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48-418: Łowicz was a residence of Polish primates in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . They served as regents when the town became a temporary "capital" of Poland during the interregnum . As a result, Łowicz has its own bishop and a basilica in spite of its considerably small size. The ruins of a former bishop's castle can be found on the outskirts of town. Napoleon Bonaparte is believed to have stayed in one of

96-412: A primatial see ) who has precedence over the bishoprics of one or more ecclesiastical provinces of a particular historical, political or cultural area. Historically, primates of particular sees were granted privileges including the authority to call and preside at national synods , jurisdiction to hear appeals from metropolitan tribunals, the right to crown the sovereign of the nation, and presiding at

144-643: A bishop who is not a Primate. Thus, in 1858, the Holy See granted the Archbishop of Baltimore precedence in meetings of the United States bishops. The Archbishop of Westminster has not been granted the title of Primate of England and Wales, which is sometimes applied to him, but his position has been described as that of "Chief Metropolitan" and as "similar to" that of the Archbishop of Canterbury. The title of Primate

192-474: A country, often based in a city other than the present capital, but which was the capital when the country was first Christianized. The city may no longer have the prominence it had when the title was granted. The political area over which primacy was originally granted may no longer exist: for example, the Archbishop of Toledo was designated "Primate of the Visigothic Kingdom ", and the Archbishop of Lyon

240-537: A decree of the Sacred Congregation of Bishops and Regulars dated 16 September 1893. The primacy is attached to the global Benedictine Confederation whose Primate resides at Sant'Anselmo in Rome . He takes precedence of all other abbots, is empowered to pronounce on all doubtful matters of discipline, to settle difficulties arising between monasteries, to hold a canonical visitation, if necessary, in any congregation of

288-421: A member of the standing committee of the episcopal conference, and has honorary precedence among Polish bishops (e.g., in liturgical ceremonies). The Holy See has also granted Polish primates the privilege of wearing cardinal's crimson attire, except for the skullcap and biretta , even if they have not been made cardinals . Where the title of primate exists, it may be vested in one of the oldest archdioceses in

336-766: A rail hub, which contributed to its development. On July 26, 1863, during the January Uprising , a small Polish insurgent unit attacked the Russian troops stationed in the town, but soon withdrew. Following the Act of 5th November , the Duchy of Łowicz was annexed into the Kingdom of Poland (1916–18) , which was a puppet state of the German Empire . After World War I , in 1918, Poland regained independence, and Łowicz became again part of Poland. In

384-655: A stable manner with the approval of the Apostolic See". The closest equivalent position in the Eastern Churches in 1911 was an Exarch . The Holy See has continued in modern times to grant the title of Primate. With the papal decree Sollicitae Romanis Pontificibus of 24 January 1956 it granted the title of Primate of Canada to the Archbishop of Quebec . As stated above, this is merely an honorary title involving no additional power. A right of precedence over other bishops and similar privileges can be granted even to

432-531: Is a title or rank bestowed on some important archbishops in certain Christian churches. Depending on the particular tradition, it can denote either jurisdictional authority ( title of authority ) or (usually) ceremonial precedence ( title of honour ). In the Latin Church , a primate is an archbishop —or, rarely, a suffragan or exempt bishop —of a specific (mostly metropolitan) episcopal see (called

480-552: Is a vast open-air display of historical structures depicting traditional Polish village-life; a collection of artifacts spread over a 17-hectare (42 acre) site, just outside the town. Near the town is the Maurzyce Bridge , the first welded road-bridge in the world, built in 1928 across the river Słudwia . It was designed in 1927 by Stefan Bryła from the Lwów University of Technology . The history of Lowicz dates back to

528-615: Is sometimes applied loosely to the Archbishop of a country's capital, as in the case of the Archbishops of Seoul in South Korea and of Edinburgh in Scotland. Functions can sometimes be exercised in practice ( de facto ), as by a de facto government, without having been granted by law; but since "Primate" is today a title, not a function, there is no such thing as a " de facto " primate. The pre-reformation metropolitan Archbishop of Nidaros

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576-632: Is the " Primate of the Gauls ". The title of Primate can, therefore, also be disputed between different Archdioceses who, at some point, held proeminence over a shifting territory; such is the dispute over the Primacy of the Spains that was fought over by the Archdioceses of Braga , Toledo and Santiago de Compostela . After the founding of Portugal , the Archbishop of Braga held precedence over all other archbishops in

624-563: The Battle of Bzura took place in the area of the town. Germany carried out several air raids on Łowicz on September 3–6, 1939, damaging many buildings and killing hundreds of civilians. The town was captured by the Wehrmacht on September 8, 1939, to be recaptured by the Polish Army three days later. Between September 14–16, the town changed hands three times. Finally, Polish forces abandoned Łowicz in

