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46-476: Lubuagan is 43 kilometres (27 mi) from Tabuk City and 457 kilometres (284 mi) from Manila . Lubuagan Municipality, once the seat of the National Government from March 6 to May 17, 1900, during the time of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo , was among the eight (8) municipalities of the new province of Kalinga. It is located at 800 metres (2,600 ft) above sea level in the southern part of Kalinga and in

92-542: A boc. Finally, in later years, they preferred to spell the letters oc as uk , resulting in the current Tab uk . Tabuk was previously known as the "Valley of Gamonangs" after the Kalinga tribe that ruled Northern Kalinga centuries ago, according to one of the early Spanish missionaries. They lived in the huge valleys and densely forested plains between the Chico and Cagayan River , and their epic military exploits are recounted in

138-673: A single legislative district . Tabuk was proclaimed a component city in 2007, but in November 2008 the Supreme Court of the Philippines ruled that its cityhood was unconstitutional. However, Tabuk had its city status reinstated by the Supreme Court on December 22, 2009. The seven municipalities and one component city of the province comprise 153 barangays , with Bulanao in Tabuk as

184-477: A cholera and malaria epidemic broke out in the latter part of 1907 and continued in 1908 which almost wiped out the populace. Hale himself caught malaria so that he and his family were forced to leave Bulanao. Hale and his staff came up to Lubuagan in the early part of 1909 and established their quarters and camps where the present multi-purpose hall now stands. Hale whom the people baptized and fondly called Sapao , first organized his police contingent from and among

230-517: A city council as its legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through elections which are held every three years. Kalinga (province) Kalinga ( IPA: [ka'liŋɡa] ), officially the Province of Kalinga ( Ilocano : Probinsia ti Kalinga ; Tagalog : Lalawigan ng Kalinga ),

276-458: A density of 170 inhabitants per square kilometre or 440 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Tabuk Source: Philippine Statistics Authority The road networks connecting Tabuk to the Cagayan Valley and Baguio via Bontoc attracted additional residents and investments, accelerating the economic development of the city. The economy is entirely agro-based, and

322-573: A period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Kalinga-Apayao. During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of public works projects. This caused the Philippine economy took a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis , which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and social unrest. With only

368-577: A total area of 3,231.25 square kilometres (1,247.59 sq mi) occupying the central section of the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon . The province is bordered by Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Large swaths of the province's lowlands are open grassland suitable for pasture, while

414-523: A turning point when coverage of the murder led to public outrage. It was the first time since the 1972 declaration of Martial Law where the mainstream Philippine press managed to report on the arrests of civilians under Martial Law, and the turn of public opinion against both the Chico River Dam and Martial law, coupled with the united anger of the various peoples of the Cordillera Mountains led

460-551: A year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years. This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses , particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against

506-463: Is a landlocked province in the Philippines situated within the Cordillera Administrative Region in Luzon . Its capital (and largest city) is Tabuk and borders Mountain Province to the south, Abra to the west, Isabela to the east, Cagayan to the northeast, and Apayao to the north. Kalinga and Apayao are the result of the 1995 partitioning of the former province of Kalinga-Apayao which

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552-424: Is distributed to other areas. For the past two decades, it has produced exceptional farmers on a national scale. The City of Tabuk is politically subdivided into 43 barangays . These barangays are headed by elected officials: Barangay Captain , Barangay Council , whose members are called Barangay Councilors . All are elected every three years. In the 2020 census, the population of Tabuk was 121,033 people, with

598-816: Is drained mainly by the Chico River , with its headwaters in the Mountain Province and emptying into the Cagayan River . The Chico River has several tributaries : Bunog River in Tinglayan in the south; the Tanudan and Biga Rivers in the east; Pasil River in the central area; and Poswoy , Dao-angan , Mabaca and Saltan Rivers in the west. Several small lakes can also be found in Kalinga. Kalinga comprises one component city and seven municipalities , all encompassed by

644-406: The Cordillera Administrative Region which was created through Executive Order No. 220 in 1987. Kalinga was converted into a province on May 8, 1995 by virtue of RA No. 7878 when a majority of the voters in Kalinga-Apayao approved in a plebiscite the division of the province into two. The capital town Tabuk became a component city by virtue of Republic Act No. 9404 which sought to convert

