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38-580: The importance of the prehistoric art at Lussac is evidenced by the presence of numerous archaeological artefacts in the Museum of National Antiquities at Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The 'Cave of the Goblin' was excavated by A. Brouillet in 1865, by the Abbé Breuil in 1905, by Stéphane Lwoff in 1962, and from 1980 by Jean and André Chollet Airvaux. Among the items found by A. Brouillet were numerous engraved limestone slabs,

76-533: A barbed arrow, a decorated awl, and a fragment of bone with a drawing of a horse and an ox. This cave was occupied from the middle Magdalenian period, but the discovery of Roman tiles, coins, and a medieval seal shows it was a haven throughout history. 'The Hermitage,' a cave occupied by the Neanderthals , was excavated between 1864 and 1936 by A. Brouillet, the Abbé Breuil , Leon Pericard and Stéphane Lwoff. Thousands of tools were found there. The cave of La Marche

114-531: A burial chamber, which was covered with a mound of soil. Were these the graves of chiefs or commoners? Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain these Neolithic monuments. The district was originally 'Luciacum', the tribal domain of the Gallo-Roman chief 'Lucius'. The name became 'Luciago' and later 'Lussac'. Some artefacts of Gallo-Roman social and artistic life, such as pottery and coins, have been found. Local place names, such as 'Vaux villars', suggest that

152-509: A day and night of agony, at the age of 55. When the news of Sir John's death reached the court of Edward III in England, and the court of Black Prince at Guyenne , they were greatly upset. Chandos was not only a great warrior, but also an able administrator and a wise politician. A cenotaph was erected to commemorate the spot where he fell. This monument has since been moved to the nearby town of Mazerolles . Bertrand du Guesclin recaptured

190-473: A mammoth's ivory tusk around 23,000 years ago is the most famous exhibit in the museum. Kings Henry IV and Louis XIII left their mark on the town. Louis XIV was born in the château (the city's coat of arms consequently shows a cradle and the date of his birth), and established Saint-Germain-en-Laye as his principal residence from 1661 to 1681. Louis XIV turned over the château to James VII & II of Scotland and England after his exile from Britain after

228-622: A royal town and the Château de Saint-Germain the residence of numerous French monarchs. The old château was constructed in 1348 by King Charles V on the foundations of an old castle ( château-fort ) dating from 1238 in the time of Saint Louis . Francis I was responsible for its subsequent restoration. In 1862, Napoleon III set up the Musée des Antiquités Nationales in the erstwhile royal château. This museum has exhibits ranging from Paleolithic to Celtic times. The " Dame de Brassempouy " sculpted on

266-503: A series of human figures (something rare for this time), including the bodies of pregnant women and male faces. These prints are difficult to interpret, because the Magdalenian artists would cover old drawings with ochre, superimposing new drawings onto the same stone. Some archaeologists have speculated that the picture tablets are evidence of a Palaeolithic 'school'. Above all, the pictures bear true witness to Paleolithic life. We admire

304-464: A spear with a reindeer ivory tip (basic single bevel and dual slot) called the 'spear of Lussac'. The local museum contains displays devoted to the cave. The 'Guy Martin' network, discovered by cavers in 1990, is a cavern bristling with many stalactites. On one wall is engraved a 60 cm long mammoth and diverse representations. Bone fragments have been found. Like La Marche , this cave is dated to Magdalenian III (from about 14,000 years ago). The site

342-493: A surprise attack under cover of night. The planned attack failed when, thinking they had been detected by the enemy, Chandos' force retreated towards the bridge across the Vienne at Lussac, along the route to Poitiers through Chauvigny . The French, unaware of their presence, had decided to follow the same route to harass any English troops. The adversaries met at the bridge of Lussac. In the battle, Chandos' long coat made him slip on

380-479: Is a commune in the Yvelines department in the Île-de-France in north-central France. It is located in the western suburbs of Paris, 19.1 km (11.9 mi) from the centre of Paris . Inhabitants are called Saint-Germanois or Saint-Germinois . With its elegant tree-lined streets it is one of the more affluent suburbs of Paris, combining both high-end leisure spots and exclusive residential neighborhoods (see

418-486: Is a high ratio of overall students to town inhabitants. The municipal nursery and primary schools have 3,549 students. 1,026 students attend private schools in the commune. As of 2016 the municipality operates ten nursery schools and nine primary schools. Public schools include: Private schools include: The Lycée International de Saint Germain-en-Laye is a hybrid public/private international school. It teaches children from nursery to high school age, who follow both

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456-517: Is located in the middle of the Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , far from the urbanized part of the commune. Saint-Germain-en-Laye has a proud footballing history. From 1904 to 1970, it was represented by Stade Saint-Germain , but following a 1970 merger with Paris FC , became Paris Saint-Germain (PSG). PSG is a top-flight football team that is the most successful team in France in terms of trophies. There

