87-461: Lysol ( / ˈ l aɪ s ɒ l / ; spelled Lizol in India) is a brand of American cleaning and disinfecting products distributed by Reckitt , which markets the similar Dettol or Sagrotan in other markets. The line includes liquid solutions for hard and soft surfaces, air treatment, and hand washing. The active ingredient in many Lysol products is benzalkonium chloride , but the active ingredient in
174-425: A public health emergency of international concern from January 30, 2020, to May 5, 2023. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus that is contagious in humans. SARS‑CoV‑2 is a strain of the species Betacoronavirus pandemicum (SARSr-CoV), as is SARS-CoV-1 , the virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak . There are animal-borne coronavirus strains more closely related to SARS-CoV-2,
261-423: A chemical attack, they give rise to new generations composed completely of bacteria that have resistance to the particular chemical used. Under a sustained chemical attack, the surviving bacteria in successive generations are increasingly resistant to the chemical used, and ultimately the chemical is rendered ineffective. For this reason, some question the wisdom of impregnating cloths, cutting boards and worktops in
348-708: A coefficient > 1. Those that are less effective have a coefficient < 1. The standard European approach for disinfectant validation consists of a basic suspension test, a quantitative suspension test (with low and high levels of organic material added to act as 'interfering substances') and a two part simulated-use surface test. A less specific measurement of effectiveness is the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classification into either high , intermediate or low levels of disinfection. "High-level disinfection kills all organisms, except high levels of bacterial spores" and
435-422: A concentration of < 1 ppm of available chlorine is sufficient to kill bacteria and viruses, spores and mycobacteria requiring higher concentrations. Chlorine has been used for applications, such as the deactivation of pathogens in drinking water, swimming pool water and wastewater, for the disinfection of household areas and for textile bleaching Most metals, especially those with high atomic weights can inhibit
522-465: A disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building and fitting surfaces, and purposes not involving instruments or surfaces likely to come into contact with broken skin: but does not include : Household/commercial grade disinfectant means a disinfectant that is suitable for general purpose disinfection of building or fitting surfaces, and for other purposes, in premises or involving procedures other than those specified for
609-442: A disinfectant that rapidly kills most vegetative bacteria as well as medium-sized lipid containing viruses , when used according to labelling. It cannot be relied upon to destroy, within a practical period, bacterial endospores , mycobacteria , fungi , or all small nonlipid viruses . Intermediate level disinfectant means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens except bacterial endospores, when used as recommended by
696-448: A disinfection step with chlorine , ultra-violet (UV) radiation or ozonation can be included as tertiary treatment to remove pathogens from wastewater, for example if it is to be discharged to a river or the sea where there body contact immersion recreations is practiced (Europe) or reused to irrigate golf courses (US). An alternative term used in the sanitation sector for disinfection of waste streams, sewage sludge or fecal sludge
783-467: A family of viruses. By 12 January 2020, five genomes of SARS‑CoV‑2 had been isolated from Wuhan and reported by the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CCDC) and other institutions; the number of genomes increased to 42 by 30 January 2020. A phylogenetic analysis of those samples showed they were "highly related with at most seven mutations relative to a common ancestor ", implying that
870-466: A function of the density of the target microbial species. A perfect disinfectant would also offer complete and full microbiological sterilisation , without harming humans and useful form of life, be inexpensive, and noncorrosive. However, most disinfectants are also, by nature, potentially harmful (even toxic ) to humans or animals. Most modern household disinfectants contain denatonium , an exceptionally bitter substance added to discourage ingestion, as
957-436: A home environment. Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation is the use of high-intensity shortwave ultraviolet light for disinfecting smooth surfaces such as dental tools, but not porous materials that are opaque to the light such as wood or foam. Ultraviolet light is also used for municipal water treatment . Ultraviolet light fixtures are often present in microbiology labs, and are activated only when there are no occupants in
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#17328878414151044-455: A hospital-grade disinfectant, but is not: One way to compare disinfectants is to compare how well they do against a known disinfectant and rate them accordingly. Phenol is the standard, and the corresponding rating system is called the " Phenol coefficient ". The disinfectant to be tested is compared with phenol on a standard microbe (usually Salmonella typhi or Staphylococcus aureus ). Disinfectants that are more effective than phenol have