690-530: The Ferdinand Marcos administration to give up on the dam project. As a result, the Chico River Dam Project is now considered a landmark case study concerning ancestral domain issues in the Philippines. After Marcos' 21 years in power were finally ended by the civilian-led People Power Revolution in 1986, many of the activists who had joined the underground movement decided to "surface," as

736-565: The Supreme Court voted 6–5 to revert Tabuk, among other 15 cities', status back to municipalities. However, on December 21, 2009, the court reversed its first decision, returning Tabuk and the 15 other municipalities back to cities again. It contended that these cities were not covered by Republic Act 9009 – the law enacted in June 2001 that increased the income requirement for cities from P20 million to P100 million – as proven by transcripts of Senate debates while crafting RA 9009. But on August 24, 2010,

782-482: The seat of government for 73 days, from 6 March to 18 May 1900, before his escape and eventual capture at Palanan, Isabela , on 23 March 1901. Upon the assumption of the United States of America as colonial power over the Philippines. The Township of Lubuagan was established in 1905 and administered via the sub provincial government of Lepanto-Bontoc sub-province. Lt. Governor E. A. Eckman, an American ex-soldier

828-537: The 16 cityhood laws amended RA 9009, effectively amending the Local Government Code itself. After six years of legal battles, in its board resolution, the League of Cities of the Philippines acknowledged and recognized the cityhood of Tabuk and 15 other cities. Tabuk is bordered by Pinukpuk in the north, Rizal in the east, Quezon, Isabela in the southeast, Paracelis in Mountain Province , and Tanudan in

874-554: The 2020 census, it has a population of 121,033 people making it the most populous in the province. The term Tabuk comes from the word Tobog which refers to a living stream that flows from Sitio Paligatto in Barangay Balawag to the Chico River. The lands passed by this watercourse were also known as Tobog. Tabuk arose from misunderstanding letter G for C (Tobo g to Tobo c ) and letter A for letter O , resulting in T

920-545: The Chico River Irrigation System's completion accelerated its growth even more. The city is also suggested as the location of the Cordillera's Regional Agro-Industrial Center. This is projected to help Tabuk become the region's leading agri-industrial metropolis. Tabuk, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Kalinga , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by

966-626: The Kalinga Ullalim. According to historical records, they repelled every attempt by the Spaniards to lodge their claims in the alley. Kalinga owes them the fact that it was never subjected to foreign rule. Repopulation started just before the First World War . The American government dispatched six volunteer pioneers from Sitio Tobog and Lubuagan to repopulate the area. The Lubuagan locals died from malaria , leaving only Tobog newcomers to cultivate

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1012-450: The Local Government Code. The mayor, vice mayor, and the councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years. Tabuk, Kalinga Tabuk , officially the City of Tabuk ( Ilocano : Siudad ti Tabuk ; Filipino : Lungsod ng Tabuk ), is a 5th class component city and capital of the province of Kalinga , Philippines . According to

1058-585: The Marcos dictatorship. The Kalinga-Apayao became known as a flashpoint of conflict between the Marcos dictatorship and the various indigenous peoples who lived in the area, because of the Chico River Dam Project , which, even if only the most essential part of it were built, would have encompassed the municipalities of Tinglayan , Lubuagan , Pasil , and parts of Tabuk in Kalinga, as well as numerous municipalities in Mountain Province ; and would have displaced about 100,000 indigenous people. Because

1104-631: The St. Teresita's School in 1929, a Catholic Primary and High School managed by the CICM Belgian Missionaries bolstered the luster of Lubuagan. It was also in Lubuagan where the first instruction of higher learning in the old Mountain Province was established. During World War II, Japanese Imperial Army Japanese forces occupied Lubuagan in May 1942. In 1945, Lubuagan was bombed by American planes resulting in

1150-547: The administration of Hale up to the Commonwealth government was considered the golden years of Lubuagan, which was designated the capital town of the sub-province before Tabuk rose to its present status as the center of learning and government activities.. Lubuagan at that time was the center of education, culture, commerce and trade. The founding of the Kalinga Academy in 1927, a secondary school run by American Missionaries and