494-733: Is one main sporting facility in Saint-Germain-en-Laye: the Stade Municipal Georges Lefèvre . It covers over 12 hectares and contains: – 5 football pitches – 3 stands – 1 athletic track – 22 tennis courts – 1 clubhouse – 1 multibeach terrain Capcom Entertainment France, a Capcom subsidiary, has its head office in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. As of 2016 the schools in this commune had 20,581 students, with 7,300 of them living in Saint-Germain-en-Laye. There

532-713: Is twinned with: Poitou Poitou ( UK : / ˈ p w ʌ t uː / PWUH -too , US : / p w ɑː ˈ t uː / pwah- TOO , French: [pwatu] ; Latin : Pictaviensis, Pictavia ; Poitevin : Poetou ) was a province of west-central France whose capital city was Poitiers . Both Poitou and Poitiers are named after the Pictones Gallic tribe. The main historical cities are Poitiers (historical capital city), Châtellerault (France's kings' establishment in Poitou), Niort , La Roche-sur-Yon , Thouars , and Parthenay . Historically Poitou

570-529: The French Revolution , the name was changed along with many other places whose names held connotations of religion or royalty. Temporarily, Saint-Germain-en-Laye became Montagne-du-Bon-Air . During his reign , Napoleon I established his cavalry officers training school in the Château-Vieux. The Treaty of Saint-Germain was signed in 1919 and was applied on 16 July 1920. The treaty officially registered

608-689: The French Wars of Religion (1562–1598). Under the Edict of Nantes , such discrimination was temporarily suspended but this measure was repealed by the French Crown. Some of the French colonists, later known as Acadians , who settled beginning in 1604 in eastern North America came from southern Poitou. They established settlements in what is now Nova Scotia , and later in New Brunswick —both of which were taken over in

646-575: The Glorious Revolution in 1688. James lived in the Château for 13 years, and his daughter Louisa Maria Stuart was born in exile here in 1692. James II is buried in the parish church. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is famous for its 2.4-kilometre (1.5 mi) long stone terrace built by André Le Nôtre from 1669 to 1673. The terrace provides a view over the valley of the Seine and, in the distance, Paris. During

684-521: The French, King Henry III of England recognized his loss of continental Plantagenet territory to France. This was ratified by the Treaty of Paris of 1259 , by which King Louis annexed Normandy , Maine , Anjou , and Poitou). During the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, Poitou was a hotbed of Huguenot (French Calvinist Protestant) activity among the nobility and bourgeoisie. The Protestants were discriminated against and brutally attacked during

722-635: The Golden Triangle of the Yvelines ). Saint-Germain-en-Laye is a sub-prefecture of the department. Because it includes the National Forest of Saint-Germain-en-Laye , it covers approximately 48 km (19 sq mi), making it the largest commune in the Yvelines. It occupies a large loop of the Seine . Saint-Germain-en-Laye lies at one of the western termini of Line A of the RER . Saint-Germain-en-Laye

760-576: The Vendée stayed loyal to the Restoration Monarchy of King Louis XVIII . Napoleon dispatched 10,000 troops under General Lamarque to pacify the region. As noted by historian Andre Lampert: "The persistent Huguenots of 17th Century Poitou and the fiercely Catholic rebellious Royalists of what came be the Vendée of the late 18th Century had ideologies very different, indeed diametrically opposed to each other. The common thread connecting both phenomena

798-735: The breakup of the Habsburg empire , which recognized the independence of Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes (Yugoslavia). During the occupation from 1940 to 1944, the town was the headquarters of the Oberbefehlshaber West , the commander of the German armed forces on the Western Front. It has been called "the most occupied city in France." On 1 January 2019,

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836-539: The castle from the English in 1372. The large communal fish pond was dug in 1492. In 1519, Renée Geoffroy, heiress to the castle, married François de Rochechouart-Mortemart. At that time, the castle formed a large quadrangle with corner towers, battlements, and underground rooms. Its imposing mass loomed between the pond and the village. The castle was sacked by the troops of the Admiral de Coligny in 1569, and then dismantled by

874-416: The former commune Fourqueux was merged into Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The parish church, which is dedicated to Germain of Paris , was originally constructed in the eleventh century, and the present building (the fourth on the site) was built in the 1820s in a Neoclassical style , with six Tuscan columns supporting a pediment on the main façade. The church houses the mausoleum of James II of England and

912-436: The frost. James de St. Martin or Guillaume Boitel struck Chandos with his spear. Chandos' uncle Edward Twyford , standing over his wounded nephew, repulsed the attackers. One of his squires pierced both legs of the squire of James Saint-Martin with his lance; Saint-Martin died three days later at Poitiers. John Chandos was carried on a large shield to Morthemer, the nearest English fortress. He died on New Year's Day 1370, after

950-676: The given years. The population of Fourqueux , absorbed in 2019, is not included. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is connected to other communes by the Résalys bus network operated by Transdev . Saint-Germain-en-Laye is served by Saint-Germain-en-Laye station on Paris RER line A . It was also served by two stations on the Grande Ceinture Ouest branch of the Transilien Paris-Saint-Lazare suburban rail line: Saint-Germain-Bel-Air–Fourqueux and Saint-Germain–Grande Ceinture . The branch