1131-854: A large group of related compounds. Some concentrated formulations have been shown to be effective low-level disinfectants. Quaternary ammonia at or above 200ppm plus alcohol solutions exhibit efficacy against difficult to kill non-enveloped viruses such as norovirus , rotavirus , or polio virus . Newer synergous, low-alcohol formulations are highly effective broad-spectrum disinfectants with quick contact times (3–5 minutes) against bacteria, enveloped viruses, pathogenic fungi, and mycobacteria . Quats are biocides that also kill algae and are used as an additive in large-scale industrial water systems to minimize undesired biological growth. This group comprises aqueous solution of chlorine , hypochlorite , or hypochlorous acid . Occasionally, chlorine-releasing compounds and their salts are included in this group. Frequently,
1218-590: A loss of structure and leads to cell lysis and death. A large number of disinfectants operate in this way. Chlorine and oxygen are strong oxidizers, so their compounds figure heavily here. Peroxycarboxylic acids and inorganic peroxo acids are strong oxidants and extremely effective disinfectants. Phenolics are active ingredients in some household disinfectants. They are also found in some mouthwashes and in disinfectant soap and handwashes. Phenols are toxic to cats and newborn humans Quaternary ammonium compounds ("quats"), such as benzalkonium chloride , are
1305-678: A membrane protein that regulates the renin–angiotensin system. During the initial outbreak in Wuhan , China, various names were used for the virus; some names used by different sources included "the coronavirus" or "Wuhan coronavirus". In January 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended "2019 novel coronavirus" (2019-nCoV) as the provisional name for the virus. This was in accordance with WHO's 2015 guidance against using geographical locations, animal species, or groups of people in disease and virus names. On 11 February 2020,
1392-413: A mink euthanasia campaign rendering it virtually extinct. Each SARS-CoV-2 virion is 60–140 nanometres (2.4 × 10 –5.5 × 10 in) in diameter; its mass within the global human populace has been estimated as being between 0.1 and 10 kilograms. Like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 has four structural proteins, known as the S ( spike ), E ( envelope ), M ( membrane ), and N ( nucleocapsid ) proteins;
1479-421: A range of animals—such as cats, ferrets, hamsters, non-human primates, minks, tree shrews, raccoon dogs, fruit bats, and rabbits—that are susceptible and permissive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Some institutions have advised that those infected with SARS‑CoV‑2 restrict their contact with animals. On 1 February 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) indicated that "transmission from asymptomatic cases
1566-556: A rise in the use of electrostatic disinfectants in recent years. Electrostatic disinfection is a process achieved by use of electrostatic sprayers notable examples of which include the Vycel -Vycel 4 or the Techtronics Ryobi. Electrostatic Sprayers are a new technology for disinfecting surfaces. Unlike conventional spraying bottles or devices electrostatic sprayers apply a positive ionic charge to liquid disinfectants as they pass through
1653-600: A room (e.g., at night). Heat treatment can be used for disinfection and sterilization. The phrase "sunlight is the best disinfectant" was popularized in 1913 by United States Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis and later advocates of government transparency . While sunlight's ultraviolet rays can act as a disinfectant, the Earth's ozone layer blocks the rays' most effective wavelengths. Ultraviolet light-emitting machines, such as those used to disinfect some hospital rooms, make for better disinfectants than sunlight. Since
1740-746: A safety measure. Those that are used indoors should never be mixed with other cleaning products as chemical reactions can occur. The choice of disinfectant to be used depends on the particular situation. Some disinfectants have a wide spectrum (kill many different types of microorganisms), while others kill a smaller range of disease-causing organisms but are preferred for other properties (they may be non-corrosive, non-toxic, or inexpensive). There are arguments for creating or maintaining conditions that are not conducive to bacterial survival and multiplication, rather than attempting to kill them with chemicals. Bacteria can increase in number very quickly, which enables them to evolve rapidly. Should some bacteria survive
1827-430: A single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species. Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, fatality rate ~34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E , NL63 , OC43 , HKU1 , MERS-CoV , and
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#17328878414151914-412: A site. The furin cleavage site PRRAR↓ is highly similar to that of the feline coronavirus , an alphacoronavirus 1 strain. Viral genetic sequence data can provide critical information about whether viruses separated by time and space are likely to be epidemiologically linked. With a sufficient number of sequenced genomes , it is possible to reconstruct a phylogenetic tree of the mutation history of
2001-408: A smaller (US25¢) bottle made 2 US gallons (7.6 L; 1.7 imp gal). The company also advertised the "unrefined" Lysol F. & F. (Farm & Factory) for use in factories and other large buildings – a 5-US-gallon (19 L; 4.2 imp gal) can, when diluted as directed, made 50 US gallons (190 L; 42 imp gal) of disinfecting solution. The Lysol disinfectant douche once