1196-423: The court made a reversal again, reinstating its November 2008 decision, making Tabuk and the other 15 cities regular municipalities again. It concluded that the Local Government Code as amended by RA 9009 should be followed, without exception. Finally, on February 15, 2011, Tabuk and the 15 municipalities became cities again after the court made a third reversal. This time the court acknowledged, among others, that

1242-540: The destruction of the Lubuagan Central School which was then occupied by the Japanese. St. Peter's church, its convent and two more buildings within its compound were all burned to the ground. (Source: Souvenir Book: Kalinga 7th Foundation Day) Lubbuagan is politically subdivided into 9 barangays . Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios . In the 2020 census, the population of Lubuagan, Kalinga,

1288-483: The early 1930s, ushering in a new era for the community. Tabuk was ruled by four groups of municipal executives before becoming a legal municipality on June 16, 1950, under a congressional act. Republic Act No. 533 , which was approved on June 16, 1950, turned the former municipal district of Tabuk into a regular municipality. Tabuk became the Cordillera's second city after Baguio on June 23, 2007, when 17,060 voters ratified Republic Act No. 9404 . On November 18, 2008,

1334-547: The great value placed on deceased ancestors who were buried within these communities, the issue was not just one of livelihood, but also one of sacred grounds. Marcos sent three armed brigades to quell down the protests, resulting in heightened tensions in the area. In 1977 alone, numerous Kalinga dam protesters — including tribal leaders Lumbaya Aliga Gayudan and Macli-ing Dulag, and even a 12-year-old child — were rounded up by these forces and incarcerated for up to two months. The 24 April 1980 murder of Macli-ing Dulag became

1380-440: The heart of the Cordillera. It has a land area of 23,420 hectares (57,900 acres). Some of its younger generation have migrated either in the lowland plains of Tabuk or in other provinces in search for income and employment opportunities. Spanish Rule was never established in Lubuagan during its 300 year occupation of the Philippines. However, Emilio Aguinaldo , president of the erstwhile First Philippine Republic made Lubuagan

1426-449: The highlands have extensive areas of tropical rainforest . In higher elevations to the west, particularly in the mountains of Balbalan , lie some of the most intact pine forests of Luzon island . Rizal and Tabuk with their flatlands are the biggest rice producers. Next in rice production are the mountainous area, and of note are the rice terraces of Balbalan, Lubuagan, Pasil , Pinukpuk , Tinglayan , and Tanudan . The province

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1472-519: The most populous in 2010, and Anggacan Sur in Tanudan as the least. If the City of Tabuk is excluded, Pinukpuk Junction in Pinukpuk municipality has the highest population. The population of Kalinga in the 2020 census was 229,570 people, with a density of 71 inhabitants per square kilometre or 180 inhabitants per square mile. On the 2000 census survey, Kalinga people comprised 64.37% (111,774) of

1518-459: The municipal district of Pinukpuk , barrios were moved to Balbalan in 1926; as well as parts of it to Conner in Apayao in 1927. Kalinga became part of a province along with Apayao when the old Mountain Province was divided into four separate provinces through Republic Act No. 4695 in 1966. Tabuc (Tabuk) was designated as the capital of Kalinga. The beginning months of the 1970s marked

1564-636: The national-scale conflict pursued by the NPA. In September 1986, the CPLA signed the Mount Data Peace Accord with the government, which led to the creation of what became called the Cordillera Autonomous Region , although attempts to ratify actual autonomy in the region have failed due to non-ratification during plebiscites. Along with Abra , Kalinga-Apayao became part of the territories in

1610-589: The new administration of Corazon Aquino released political prisoners and initiated peace talks. However, anti-left sentiment in Aquino's new cabinet, which included figures who were aligned with the Reform the Armed Forces Movement , made the peace process difficult, and negotiations eventually collapsed, and the insurgency in Kalinga-Apayao persisted. Another event in 1986 marked the beginning of political change in

1656-563: The province. The strong sense of tribal membership and filial loyalty results in frequent tribal unrest and occasional outright war. Due to the mountainous terrain and warrior-culture of the people, the Kalinga were able to preserve their culture despite centuries of occupation in the lowlands by the Spaniards , Americans , and the Japanese . On February 22, 2019, the Department of Tourism announced