672-538: The Diocese of Asia ), Heraclea (for the Diocese of Thrace ) and Caesarea (for the Diocese of Pontus ). Mikolaj Kurowski Mikołaj Kurowski of Szreniawa of Kurów (died 1411) was a chancellor of the Kingdom of Poland and a Catholic hierarch. He held the posts of the bishop of Poznań , bishop of Włocławek and an archbishop of Gniezno . Releasing the name or adoptive Mirosław. Born in Kurów near Bochnia , he

720-642: The Duchy of Warsaw , and from 1815 until 1915 it belonged to Russian-controlled Congress Poland (later Vistula Land ). The body of Prince Józef Poniatowski was temporarily kept in the Collegiate church in Łowicz before his burial in the Wawel Cathedral in Kraków . In 1820, the real estate of the Archbishops of Gniezno became the property of Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich of Russia and his wife Joanna Grudzinska , who

768-557: The Primate of Ireland as vice-president. Other former functions of primates, such as hearing appeals from metropolitan tribunals , were reserved to the Holy See by the early 20th century. Soon after, by the norm of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, confirmed in the 1983 Code, the tribunal of second instance for appeals from a metropolitan tribunal is "the tribunal which the metropolitan has designated in

816-567: The Second Polish Republic , Lowicz and the County of Lowicz belonged to Warsaw Voivodeship , but on April 1, 1938, it was moved to Lodz Voivodeship (see Territorial changes of Polish Voivodeships on April 1, 1938 ). In the interbellum Łowicz was visited by Presidents of Poland Stanisław Wojciechowski and Ignacy Mościcki . During the German invasion of Poland , which started World War II ,

864-454: The investiture (installation) of archbishops in their sees. The office is generally found only in older Catholic countries, and is now purely honorific, enjoying no effective powers under canon law —except for the archbishop of Esztergom (Gran) in Hungary. Thus, e.g., the primate of Poland holds no jurisdictional authority over other Polish bishops or their dioceses, but is durante munere

912-401: The 12th century, when a gord , which guarded the swampy Bzura river ford existed in the location of the castle. Lowicz, spelled as Loviche , was first mentioned in a papal bull of Pope Innocent II , on July 7, 1136. In this document, the pope confirmed the right of the Archbishops of Gniezno to own local land. In 1214 or 1215 at Wolborz , Piast Dukes of four Polish provinces: Leszek I

960-649: The 18th century and Kings Augustus II the Strong and Augustus III of Poland often traveled that route. Łowicz was also a garrison town of the Polish Crown Army , with the Prince Frederick Mounted Regiment and 3rd, 7th and 9th Infantry Regiments stationed there at various times. After the Second Partition of Poland (1793) Łowicz was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia . In 1807 it became part of

1008-546: The Canons Regular of the Grand St Bernard. Anglican usage styles the bishop who heads an independent church as its "primate", though commonly they hold some other title (e.g. archbishop, presiding bishop, or moderator). The primates' authority within their churches varies considerably: some churches give the primate some executive authority, while in others they may do no more than preside over church councils and represent

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1056-465: The Confederation of Canons Regular of St. Augustine , elects an Abbot Primate as figurehead of the Confederation and indeed the whole Canonical Order. The Abbots and Superiors General of the nine congregations of confederated congregations of Canons Regular elect a new Abbot Primate for a term of office lasting six years. The Current Abbot Primate is Rt Rev. Fr Jean-Michel Girard, CRB, Abbot General of

1104-700: The Conference or, when he is lawfully impeded, the vice-president, presides not only over the general meetings of the Conference but also over the permanent committee." The president is generally elected by the conference, but by exception the President of the Italian Episcopal Conference is appointed by the Pope, and the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference has the Primate of All Ireland as president and

1152-507: The White of Kraków , Konrad I of Masovia , Wladyslaw Odonic of Kalisz and Casimir I of Opole issued the so-called Immunity Privilege , in which they confirmed the fact that Archbishops of Gniezno owned Lowicz. At that time, Lowicz was still called villa (village), even though the archbishops’ mansion already existed here. It is not known when Lowicz received town charter. First document which calls it oppidium (town) dates back to 1298, and

1200-627: The capital than in distant capital of Silesia. In 1402, he yet again changed the bishopry and became the archbishop of Gniezno. As a diplomat, he took part in the Polish-Teutonic negotiations at Raciąż in 1404 and the council of Nowy Korczyn . He was also twice a member of the Polish embassy to the Grand Master of the Teutonic Order and, as the primate of Poland , he held the post of a regent during

