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23-670: The area of the Lower Silesian Forest is predominantly flat, with the biggest point, the hill called Dębniak measuring only 238 meters above sea level. The wilderness is subdivided into several smaller forests, and it is crossed by a number of rivers, including the Kwisa , the Bóbr , and the Szprotawa . Among most important urban centers in this region are Bolesławiec , Węgliniec , Żagań , Żary , Szprotawa , and Pieńsk . The Lower Silesian Forest

46-445: A pope ruled on the matter. Sadly for Vratislaus, his last years were occupied by dynastic quarrelling. When his brother Otto died in 1086, he gave Olomouc to his son Boleslaus, which was seen to be an act against the interests of Conrad. Vratislaus raised an army against Conrad and sent it out under his other son Bretislaus . This son turned on him. Vratislaus, in keeping with Bohemian custom, designated an heir: Conrad. Thus reconciled,

69-566: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Kwisa The Kwisa [ˈkfʲisa] ( German : Queis , Upper Sorbian : Hwizdź , pronounced [ˈhwʲistʃ] ) is a river in south-western Poland , a left tributary of the Bóbr , which itself is a left tributary of the Oder river. It rises in the Jizera Mountains , part of the Western Sudetes range, where it runs along

92-662: Is in Lower Silesian Voivodeship , but it also flows through Lubusz Voivodeship for several kilometres before reaching its mouth. From about 937 the southeastern outskirts of the Saxon Marca Geronis , established in the conquered lands settled by the West Slavic Milceni tribes, reached to the left banks of the Queiß-Kwisa. After the partition of the march in 965, the lands west of the river belonged to

115-586: Is very popular among hunters, as it is rich in such animals as deer, wild pigs, hares, foxes, and wolves. Honey production is cultivated in the forest since the Middle Ages , and the Lower Silesian Forest Heather Honey ( Miód wrzosowy z Borów Dolnośląskich ) is designated a traditional food by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Poland . This Poland location article

138-612: The Archbishopric of Mainz , to counter Otto's authority within his province. Both pope and emperor took a hand in mediating the conflict, which was partially fixed with Henry's appointment of Jaromír as chancellor in 1077. In April 1085, a reichstag convened in Mainz suppressed the Moravian see, but Vratislaus later re-founded see. Jaromír protested in Rome to Pope Urban II , but died in 1090 before

161-610: The Investiture Controversy against the Popes and the rebellions in Saxony that dominated his long reign. These actions would negate the significance of the mitre. Vratislaus was often at odds with his brother Jaromír, Bishop of Prague . Jaromír, for his part, ignored the creation of a new Moravian diocese in Olomouc by Vratislaus in 1063. Jaromir even went so far as to retake, by arms,

184-764: The Imperial Margravate of Meissen , while the adjacent territory to the east was gradually incorporated into the Silesian region recently conquered by of the Early Polish state under the Piast duke Mieszko I until 992. His successor Bolesław I Chrobry further extended the Polish reach of power to the west, campaigning the Milceni lands around Bautzen ( Budissin ), which after several years of German–Polish struggle Emperor Henry II

207-629: The Saint ceded to him according to the 1018 Peace of Bautzen . Nevertheless, the Land Budissin , later called Upper Lusatia , was reconquered by Emperor Conrad II in 1031 and again held by the Meissen margraves until King Henry IV of Germany in 1071 enfeoffed Duke Vratislaus II of Bohemia , his ally in the looming Saxon Rebellion . The Bohemian rule was again confirmed by Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in favour of Duke Vladislaus II in 1158, accompanied by

230-440: The aid of Vratislaus' contingent was the imperial army capable of overcoming the rebels of the papally-approved claimant Rudolf of Rheinfelden , Duke of Swabia . Vratislaus even succeeded in seizing Rudolf's golden lance. The golden lance was then carried in front of Vratislaus on state occasions. Vratislaus would defeat the rebels again at Mailberg in 1082, and it would be in thanks for this victory that Henry granted Vratislaus

253-644: The border with the Czech Republic . At the slope of the Smrk massif it turns northwards, flowing along the towns of Świeradów-Zdrój , Mirsk , Gryfów Śląski , Leśna , where it is dammed at the Lake Leśnia reservoir, to Lubań , Nowogrodziec and Kliczków . It finally joins the Bóbr river approximately 2 kilometres (1.2 mi) north-west of Małomice and 5 km (3.1 mi) south-east of Żagań . For most of its length it