1702-604: The region, however - the splitting of the Cordillera People's Liberation Army from the New People's Army. Former Catholic priest Conrado Balweg , who had left his calling and joined the NPA in 1979, had been having disagreements with the NPA leadership over tactics and objectives in the Cordillera for four years when he finally decided to split from the NPA in early April 1986, believing that Igorot interests were better served through regional struggles for liberation, rather than

1748-478: The soil in Laya. They were then joined by their cousins from Tobog. Between 1922 and 1923, the second wave of settlers arrived from Bontoc. They then set up a colony at Bantay. Another group from Bontoc and Cervantes, Ilocos Sur , was taken to Tuga and given the required farm implements, such as mosquito nets and kitchen utensils. They were later joined by migrants from La Union . The Bureau of Land Survey Party arrived in

1794-529: The south, and Lubuagan and Pasil in the west. It is 500 kilometres (310 mi) from Manila via Baguio and Mountain Province . As of 2007, Tabuk is the only city in Kalinga , located in the eastern part of the Central Cordillera Mountain Range. It is widely regarded as the Cordillera 's rice granary due to its extensive agricultural area, which produces enormous quantities of rice that

1840-789: The total provincial population of 173,638. Ilocanos came in second at 23.98% (41,633), while other ethnic groups in the province were the Kankanaey at 2.55% (4,421), Bontoc at 1.61% (2,804), Tagalog at 1.28% (2,227) and Applai at 1% (1,730). The primary language spoken is Kalinga , including its dialects of Balangao , Butbut , Limos , Lower Tanudan , Lubuagan , Mabaka , Madukayang , Southern Kalingan , and Upper Tanudan . Gaddang , as well as Ilocano , Tagalog , and English are also spoken in as lingua francas with varying degrees of proficiency. Poverty incidence of Kalinga Source: Philippine Statistics Authority There are many sub- tribes in

1886-411: The town into a city. The law was ratified on June 23, 2007. However, the cityhood status was lost twice in the years 2008 and 2010 after the League of Cities of the Philippines questioned the validity of the cityhood law. The cityhood status was reaffirmed after the Supreme Court of the Philippines finalized its ruling on February 15, 2011 which declared the cityhood law constitutional. Kalinga covers

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1932-450: The tribal pangats and headmen from the different villages of Kalinga to help them tame recalcitrant natives. Hale served Kalinga up to the end of July 1915. He was replaced by Samuel Kane, who served for a brief period and was replaced by Alex Gilfilan in September 1916, who was later on replaced by Deputy Governor Thomas Blanco, a Filipino. In 1924, Nicasio Balinag took over as Deputy Governor. The colonial government notably beginning with

1978-412: Was 9,323 people, with a density of 40 inhabitants per square kilometre or 100 inhabitants per square mile. Poverty incidence of Lubuagan Source: Philippine Statistics Authority Lubuagan, belonging to the lone congressional district of the province of Kalinga , is governed by a mayor designated as its local chief executive and by a municipal council as its legislative body in accordance with

2024-456: Was seen to better service the respective needs of the various indigenous peoples in the area. President Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Lubuagan town the seat of government for 73 days from March 6, 1900, to May 18, 1900, before finally fleeing to Palanan . The province's name is derived from the Ibanag and Gaddang noun "kalinga", which means "enemy", "fighter", or "headtaker". Kalinga

2070-550: Was taken from Cagayan and Isabela provinces and established by the US Government through Philippine Commission Act No. 1642 on May 9, 1907, as a sub-province of  Lepanto-Bontoc . Kalinga was later organized as one of the sub-provinces of Mountain Province , created by Act No. 1876 . In the early years, the subprovince underwent series of territorial changes. Part of Kalinga was transferred to another sub-province Bontoc through Executive Order No. 53 in 1914. In

2116-557: Was the Chief Executive of the sub-province. In 1907, Kalinga was separated and organized as a distinct sub-province from Lepanto-Bontoc. Franklin Walter Hale was appointed the first Lt. Governor to establish a civil government in Kalinga. Bulanao, a thriving community of Tubog at the time, the site of which is the present homestead of Abe Umao was the target of Hale as the center of his administration in Kalinga. But shortly thereafter,

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