2088-636: A sufficient concentration in the air to cause the number of viable infectious microorganisms to be significantly reduced. In the 1940s and early 1950s, further studies showed inactivation of diverse bacteria , influenza virus , and Penicillium chrysogenum (previously P. notatum ) mold fungus using various glycols, principally propylene glycol and triethylene glycol . In principle, these chemical substances are ideal air disinfectants because they have both high lethality to microorganisms and low mammalian toxicity. Although glycols are effective air disinfectants in controlled laboratory environments, it
2175-539: A sufficient concentration of the glycol vapours in the air have not to date been sufficiently addressed. Alcohol and alcohol plus Quaternary ammonium cation based compounds comprise a class of proven surface sanitizers and disinfectants approved by the EPA and the Centers for Disease Control for use as a hospital grade disinfectant. Alcohols are most effective when combined with distilled water to facilitate diffusion through
2262-446: A wide microbicidal activity and are sporicidal and fungicidal . They are partly inactivated by organic matter and have slight residual activity. Some bacteria have developed resistance to glutaraldehyde, and it has been found that glutaraldehyde can cause asthma and other health hazards, hence ortho-phthalaldehyde is replacing glutaraldehyde. Oxidizing agents act by oxidizing the cell membrane of microorganisms, which results in
2349-475: Is sanitisation or sanitization . The Australian Therapeutic Goods Order No. 54 defines several grades of disinfectant as will be used below. Sterilant means a chemical agent which is used to sterilize critical medical devices or medical instruments. A sterilant kills all micro-organisms with the result that the sterility assurance level of a microbial survivor is less than 10^-6. Sterilant gases are not within this scope. Low level disinfectant means
2436-462: Is a chemical substance or compound used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms on inert surfaces. Disinfection does not necessarily kill all microorganisms, especially resistant bacterial spores ; it is less effective than sterilization , which is an extreme physical or chemical process that kills all types of life. Disinfectants are generally distinguished from other antimicrobial agents such as antibiotics , which destroy microorganisms within
2523-615: Is a chemical that is absorbed in humans through ingestion and the mucous membranes. The Globally Harmonized System of Classification of Labelling of Chemicals (GHS) has released hazard statements on P-chloro-o-benzylphenol that include and are not limited to “skin irritation, allergic skin reaction, causes serious eye damage, harmful if inhaled, suspected of causing cancer, suspected of damaging fertility, and potentially causes damage to organs through prolonged or repeated exposure”. According to their website, some of Lysol's products "have been tested by an independent third party and approved by
2610-686: Is a currently limited scope of this study. Other concerns found were its impact on wastewater management, soil, and food especially in dissolved concentrations. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulate QACs depending on their intended purposes. Stricter regulations and policies are warranted for safer use and search for alternatives to limit exposures. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ( SARS‑CoV‑2 )
2697-454: Is a strain of coronavirus that causes COVID-19 , the respiratory illness responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic . The virus previously had the provisional name 2019 novel coronavirus ( 2019-nCoV ), and has also been called human coronavirus 2019 ( HCoV-19 or hCoV-19 ). First identified in the city of Wuhan , Hubei, China, the World Health Organization designated the outbreak
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2784-465: Is also little information about how effective and safe alternative cleaning technology, so-called “green cleaning,” is. New guidelines would need to maintain high hygiene standards and prevent healthcare-associated infections. Professional and Industrial cleaners, despite being essential in maintaining hygiene and safety are one of the understudied occupational groups. Continuous exposure to cleaning agents containing ethanolamine, chloramine-T, and QACs
2871-477: Is another possible cause of infection. Preliminary research indicates that the virus may remain viable on plastic ( polypropylene ) and stainless steel ( AISI 304 ) for up to three days, but it does not survive on cardboard for more than one day or on copper for more than four hours. The virus is inactivated by soap, which destabilizes its lipid bilayer . Viral RNA has also been found in stool samples and semen from infected individuals. The degree to which
2958-425: Is approximately 30,000 bases in length, relatively long for a coronavirus—which in turn carry the largest genomes among all RNA families. Its genome consists nearly entirely of protein-coding sequences, a trait shared with other coronaviruses. A distinguishing feature of SARS‑CoV‑2 is its incorporation of a polybasic site cleaved by furin , which appears to be an important element enhancing its virulence. It
