Frank Joseph Malina (October 2, 1912 — November 9, 1981) was an American aeronautical engineer and painter , known for his pioneering work in early rocketry.
35-665: Malina was born in Brenham, Texas . His father came from Moravia . Frank's formal education began with a degree in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University in 1934. The same year he received a scholarship to study mechanical engineering at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), where he obtained his doctoral degree in 1940. In 1935, while a graduate student at Caltech, Malina persuaded Professor of Aeronautics Theodore von Kármán to allow him to pursue studies into rocketry and rocket propulsion. The formal goal
70-718: A city manager . The mayor is elected by the city at large, while the city council is elected by ward, with four wards, and each ward elects a single city council member. Two additional council members are elected from the city at-large. The mayor and city council members serve four-year terms. The City of Brenham's primary education is provided by Brenham Independent School District (Brenham ISD) and various private schools. The public schools in Brenham ISD include Brenham Elementary School, Krause Elementary School, Alton Elementary School, Brenham Middle School, Brenham Junior High School, and Brenham High School . Brenham High School's mascot
105-671: A fourth elementary school serving students up to fifth grade, but this proposal was rejected by voters. Blinn College , the oldest county-owned junior college in Texas, is located in Brenham. Blinn has campuses also in Bryan, Schulenburg, and Sealy. The following highways pass through Brenham: The Galveston Subdivision of the BNSF Railway passes through Brenham, with spurs serving Valmont Industries and Blue Bell Creameries . The Blue Bell spur
140-776: A project of Leonardo/ISAST , the International Society for the Arts, Sciences and Technology. In 1990, Malina was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame . Malina married twice. In 1939, he married Liljan Darcourt, a daughter of French Catholic immigrants; they divorced in 1945 (she later married advertising executive Lester Wunderman ). Frank Malina died in 1981 in Boulogne-Billancourt , near Paris , France . His widow Marjorie Duckworth Malina died in 2006. Their sons Roger and Alan Malina live and work in
175-499: A small village called Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud (meaning "Menuls near Saint-Cloud "). In the beginning of the 14th century, King Philip IV of France ordered the building in Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud of a church dedicated to the virgin of the sanctuary of Boulogne-sur-Mer , then a famous pilgrimage center in northern France. The church, meant to become a pilgrimage centre closer to Paris than the distant city of Boulogne-sur-Mer,
210-578: Is a wealthy and prestigious commune in the western suburbs of Paris , France , located 8.2 km (5 mi) from the centre of Paris . It is a subprefecture of the Hauts-de-Seine department and thus the seat of the larger arrondissement of Boulogne-Billancourt . It is also part of the Métropole du Grand Paris . Boulogne-Billancourt includes one island in the Seine : Île Seguin . Boulogne-Billancourt
245-605: Is also the Home of "the World's Largest BBQ Pit" on US 290 West. The Texas Department of Aging and Disability Services operates the Brenham State Supported Living Center (formerly Brenham State School), the largest facility in Texas for providing housing and care to intellectually disabled persons. The city operates as a council–manager government ; as such, it elects its mayor and city council , who then appoint
280-410: Is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen climate classification describes the weather as humid subtropical , Cfa . As of the 2020 United States census , 17,639 people, 6,197 households, and 3,606 families were residing in the city. As of the census of 2000, 13,507 people, 4,907 households, and 3,115 families lived in
315-547: Is one of the wealthiest regions in the Parisian area and in France. Formerly an important industrial site, it has successfully reconverted into business services and is now home to major communication companies headquartered in the Val de Seine business district . The original name of the commune was Boulogne-sur-Seine (meaning "Boulogne upon Seine "). Before the 14th century, Boulogne was
350-404: Is the lion cub . The traditional role of middle school is split in two in Brenham, with fifth and sixth graders attending Brenham Middle School and seventh and eighth graders attending Brenham Junior High School. In 2022, Brenham ISD proposed a project to tear down and rebuild Brenham Junior High School to be able to handle the sixth through 8th grades, then convert Brenham Middle School into
385-580: The 1900 Summer Olympics took place in Boulogne-Billancourt. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne , which was hitherto divided between the communes of Boulogne-Billancourt and Neuilly-sur-Seine , was annexed in its entirety by the city of Paris. On that occasion, Boulogne-Billancourt, to which most of the Bois de Boulogne belonged, lost about half of its territory. Since then, Boulogne-Billancourt has been surrounded to
