of the line with single track and whether or not to construct a station at Løren. The latter would increase

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704-458: The movement of aquatic organisms between upstream and downstream habitat. Fish are a common victim in the loss of habitat due to poorly designed crossing structures. Culverts that offer adequate aquatic organism passage reduce impediments to movement of fish, wildlife, and other aquatic life that require instream passage. Poorly designed culverts are also more apt to become jammed with sediment and debris during medium to large scale rain events. If

736-519: The price, but would give the area a significantly better transit service. As of 2007 the area was only served by a bus every twenty minutes. Funding of the Løren Line was secured as part of Oslo Package 3 . During planning the line was variously known as the Løren Curve ( Lørensvingen ) and the Hastle Curve ( Haslesvingen ). An alternative or supplemental proposals has been to use the Alna Line as

768-888: The required developed pressure for injection. As the diameter of the reline pipe will be smaller than the host pipe, the cross-sectional flow area will be smaller. By selecting a reline pipe with a very smooth internal surface with an approximate Hazen-Williams Friction Factor C value of between 140–150, the decreased flow area can be offset, and hydraulic flow rates potentially increased by way of reduced surface flow resistance. Examples of pipe materials with high C-factors are high-density polyethylene (150) and polyvinyl chloride (140). Safe and stable stream crossings can accommodate wildlife and protect stream health, while reducing expensive erosion and structural damage. Undersized and poorly placed culverts can cause problems for water quality and aquatic organisms. Poorly designed culverts can degrade water quality via scour and erosion, as well as restrict

800-408: The result of poorly designed and engineered culvert crossing sites or unexpected changes in the surrounding environment cause design parameters to be exceeded. Water passing through undersized culverts will scour away the surrounding soil over time. This can cause a sudden failure during medium-sized rain events. Accidents from culvert failure can also occur if a culvert has not been adequately sized and

832-450: The same travel time to Majorstuen . Løren Station is estimated to receive six thousand daily passengers, making it among the ten busiest on the metro network. The changes will reduce the number of services from the Grorud Line to the Common Tunnel. The increased capacity will allow the Østensjø Line to double the number of services. The Grorud Line was built as part of the original metro network and opened on 16 November 1966. The Ring Line

864-489: The spectrum of turbulence scales, and the beneficial role of turbulent structures provided that fish are able to exploit them. The current literature on culvert fish passage focuses mostly on fast-swimming fish species, but a few studies have argued for better guidelines for small-bodied fish including juveniles. Finally, a solid understanding of turbulence typology is a basic requirement to any successful hydraulic structure design conducive of upstream fish passage. In

896-434: The station. Planning of the Løren Line is part of a wider concept of building additional rail-based services across Groruddalen . There are three lines, two metro lines and the mainline Trunk Line , which run down the valley, but there is no good system for crossing the valley. This is in part caused by both railways and motorways creating barriers. The municipal authorities are therefore looking at future connections between

928-399: The turbulence characteristics most relevant to fish passage in culverts, but it is understood that the flow turbulence plays a key role in fish behaviour. The interactions between swimming fish and vortical structures involve a broad range of relevant length and time scales. Recent discussions emphasised the role of secondary flow motion, considerations of fish dimensions in relation to

960-517: The west the line branches off the Ring Line in a tunnel section south of Sinsen. Each track of the Løren Line forks off in a separate tunnel and then head east while the Ring Line turns southwest. The line runs in two tubes to Løren Station, after which they merge into a single tube. The station is situated 27 meters (89 ft) below the surface in the redevelopment area of Lørenbyen. The station has an area of 6,200 square meters (67,000 sq ft) and has an entrance from each end. The line then makes

992-513: Was built in two stages between 2000 and 2006. Oslo Sporveier announced in 2005 that it planned to double the number of services on the Grorud Line, to eight per hour. However, the bottleneck of the system is the Common Tunnel through the city center and services on all branches of the metro are limited by the capacity of that line. With the Ring Line under way, planners started to look at how it could be used to increase traffic flow and capacity of

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1024-410: Was built with the cut-and-cover method, doubling as a crossection. The line opened on 3 April 2016. 59°56′17″N 10°46′53″E  /  59.9381°N 10.7813°E  / 59.9381; 10.7813 Culvert A culvert is a structure that channels water past an obstacle or to a subterranean waterway. Typically embedded so as to be surrounded by soil, a culvert may be made from

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