3045-509: Is by the use of manual labor and automated machinery. However, the use of automated machinery does not dismiss any accidental direct contact with the chemicals within the production of disinfectants. Minimal information remains about the health and safety of workers in some sectors of the production and manufacturing process of disinfectants. Inspection is a process of disinfectant manufacturing that only requires human intervention. This action has caused many health effects in workers. Many workers in
3132-407: Is done with a chemical germicide marketed as a sterilant by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). "Intermediate-level disinfection kills mycobacteria, most viruses, and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a 'tuberculocide' by the Environmental Protection Agency. Low-level disinfection kills some viruses and bacteria with a chemical germicide registered as a hospital disinfectant by
3219-477: Is due to a mix of powder, liquid, and gel forms of ingredients used to make disinfectants. Among these numerous health effects, evidence showed that dermal exposure was more hazardous than inhalation. These instances of dermal exposure were associated with the misuse or lack of personal protective equipment. These health effects can be minimized with the implementation of guidelines from the CDC, WHO, IOSH, and NIOSH. There
3306-489: Is enhanced when in solution with the wetting agent dodecanoic acid (coconut soap). The synergistic effect of 29.4% ethanol with dodecanoic acid is effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Further testing is being performed against Clostridioides difficile (C.Diff) spores with higher concentrations of ethanol and dodecanoic acid, which proved effective with a contact time of ten minutes. Aldehydes , such as formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde , have
3393-728: Is evidence that exposure to cleaning and disinfectant products can cause acute health effects on healthcare workers. Observed effects include eye irritation and watery eyes, headaches, dizziness, throat irritation and wheezing, skin irritation, and work-related asthma. Most of these have a low severity. Some chemicals in cleaning and disinfectants that have been associated with health impacts include chlorine, ammonia,[2] ethanolamine, 2-butoxyethanol, quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), and bleach . The adverse health impacts of disinfectants are still not well studied, which makes it difficult to develop guidelines for use in healthcare settings that take mind of potential effects. There
3480-449: Is likely not a major driver of transmission". One meta-analysis found that 17% of infections are asymptomatic, and asymptomatic individuals were 42% less likely to transmit the virus. However, an epidemiological model of the beginning of the outbreak in China suggested that "pre-symptomatic shedding may be typical among documented infections" and that subclinical infections may have been
3567-680: Is likely to have occurred in late 2019. Epidemiological studies estimate that in the period between December 2019 and September 2020 each infection resulted in an average of 2.4–3.4 new infections when no members of the community were immune and no preventive measures were taken. However, some subsequent variants have become more infectious. The virus is airborne and primarily spreads between people through close contact and via aerosols and respiratory droplets that are exhaled when talking, breathing, or otherwise exhaling, as well as those produced from coughs and sneezes. It enters human cells by binding to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2),
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3654-453: Is more difficult to use them effectively in real-world environments because the disinfection of air is sensitive to continuous action. Continuous action in real-world environments with outside air exchanges at door, HVAC, and window interfaces, and in the presence of materials that absorb and remove glycols from the air, poses engineering challenges that are not critical for surface disinfection. The engineering challenge associated with creating
3741-707: The International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses adopted the official name "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2" (SARS‑CoV‑2). To avoid confusion with the disease SARS , the WHO sometimes refers to SARS‑CoV‑2 as "the COVID-19 virus" in public health communications and the name HCoV-19 was included in some research articles. Referring to COVID-19 as the "Wuhan virus" has been described as dangerous by WHO officials, and as xenophobic by many journalists and academics. Human-to-human transmission of SARS‑CoV‑2
3828-469: The Spanish flu pandemic , Lehn & Fink, Inc. advertised Lysol disinfectant as an effective countermeasure to the influenza virus. Newspaper advertisements provided tips for preventing the spread of the disease, including washing sick-rooms with Lysol, as well as everything that came in contact with patients. A small (US50¢) bottle made 5 US gallons (19 L; 4.2 imp gal) of disinfectant solution, and
3915-469: The index case ". The authors later published a correction that showed that shedding began earlier than first estimated, four to five days before symptoms appear. There is uncertainty about reinfection and long-term immunity. It is not known how common reinfection is, but reports have indicated that it is occurring with variable severity. The first reported case of reinfection was a 33-year-old man from Hong Kong who first tested positive on 26 March 2020,