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#1732884009966420-401: The 4,907 households, 30.0% had children under 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 14.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were not families. About 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 15.4% had someone living alone who was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.40, and the average family size was 3.01. In the city,
455-610: The Communist Party, Caltech's "Unit 122," and labor activism while he was a graduate student in the 1930s had also attracted the attention of the FBI. However, there is "scant evidence" that Unit 122 or its "communist offshoot" ever passed rocket information to the Soviet Union in the 1930s or 1940s. ("The surveillance of suspected 'communists' hardly ever revealed espionage and served mainly to feed prejudice.") He moved to France and joined
490-520: The Dallas, TX area and Portugal, respectively. Brenham, Texas Brenham ( / ˈ b r ɛ n əm / BREH -nəm ) is a city in east-central Texas, United States, and the county seat of Washington County , with a population of 17,369 according to the 2020 U.S. census . Brenham is also known for its annual German heritage festival that takes place each May called Maifest , similar to Volksfest . Numerous German immigrants settled here in
525-693: The Hickory Grove community was renamed Brenham in memory of a local physician, Richard Fox Brenham , who died while serving in the Texian militia during the Mier Expedition . On February 4, 1844, Washington County voters selected Brenham to become the county seat. German immigrants settled in Brenham as early as 1846. With the exception of the Civil War years, the German-born population of Brenham increased throughout
560-452: The age distribution was 22.5% under 18, 15.9% from 18 to 24, 24.7% from 25 to 44, 18.8% from 45 to 64, and 18.2% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 89.1 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 86.6 males. The median income for a household in the city was $ 32,198, and for a family was $ 41,486. Males had a median income of $ 31,133 versus $ 22,152 for females. The per capita income for
595-554: The area. The automobile industry had a large presence with Renault on Île Seguin , as well as Salmson building both cars and aircraft engines. Finally, the French film industry started here and, from 1922 to 1992 it was the home of the Billancourt Studios , and since becoming a major location for French film production . It was used as the setting of the TV show Code Lyoko . With
630-487: The city of Sèvres , Boulogne-Billancourt is part of the communauté d'agglomération Val de Seine. Boulogne-Billancourt is served by two stations on Paris Métro Line 10 : Boulogne–Jean Jaurès and Boulogne–Pont de Saint-Cloud . It is also served by three stations on Paris Métro Line 9 : Marcel Sembat , Billancourt and Pont de Sèvres . Boulogne-Billancourt is represented by two constituencies and therefore two Members of Parliament . Boulogne-Billancourt hosts
665-522: The city was $ 15,351. About 12.8% of families and 17.7% of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.9% of those under age 18 and 20.7% of those age 65 or over. Brenham is the home of and headquarters for Blue Bell Creameries . Blue Bell is the fourth-best selling ice cream brand in the United States, and is sold in 16 states. Brenham is also home to a large Valmont Industries industrial plant, where metal poles are manufactured. Brenham
700-408: The city. The population density was 1,541.5 inhabitants per square mile (595.2/km ). The 5,317 housing units had an average density of 606.8 per square mile (234.3/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 69.99% White, 21.91% African American, 0.25% Native American, 1.86% Asian, 4.76% from other races, and 1.22% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 10.25% of the population. Of
735-400: The communes of Auteuil and Passy were disbanded and divided between Boulogne-Billancourt (then called Boulogne-sur-Seine ) and the city of Paris. Boulogne-sur-Seine received a small part of the territory of Passy, and about half of the territory of Auteuil (including the area of Billancourt, which belonged to the disbanded commune of Auteuil). Some of the competitive shooting events of
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#1732884009966770-613: The facility at Arroyo Seco, and his tests were moved to White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico . Here, the project's WAC Corporal sounding rocket was the first U.S. rocket to break the 50-mile altitude mark, becoming the first sounding rocket to reach space. During 1947, with rocket research in high gear, Malina's demanding travel and administrative schedule, along with a dislike of so much rocketry research being devoted to weapons systems and not scientific research, caused him to re-evaluate his career and leave Aerojet. Malina's interest in
805-463: The first high school/sixth-form in Boulogne, an annex of Lycée La Fontaine served the city. The private school Groupe Scolaire Maïmonide Rambam covers maternelle through lycée. There is also the private high school Notre-Dame. The latter's performance and ranking in Boulogne-Billancourt are given by its success of baccalaureate rate in different series. According to the ranking of L'Express in 2015,