988-480: The graphic precision, the direction of movement given to animals in very simple lines. Beyond their graphic quality, these prints may have been linked to sacred rites or mystery cults. The limestone tablets found at Lussac became reference points for researchers on prehistory, and have the same importance as the cave paintings of Lascaux . Archaeologists also found thousands of tools in flint, bone, and reindeer ivory: chisels, scrapers, awls, needles, drilled sticks, and

1026-700: The later 18th century by the English, (after their 1763 victory in the Seven Years' War ). After the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the French Roman Catholic Church conducted a strong Counter-Reformation effort. In 1793, this effort had contributed to the three-year-long open revolt against the French Revolutionary Government in the Bas-Poitou (Département of Vendée ). Similarly, during Napoleon 's Hundred Days in 1815,

1064-440: The occupants of Gallo-Roman villae worked in agriculture. A Gallo-Roman village at Civaux, few kilometres from Lussac, is well known from archaeology. By this period, the inhabitants were already using the river as a means of communication. Lussac, like many mediaeval towns, seems to have grown up around a castle built during the feudal era. The fragmentation of central power necessitated the establishment of fortresses, including on

1102-608: The people, who used its stones to build houses. During the French Revolution, under a decree of the convention (Year II), the town was renamed Lussac-sur-Vienne. Fierce fighting took place between Resistance forces and the Wehrmacht in the summer of 1944. The area was the birthplace of the famous mistress to Louis XIV , Françoise-Athénaïs, marquise de Montespan (1640–1707). Saint-Germain-en-Laye Saint-Germain-en-Laye ( French: [sɛ̃ ʒɛʁmɛ̃ ɑ̃ lɛ] )

1140-534: The provincial borders, to fight against land-hungry neighbouring warlords. The Lord of Lussac was a vassal of the Count de la Marche (Limousin) and had to defend this border area against Poitou . According to tradition, the castle was built about 780. It is first referred to in the archives in 1065 as belonging to the Conis family of Saint-Germain. In the next two centuries, the castle was held by two families. Sir John Chandos

1178-454: The public French curriculum and an international program. There are 14 language program options, some of which are public and others private. Saint-Germain-en-Laye is also home to the Institut d'études politiques de Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The political science grande école was founded in 2013 and, as of 2023, has a student body of over 800. There are two libraries: Saint-Germain-en-Laye

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1216-523: Was appointed seneschal of Poitou in 1369 by the King of England, and settled in Poitiers. In the same year Sir John noticed, to his "annoyance!, that the French were regaining a foothold in the province. The Breton John Kerlouët and Louis de Saint Julien Trimouille, lord of Lusignan, had occupied La Roche-Posay and Saint-Savin , a few kilometres from Poitiers . Chandos decided to retake the abbey of Saint-Savin, with

1254-597: Was excavated from 1937 onwards by Leon Pericard and Stéphane Lwoff. A major site in prehistoric times, it was visited by the Abbé Breuil on several occasions between 1939 and 1940. It was classified as a historic monument on 4 April 1970. Researchers have discovered a quantity of drawings on limestone slabs, dating from the Magdalenian period 17,000 years ago. These sketches reflect the environment of prehistoric artists, representing various animals (mammoths, antelopes, cats, deer). In addition to drawings of animals, there are

1292-469: Was founded in 1020 when King Robert the Pious (ruled 996–1031) founded a convent on the site of the present Church of Saint-Germain . In 1688, James II of England exiled himself to the city after being deposed from the throne in what has become known as the Glorious Revolution . He spent the remainder of his days there, and died on 16 September 1701. Prior to the French Revolution in 1789, it had been

1330-563: Was in operation from 12 December 2004 to 28 June 2019. On 6 July 2022 the Île-de-France tramway Line 13 Express opened, serving the two former Grande Ceinture Ouest station, as well as two additional stations within Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The Achères–Grand-Cormier station is also situated within the Saint-Germain-en-Laye commune. It is served by the Paris RER line A and the Transilien Paris – Saint-Lazare suburban rail line. The station

1368-620: Was ruled by the count of Poitou , a continuous line of which can be traced back to an appointment of Charlemagne in 778. A marshland called the Poitevin Marsh (French Marais Poitevin ) is located along the Gulf of Poitou , on the west coast of France, just north of La Rochelle and west of Niort . At the conclusion of the Battle of Taillebourg in the Saintonge War , which was decisively won by

1406-581: Was therefore already inhabited in the Magdalenian period 17,000 years ago as evidenced by the many slabs of carved limestone found in these caves. Human occupation continued after the Palaeolithic . The dolmen of Loubressac attests to a human presence in the Neolithic . Between about 6000 and 4000 years ago, tribes scattered along the banks of the Vienne constructed megalithic tombs, of which little remains today. A stone capstone held up by upright stones formed

1444-431: Was visited by Queen Victoria in 1855. The organ, originally installed in 1698, was rebuilt by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll in the nineteenth century and refurbished in 1903. The church's organists have included Albert Renaud (1891–1924), Albert Alain (1924–1971) and Marie-Claire Alain (1971–2010). The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of Saint-Germain-en-Laye proper, in its geography at

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