4002-483: The nasal cavity is seemingly the dominant initial site of infection, with subsequent aspiration -mediated virus-seeding into the lungs in SARS‑CoV‑2 pathogenesis. They found that there was an infection gradient from high in proximal towards low in distal pulmonary epithelial cultures, with a focal infection in ciliated cells and type 2 pneumocytes in the airway and alveolar regions respectively. Studies have identified
4089-954: The EPA to kill SARS-CoV-2 , the cause of COVID-19 , on hard, non-porous surfaces". Though Lysol contains disinfecting properties, risks of misuse during the heightened sanitation practices of the COVID-19 pandemic did exist. Overuse, misuse, and improper mixing of disinfectant ingredients can cause both acute and chronic effects. During the COVID-19 pandemic, more surfaces were being disinfected, such as "touch-screens, plastics, rubber, adhesives, stainless steel and other metals". Acute health effects include coughing, shortness of breath, burning and watery eyes, runny nose, and acute skin irritation. Long-term exposure of fragrances and sanitizers in Lysol can "trigger asthma and allergies". Lysol's major competitors include Clorox , Febreze , Tilex , Oust , Mr. Clean and Pine-Sol . Disinfectant A disinfectant
4176-477: The EPA." An alternative assessment is to measure the Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of disinfectants against selected (and representative) microbial species, such as through the use of microbroth dilution testing. However, those methods are obtained at standard inoculum levels without considering the inoculum effect. More informative methods are nowadays in demand to determine the minimum disinfectant dose as
4263-533: The Lysol "Power and Free" line is hydrogen peroxide . Lysol has been used since its invention in the late 19th century as a household and industrial cleaning agent, and previously as a medical disinfectant. The first Lysol Brand Antiseptic Disinfectant was introduced in 1889 by Gustav Raupenstrauch to help end a cholera epidemic happening in Germany. The original formulation of Lysol contained cresols . This formulation may still be available commercially in some parts of
4350-492: The N protein holds the RNA genome, and the S, E, and M proteins together create the viral envelope . Coronavirus S proteins are glycoproteins and also type I membrane proteins (membranes containing a single transmembrane domain oriented on the extracellular side). They are divided into two functional parts (S1 and S2). In SARS-CoV-2, the spike protein, which has been imaged at the atomic level using cryogenic electron microscopy ,
4437-401: The SARS‑CoV‑2 genome (matches above 90 percent may sound high, but in genomic terms it is a wide evolutionary gap ). In addition, despite similarities in a few critical amino acids, pangolin virus samples exhibit poor binding to the human ACE2 receptor. SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses . It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, with
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#17328878414154524-577: The amino acid sequence P RR A . This sequence is upstream of an arginine and serine which forms the S1/S2 cleavage site ( P RR A R ↓ S ) of the spike protein. Although such sites are a common naturally-occurring feature of other viruses within the Subfamily Orthocoronavirinae, it appears in few other viruses from the Beta-CoV genus, and it is unique among members of its subgenus for such
4611-860: The amount of pathogenic microorganisms on a surface. Disinfectants can also be used to destroy microorganisms on the skin and mucous membrane, as in the medical dictionary historically the word simply meant that it destroys microbes. Sanitizers are substances that simultaneously clean and disinfect. Disinfectants kill more germs than sanitizers. Disinfectants are frequently used in hospitals, dental surgeries, kitchens, and bathrooms to kill infectious organisms. Sanitizers are mild compared to disinfectants and are used majorly to clean things that are in human contact whereas disinfectants are concentrated and are used to clean surfaces like floors and building premises. Bacterial endospores are most resistant to disinfectants, but some fungi , viruses and bacteria also possess some resistance. In wastewater treatment ,
4698-430: The body, and antiseptics , which destroy microorganisms on living tissue . Disinfectants are also different from biocides —the latter are intended to destroy all forms of life, not just microorganisms. Disinfectants work by destroying the cell wall of microbes or interfering with their metabolism. It is also a form of decontamination, and can be defined as the process whereby physical or chemical methods are used to reduce
4785-495: The cell membrane; 100% alcohol typically denatures only external membrane proteins. A mixture of 70% ethanol or isopropanol diluted in water is effective against a wide spectrum of bacteria, though higher concentrations are often needed to disinfect wet surfaces. Additionally, high-concentration mixtures (such as 80% ethanol + 5% isopropanol) are required to effectively inactivate lipid-enveloped viruses (such as HIV , hepatitis B , and hepatitis C ). The efficacy of alcohol
4872-418: The differences between what was then called 2019-nCoV and the virus from the 2003 SARS outbreak were insufficient to make them separate viral species . Therefore, they identified 2019-nCoV as a virus of Severe acute respiratory syndrome–related coronavirus . In July 2020, scientists reported that a more infectious SARS‑CoV‑2 variant with spike protein variant G614 has replaced D614 as the dominant form in