840-589: The fledgling United Nations as secretariat of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) under Julian Huxley . In 1951, Malina became head of UNESCO's division of scientific research. Two years later, Malina left UNESCO to pursue an interest in kinetic art . In 1952, at the height of the Red Scare , Malina was indicted for having failed to list his Communist Party membership on an old security questionnaire from Caltech. He
875-602: The global headquarters of several multinational companies, including: Prior to 2000 Schneider Electric 's head office was in Boulogne-Billancourt. The public collèges (middle schools) in the commune include Jacqueline-Auriol, Bartholdi, Paul-Landowski and Jean-Renoir. The public high schools are the Lycée Jacques-Prévert and the Lycée Polyvalent Étienne-Jules-Marey. Prior to the September 1968 opening of Prévert,
910-513: The mid-19th century, following the revolutions in German states in 1848. The area surrounding Brenham was occupied by various Native American tribes through the 19th century. The Brenham area was part of the Old Three Hundred , the first authorized colonization of Texas by Anglo-Americans led by Stephen F. Austin . In the 1820s and 1830s, several small communities developed in the area. In 1843,
945-419: The national rank of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was 170 out of 2301 and 7 out of 52 at department level. The private schools Dupanloup and Saint-Joseph-du-Parchamp serve maternelle through collège. Private maternelle and élémentaire schools include Saint-Alexandre and Saint-François d’Assise. Jardin de Solférino and La Maison de l'Enfant are private maternelles. The Association Eveil Japon (エベイユ学園 Ebeiyu Gakuen ),
980-468: The second half of the 19th century. The largest numbers of German immigrants arrived between 1880 and 1883. Jewish immigrants to Brenham established one of Texas' first Orthodox synagogues in 1885, which was relocated to Austin in 2015. According to the United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 8.8 square miles (22.7 km ), all land. The climate in this area
1015-473: The west, south and east by the Seine and to the north and north-east by the 16th arrondissement of Paris . Boulogne-Billancourt is known for being the birthplace of three major French industries. It was the location, in 1906 for the very first aircraft factory, that of Appareils d'Aviation Les Frères Voisin , which was then followed by those of many other aviation pioneers, and the tradition continues with several aviation related companies still operating in
1050-672: Was conducting would later become the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Malina served as the second Director of JPL. In 1939, the Société astronomique de France (French Astronomical Society) awarded Malina the Prix d'Astronautique for his contribution to the study of interplanetary travel and astronautics. In 1942, von Kármán, Malina and three other students started the Aerojet Corporation. By late 1945, Malina's rockets had outgrown
1085-448: Was declared a fugitive, to be arrested if and when he returned to the United States. In 1968 in Paris he founded Leonardo , an international peer-reviewed research journal that featured articles written by artists on their own work, and focused on the interactions between the contemporary arts with the sciences and new technologies. The Leonardo journal is still published as of 2023 as
Frank Malina - Misplaced Pages Continue
1120-456: Was development of a sounding rocket . Malina and five associates (including Jack Parsons and Qian Xuesen ) became known at Caltech as the "Suicide Squad" because of their dangerous experiments (and failures) when testing rocket motor designs. Malina's group was forced to move their operations away from the main Caltech campus into the more remote Arroyo Seco . This site and the research Malina
1155-430: Was formerly part of a separate Southern Pacific line between Austin and Houston, though it now terminates within Brenham on both ends. [REDACTED] Category [REDACTED] Texas portal Boulogne-Billancourt Boulogne-Billancourt ( French pronunciation: [bulɔɲ bijɑ̃kuʁ] ; often colloquially called simply Boulogne , until 1924 Boulogne-sur-Seine , [bulɔɲ syʁ sɛn] )
1190-451: Was named Notre-Dame de Boulogne la Petite ("Our Lady of Boulogne the Minor"). Gradually, the village of Menuls-lès-Saint-Cloud became known as Boulogne-la-Petite , and later as Boulogne-sur-Seine . In 1924, Boulogne-sur-Seine was officially renamed Boulogne-Billancourt to reflect the development of the industrial neighbourhood of Billancourt annexed in 1860. As for the name Billancourt, it
1225-518: Was recorded for the first time in 1150 as Bullencort , sometimes also spelled Bollencort . It comes from Medieval Latin cortem , accusative of cors , meaning "enclosure", "estate", suffixed to the Germanic patronym Buolo (meaning "friend, brother, kinsman"), thus having the meaning of "estate of Buolo". On 1 January 1860, the City of Paris was enlarged by annexing neighbouring communes. On that occasion,
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