1248-659: The church ceremonially. In the context of the Anglican Communion Primates' Meeting , the chief bishop of each of the thirty-nine churches (also known as provinces) that compose the Anglican Communion acts as its primate, though this title may not necessarily be used within their own provinces. Thus the United Churches of Bangladesh, of North India, of Pakistan and of South India, which are united with other originally non-Anglican churches, are represented at

1296-460: The country, though his role declined under the rise of the Archdiocese of Lisbon , which culminated in 1716, when Archbishop Tomás de Almeida (1670–1754) was elevated to Patriarch . Some of the leadership functions once exercised by Primates, specifically presiding at meetings of the bishops of a nation or region, are now exercised by the president of the conference of bishops : "The president of

1344-504: The houses on the main square. Also, the town was at the centre of the largest battle of the German invasion of Poland , the Battle of the Bzura River , in the opening campaign of World War II. Łowicz has an important ethnographic museum (Muzeum w Łowiczu) exhibiting Polish art and historical artifacts from the region. Also, Łowicz features a popular skansen with traditional wooden houses. It

1392-469: The incorporation of Mazovia into Poland. Lowicz prospered in the 15th century. In 1404, Archbishop Mikolaj Kurowski funded the first brick church in town, and a new Roman Catholic parish. In the 1430s, old wooden church in Lowicz's Old Town was replaced by a brick, Gothic complex. On April 25, 1433, Archbishop Wojciech Jastrzebiec named it a Collegiate church , and soon afterwards, a branch of Kraków Academy

1440-784: The largest ghetto in all of Nazi occupied Europe with over 400,000 Jews crammed into an area of 1.3 square miles (3.4 km). From there, most victims were sent to Treblinka extermination camp . During the Warsaw Uprising , in August–September 1944, the Germans deported several thousands of Varsovians from the Dulag 121 camp in Pruszków , where they were initially imprisoned, to Łowicz. These Poles were mainly old people and women with children, many were sent to nearby villages, while over 3,400 stayed in

1488-420: The lower divisions of the Polish leagues, and Księżak Łowicz - basketball team. The Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life (1999) via Gale Research cited Lowicz, Poland as known for its rainbow-colored cloth as part of folk art throughout Poland which includes pottery, glass, regional costumes, and paper cutouts. Łowicz is twinned with: Primate (bishop) Primate ( / ˈ p r aɪ m ə t / )

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1536-563: The meetings by their moderators. In both the Church of England and the Church of Ireland , two bishops have the title of primate: the archbishops of Canterbury and York in England and of Armagh and Dublin in Ireland. Only the bishop of the senior primatial see of each of these two churches participates in the meetings. The archbishop of Canterbury, who is considered primus inter pares of all

1584-616: The mid-14th century Lowicz, together with 111 adjacent villages, was the biggest church property in Poland. On May 17, 1359, Siemowit III, Duke of Masovia confirmed the ownership of Lowicz by the Gniezno Primates. Nevertheless, the dukes of Masovia on several occasions tried to place Lowicz under their authority, which resulted in conflicts with Polish kings, who supported the Archbishops. On April 8, 1382, Siemowit IV, Duke of Masovia besieged Łowicz, and such conflicts occasionally returned until

1632-534: The newly established New Town (Nowe Miasto). New Civitas of Lowicz was located east of the old gord, along the Bzura and around the wooden church, which stood in the location of contemporary Cathedral Basilica. In the late Middle Ages Lowicz was the seat of a castellany . Located on the border between the Kingdom of Poland and the Duchy of Masovia , it remained under firm control of the Gniezno Archbishops. In

1680-591: The night of September 16/17, 1939. German occupation of Łowicz lasted until January 17, 1945. Over 5,000 inhabitants were killed during the war. In 1940, during the Nazi Occupation of Poland , German authorities established a Jewish ghetto in Łowicz, in order to confine its Jewish population for the purpose of persecution and exploitation. The ghetto was liquidated in March 1941, when all its 8,000–8,200 inhabitants were transported in cattle trucks to Warsaw Ghetto ,

1728-521: The order, and to exercise a general supervision for the regular observance of monastic discipline. The Primatial powers are only vested in the Abbot Primate to act by virtue of the proper law of its autonomous Benedictine congregation, which at the present is minimal to none. However, certain branches of the Benedictine Order seem to have lost their original autonomy to some extent. In a similar way

1776-701: The participants, convokes the meetings and issues the invitations. Primates and archbishops are styled "The Most Reverend". All other bishops are styled "The Right Reverend", with the exception of the Bishop of Meath and Kildare in the Church of Ireland. Historically, the primatial title in Western Christianity corresponded to the title and office of supra-metropolitan exarch in Eastern Christianity . Such exarchs, or primates, were archbishops of Ephesus (for