4959-640: The first human infection occurred in November or December 2019. Examination of the topology of the phylogenetic tree at the start of the pandemic also found high similarities between human isolates. As of 21 August 2021, 3,422 SARS‑CoV‑2 genomes, belonging to 19 strains, sampled on all continents except Antarctica were publicly available. On 11 February 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses announced that according to existing rules that compute hierarchical relationships among coronaviruses based on five conserved sequences of nucleic acids,
5046-543: The first infection, but the mechanisms that could account for this are not known. No natural reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 has been identified. Prior to the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 as a pathogen infecting humans, there had been two previous zoonosis -based coronavirus epidemics, those caused by SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV . The first known infections from SARS‑CoV‑2 were discovered in Wuhan, China. The original source of viral transmission to humans remains unclear, as does whether
5133-762: The growth of pathogens by disrupting their metabolism. The biguanide polymer polyaminopropyl biguanide is specifically bactericidal at very low concentrations (10 mg/L). It has a unique method of action: The polymer strands are incorporated into the bacterial cell wall, which disrupts the membrane and reduces its permeability, which has a lethal effect to bacteria. It is also known to bind to bacterial DNA, alter its transcription, and cause lethal DNA damage. It has very low toxicity to higher organisms such as human cells, which have more complex and protective membranes. Common sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) has antifungal properties, and some antiviral and antibacterial properties, though those are too weak to be effective at
5220-427: The home with bactericidal chemicals. Air disinfectants are typically chemical substances capable of disinfecting microorganisms suspended in the air. Disinfectants are generally assumed to be limited to use on surfaces, but that is not the case. In 1928, a study found that airborne microorganisms could be killed using mists of dilute bleach. An air disinfectant must be dispersed either as an aerosol or vapour at
5307-488: The inspection phase of mass production of disinfectants have reported inhalation of fumes, direct dermal contact, eye irritation, and accidental ingestion of disinfectant substances. Studies have shown reports of workers with short-term neurological impairments, dermal hypersensitivity, skin irritation, chemical burns, dermatitis, occupational asthma, nasal and lung irritation, and some types of cancer. However, cancer has been shown to only develop in consistent exposure. This
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#17328878414155394-419: The manufacturer. It is bactericidal , tuberculocidal , fungicidal (against asexual spores but not necessarily dried chlamydospores or sexual spores ), and virucidal . High level disinfectant means a disinfectant that kills all microbial pathogens , except large numbers of bacterial endospores when used as recommended by its manufacturer. Instrument grade disinfectant means: Hospital grade means
5481-417: The mid-1990s cold plasma has been shown to be an efficient sterilization/disinfection agent. Cold plasma is an ionized gas that remains at room temperature. It generates reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species that interact with bacterial wall and membrane and cause oxidation of the lipids and proteins and can also lyse the cells. Cold plasma can inactivate bacteria, viruses, and fungi. There has been
5568-491: The most closely known relative being the BANAL-52 bat coronavirus. SARS-CoV-2 is of zoonotic origin; its close genetic similarity to bat coronaviruses suggests it emerged from such a bat-borne virus . Research is ongoing as to whether SARS‑CoV‑2 came directly from bats or indirectly through any intermediate hosts. The virus shows little genetic diversity , indicating that the spillover event introducing SARS‑CoV‑2 to humans
5655-612: The much larger clades . Several different clade nomenclatures have been proposed. Nextstrain divides the variants into five clades (19A, 19B, 20A, 20B, and 20C), while GISAID divides them into seven (L, O, V, S, G, GH, and GR). Several notable variants of SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2020. The World Health Organization has currently declared five variants of concern , which are as follows: Other notable variants include 6 other WHO-designated variants under investigation and Cluster 5 , which emerged among mink in Denmark and resulted in
5742-614: The natural reservoir of the virus that caused the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak has resulted in the discovery of many SARS-like bat coronaviruses , most originating in horseshoe bats . The closest match by far, published in Nature (journal) in February 2022, were viruses BANAL-52 (96.8% resemblance to SARS‑CoV‑2), BANAL-103 and BANAL-236, collected in three different species of bats in Feuang , Laos. An earlier source published in February 2020 identified
5829-613: The nozzle of the device. The positively charged disinfectant distributed through the nozzle of an electrostatic sprayer is attracted to negatively charged surfaces, which allows for efficient coating of disinfectant solutions on to hard nonporous surfaces. There are a number of specific disinfectants designed for use with electrostatic sprayers and these are often dissolved in solution or diluted with water. Notable disinfectant sprays that are designed for use with electrostatic sprayers include Citrox Disinfectant Solution and Vital Oxide Disinfectant Solution. The process of producing disinfectants
5916-524: The original SARS-CoV . Like the SARS-related coronavirus implicated in the 2003 SARS outbreak, SARS‑CoV‑2 is a member of the subgenus Sarbecovirus ( beta-CoV lineage B). Coronaviruses undergo frequent recombination. The mechanism of recombination in unsegmented RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 is generally by copy-choice replication, in which gene material switches from one RNA template molecule to another during replication. The SARS-CoV-2 RNA sequence
6003-1807: The pandemic. Coronavirus genomes and subgenomes encode six open reading frames (ORFs). In October 2020, researchers discovered a possible overlapping gene named ORF3d , in the SARS‑CoV‑2 genome . It is unknown if the protein produced by ORF3d has any function, but it provokes a strong immune response. ORF3d has been identified before, in a variant of coronavirus that infects pangolins . A phylogenetic tree based on whole-genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 and related coronaviruses is: ( Bat ) Rc-o319 , 81% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus cornutus , Iwate , Japan Bat SL-ZXC21 , 88% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus pusillus , Zhoushan , Zhejiang Bat SL-ZC45 , 88% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus pusillus , Zhoushan, Zhejiang Pangolin SARSr-CoV-GX, 85.3% to SARS-CoV-2, Manis javanica , smuggled from Southeast Asia Pangolin SARSr-CoV-GD, 90.1% to SARS-CoV-2, Manis javanica , smuggled from Southeast Asia Bat RshSTT182, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus shameli , Steung Treng , Cambodia Bat RshSTT200, 92.6% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus shameli , Steung Treng, Cambodia (Bat) RacCS203 , 91.5% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus acuminatus , Chachoengsao , Thailand (Bat) RmYN02 , 93.3% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus malayanus , Mengla , Yunnan (Bat) RpYN06 , 94.4% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus pusillus , Xishuangbanna , Yunnan (Bat) RaTG13 , 96.1% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus affinis , Mojiang , Yunnan (Bat) BANAL-52 , 96.8% to SARS-CoV-2, Rhinolophus malayanus , Vientiane , Laos SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-1 , 79% to SARS-CoV-2 There are many thousands of variants of SARS-CoV-2, which can be grouped into
6090-406: The practice of complete feminine hygiene and resolve fears of pregnancy for married women. Douching with Lysol disinfectant does not prevent pregnancy and can result in undesirable vaginal health outcomes as well as has resulted in death for some women using it as a contraceptive or as an abortifacient . Earlier formulations of Lysol contained cresol , a compound that can induce abortions , and it
6177-570: The role of pangolins as an intermediate host was initially posited (a study published in July 2020 suggested that pangolins are an intermediate host of SARS‑CoV‑2-like coronaviruses ), subsequent studies have not substantiated their contribution to the spillover. Evidence against this hypothesis includes the fact that pangolin virus samples are too distant to SARS-CoV-2: isolates obtained from pangolins seized in Guangdong were only 92% identical in sequence to
6264-504: The source of a majority of infections. That may explain how out of 217 on board a cruise liner that docked at Montevideo , only 24 of 128 who tested positive for viral RNA showed symptoms. Similarly, a study of ninety-four patients hospitalized in January and February 2020 estimated patients began shedding virus two to three days before symptoms appear and that "a substantial proportion of transmission probably occurred before first symptoms in
6351-555: The source. For a virus recently acquired through a cross-species transmission, rapid evolution is expected. The mutation rate estimated from early cases of SARS-CoV-2 was of 6.54 × 10 per site per year. Coronaviruses in general have high genetic plasticity , but SARS-CoV-2's viral evolution is slowed by the RNA proofreading capability of its replication machinery. For comparison, the viral mutation rate in vivo of SARS-CoV-2 has been found to be lower than that of influenza. Research into
6438-493: The virus RaTG13 , collected in bats in Mojiang , Yunnan, China to be the closest to SARS‑CoV‑2, with 96.1% resemblance. None of the above are its direct ancestor. Bats are considered the most likely natural reservoir of SARS‑CoV‑2. Differences between the bat coronavirus and SARS‑CoV‑2 suggest that humans may have been infected via an intermediate host; although the source of introduction into humans remains unknown. Although
6525-541: The virus became pathogenic before or after the spillover event . Because many of the early infectees were workers at the Huanan Seafood Market , it has been suggested that the virus might have originated from the market. However, other research indicates that visitors may have introduced the virus to the market, which then facilitated rapid expansion of the infections. A March 2021 WHO-convened report stated that human spillover via an intermediate animal host
6612-478: The virus is infectious during the incubation period is uncertain, but research has indicated that the pharynx reaches peak viral load approximately four days after infection or in the first week of symptoms and declines thereafter. The duration of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding is generally between 3 and 46 days after symptom onset. A study by a team of researchers from the University of North Carolina found that