1824-526: The request of General Ivan Paskevich , who was the governor of Poland, Tsar Nicholas I of Russia gave permission for construction of the first railroad in the Russian Partition of Poland. The Warsaw–Vienna railway was completed in 1848, giving Łowicz rail connection with Warsaw , Kraków , Vienna and Wrocław . In 1861, Łowicz Główny railway station was built. Due to the construction of additional line to Koluszki (November 1866), Łowicz emerged as

1872-548: The town as of mid-November 1944. From 1975 to 1998, it was administratively located in Skierniewice Voivodeship . Łowicz was visited by Pope John Paul II in 1999. In 2012, due to its historical, artistic, material and spiritual values , the Cathedral Basilica complex was listed by the President of Poland as a Historic Monument of Poland . Łowicz has a football team called Pelikan Łowicz , who languish in

1920-584: The unification, fraternal in its nature, brought no modification to the abbatial dignity, and the various congregations preserved their autonomy intact. The loose structure of the Benedictine Confederation is claimed to have made Pope Leo XIII exclaim that the Benedictines were ordo sine ordine ("an order without order"). The powers of the Abbot Primate are specified, and his position defined, in

1968-620: Was a son to the castellan of Żarnów Klemens Kurowski . In 1385, he received the title of Bachelor of Arts at the Charles University in Prague . For another ten years, he continued his studies there and in 1395 received the title of magister artium . During his stay in Bohemia, he became friends with some of the most prominent Polish politicians of the era to come, among them Paweł Włodkowic and Andrzej Łaskarz . Upon his return to Poland, he

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2016-488: Was established here. On October 24, 1419, Archbishop Mikołaj Trąba confirmed the town charter of Łowicz and unified legal regulations of the three districts of Łowicz: Podgrodzie (Suburb), Stare Miasto (Old Town) and Nowe Miasto (New Town). In 1443, a town hall was built in the market square of the Old Town. Due to its convenient locations, multiple royal privileges and frequent fairs, Łowicz prospered. Administratively it

2064-494: Was granted the title of the Duchess of Lowicz . On July 9, 1822, Tsar Alexander I of Russia formally established the Duchy of Łowicz . In 1826, the town was visited by young Fryderyk Chopin . In 1831, following the last will of Joanna Grudzinska, the Duchy of Lowicz became the property of Polish rulers. Since at that time Russian Tsars regarded themselves as Kings of Poland, the duchy belonged to them until World War I . Following

2112-488: Was issued by Duke Boleslaw I of Płock . Before that, in 1263, Łowicz was ransacked and burned in a Lithuanian raid. In 1350, a Polish- Danish alliance was formed in Łowicz. According to chronicler Jan of Czarnkow , in ca. 1355 Archbishop Jaroslaw of Bogoria and Skotnik built a brick Gothic castle in the location of the former gord. The castle became one of residences of Archbishops of Gniezno and Primates of Poland . Furthermore, in ca. 1358, he granted Magdeburg rights to

2160-632: Was located in the Rawa Voivodeship in the Greater Poland Province . The town remained under the authority of the Archbishops of Gniezno, and as a residency of the Primates of Poland, since 1572 Łowicz occasionally served as a second capital of the Kingdom, during the periods known as interregnum . The period of prosperity ended after the disastrous Swedish invasion of Poland (1655–1660). The town

2208-403: Was ordained a priest. At the same time he started a political career as a clerk in the royal chancellery in Kraków . He quickly advanced through the ranks of both religious and lay hierarchy and in 1395 was ordained a bishop of Poznań. In 1399, thanks to the support of King Władysław II of Poland , he became the royal chancellor and bishop of Wrocław. An active politician, he spent more time in

2256-456: Was sometimes referred to as Primate of Norway, even though it is unlikely that this title ever was officially granted to him by the Holy See. The heads of certain sees have at times been referred to, at least by themselves, as primates: Source In the modern confederation of the Benedictine Order , all the Black Monks of St. Benedict were united under the presidency of an Abbot Primate (Leo XIII, Summum semper , 12 July 1893); but

2304-442: Was visited by Polish kings John II Casimir Vasa and John III Sobieski , as well as Polish national hero Tadeusz Kościuszko . Almost completely destroyed, Łowicz never regained its importance and turned into a small, local town. Nevertheless, it remained a cultural center, as in 1668 one of the first Piarist Colleges in Poland-Lithuania was opened here. One of two main routes connecting Warsaw and Dresden ran through Łowicz in

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