6699-587: The virus may be airborne as well, with aerosols potentially being able to transmit the virus. During human-to-human transmission, between 200 and 800 infectious SARS‑CoV‑2 virions are thought to initiate a new infection. If confirmed, aerosol transmission has biosafety implications because a major concern associated with the risk of working with emerging viruses in the laboratory is the generation of aerosols from various laboratory activities which are not immediately recognizable and may affect other scientific personnel. Indirect contact via contaminated surfaces
6786-422: The virus. Another case study described a 25-year-old man from Nevada who tested positive for SARS‑CoV‑2 on 18 April 2020 and on 5 June 2020 (separated by two negative tests). Since genomic analyses showed significant genetic differences between the SARS‑CoV‑2 variant sampled on those two dates, the case study authors determined this was a reinfection. The man's second infection was symptomatically more severe than
6873-610: The world. Formulations containing chlorophenol are still available in the United Kingdom. In 1911, poisoning by drinking Lysol was the most common means of suicide in Australia and New York. One of the active ingredients, benzalkonium chloride , is highly toxic to fish (LC50 = 280 μg ai/L), very highly toxic to aquatic invertebrates (LC50 = 5.9 μg ai/L), moderately toxic to birds (LD50 = 136 mg/kg-bw), and slightly toxic ("safe") to mammals (LD50 = 430 mg/kg-bw). In 1918, during
6960-510: Was "the leading feminine hygiene product" in the United States. Advertisements for Lysol during the 1930s hinted at its use as a contraceptive but never explicitly promoted it to be used as such. Advertisements did note that Lysol was safe to use including on "delicate female tissues". By 1911, 193 Lysol poisonings were recorded along with five deaths from "uterine irrigation". Lysol ads also included recommendations from female gynecologists that Lysol would resolve women's marital distress through
7047-416: Was acquired by Sterling Drug in 1967 and Reckitt & Colman acquired L&F in 1994 when Bayer acquired Sterling-Winthrop. As of 2015 Lysol products were distributed by Reckitt Benckiser LLC of Parsippany, New Jersey. Different Lysol products contain different active ingredients. Examples of active ingredients used in Lysol products: Lysol contains P-chloro-o-benzylphenol at a 5-6% concentration. It
7134-414: Was confirmed on 20 January 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic . Transmission was initially assumed to occur primarily via respiratory droplets from coughs and sneezes within a range of about 1.8 metres (6 ft). Laser light scattering experiments suggest that speaking is an additional mode of transmission and a far-reaching one, indoors, with little air flow. Other studies have suggested that
7221-452: Was discharged on 15 April 2020 after two negative tests, and tested positive again on 15 August 2020 (142 days later), which was confirmed by whole-genome sequencing showing that the viral genomes between the episodes belong to different clades . The findings had the implications that herd immunity may not eliminate the virus if reinfection is not an uncommon occurrence and that vaccines may not be able to provide lifelong protection against
7308-624: Was found to cause Occupational Asthma (OA) in cleaners. QAC was also found to be involved in developing antimicrobial resistance. Symptoms reported were dyspnea, cough, and wheezing. Females had more risk of acquiring OA due to higher exposures both at home and work. Exposures happen through dermal contact, hand-to-mouth, and inhalation of aerosolized quats. Researchers suggest continuous use of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE), periodic medical examinations, and guidelines on how to handle chemicals. Dermal, respiratory, immune, reproductive, and developmental effects of exposure are investigated but there
7395-490: Was suggested that the acquisition of the furin-cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 S protein was essential for zoonotic transfer to humans. The furin protease recognizes the canonical peptide sequence R X[ R / K ] R ↓X where the cleavage site is indicated by a down arrow and X is any amino acid . In SARS-CoV-2 the recognition site is formed by the incorporated 12 codon nucleotide sequence CCT CGG CGG GCA which corresponds to
7482-525: Was the most likely explanation, with direct spillover from bats next most likely. Introduction through the food supply chain and the Huanan Seafood Market was considered another possible, but less likely, explanation. An analysis in November 2021, however, said that the earliest-known case had been misidentified and that the preponderance of early cases linked to the Huanan Market argued for it being
7569-558: Was widely used by women who could not otherwise obtain legal abortions in the United States, although the medical community was relatively unaware of the phenomenon for the first half of the 20th century. It remained a popular birth control method from the Great Depression through the 1960s. By the 1960s, published medical literature had acknowledged the common use of Lysol and other soaps to induce abortions, which could lead to fatal renal failure and sepsis . Ownership: Lehn & Fink
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