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276-650: The east and Upper Lusatia in the west. Together with the lower Bóbr, the Kwisa was therefore one of the rivers considered as a possible marker of the Polish– German border after World War II during the negotiations at the 1945 Potsdam Conference , that finally led to the establishment of the Oder–Neisse line about 50 km (30 mi) to the west. Vratislaus II of Bohemia Vratislaus II (or Wratislaus II ) ( Czech : Vratislav II. ) (c. 1032 – 14 January 1092),

299-408: The emperor martial aid. It was a Přemyslid tradition that Moravia would be entrusted to the younger brothers of the ruling prince. In Vratislaus' case, his two younger brothers Conrad and Otto inherited Brno and Olomouc and the youngest, Jaromír, entered the church. However, enmity grew between the brothers. It was then that Vratislaus founded the diocese of Olmütz ( diocese of Olomouc ), under

322-449: The largely Slavic marches of Meissen and Lusatia , but, in spite of Henry's promises and Bohemian successes against the rebellious margraves, he never received them. He held Lower Lusatia between 1075 and 1086, but in 1088, with the insurrection of Egbert II of Meissen , Henry granted the region to Henry of Ostmark . Vratislaus was thereafter cool to Henry's military adventures. He never wavered in his loyalty, but he abstained from giving

345-772: The re-establishment of the Bishopric of Olomouc in 1063 and the creation of the Vyšehrad Chapter in 1070. The latter was richly endowed independently of the Prague bishop, subject instead to the Holy See directly. His success in curbing the power of the Prague bishop helped to strengthen the Bohemian crown and enable later rulers to govern a more unified state. His policy towards the Holy Roman Empire set an example that would be followed in

368-523: The rebels on 9 June at the First Battle of Langensalza . The Bohemian troops showed conspicuous bravery. Henry then took Jaromír to Germany to be his chancellor under the name of Gebhard and Vratislaus was greatly relieved. Vratislaus also took part in the wars against the anti-kings who opposed Henry's rule and were elected by a faction of the nobility to replace him. At the Battle of Flarchheim , only through

391-468: The relics removed from Prague and taken to Moravia. Despite the pope's support for Vratislaus' new see, the Bohemian duke was unswayed in his loyalty to the emperor. The Saxons revolted under Duke Magnus of Saxony and Otto of Nordheim , Duke of Bavaria , in 1070 and Boleslaus of Poland attacked Bohemia in 1071. In August 1073, Henry responded with an invasion of Poland, but a new Saxon revolt drew him back in 1075. Vratislaus joined him, and they defeated

414-681: The royal title. Meanwhile, the territory east of the Kwisa had been incorporated into the Polish Duchy of Silesia in 1138, which after the Emperor's 1163 expedition to Poland was held by the Silesian Piast descendants of Duke Władysław II the Exile . From that time on the river marked the border between the historical regions of Lower Silesia —i.e. the Duchy of Legnica from 1248, the Duchy of Jawor from 1274—in

437-500: The son of Bretislaus I and Judith of Schweinfurt , was the first King of Bohemia as of 15 June 1085, his royal title granted as a lifetime honorific from Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV that did not establish a hereditary monarchy. Before his elevation to the royal dignity, Vratislaus had ruled Bohemia as duke since 1061. On his father's death in 1055, Vratislaus became duke of Olomouc , whereas his older brother became Duke of Bohemia as Spytihněv II. He fell out with his brother and

460-643: The title of king in 1085. Vratislaus requested permission to utilize Slavonic liturgy to the Roman Curia in 1080; the request was denied. This petition may have been made in an effort to save a "Slavonic" Benedictine monastery still in operation that was founded in Sazava, close to Prague, in 1032. Vratislaus raised an army to serve in Henry's Italian campaign of 1081. In 1083, Vratislaus and his Bohemians were with Henry when they entered Rome itself. Vratislaus coveted

483-640: The twelfth century and would ultimately lead to the permanent elevation of Bohemia to the status of a kingdom at the beginning of the thirteenth century. The marriage alliances he was able to conclude with notable foreign princesses reflected the rising position of the Přemyslids among European dynasties. In contrast, Vratislaus's father Bretislaus in 1019 had to abduct his wife, the minor noblewoman Judith of Schweinfurt , to secure any suitable consort at all. His successor continued to cultivate dynastic bonds with notable courts in central and eastern Europe. Vratislaus

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506-501: The two attacked Bretislaus, who fled to Hungary. Vratislaus died of a hunting wound on 14 January 1092 after a reign of thirty years. He was buried in St. Peter and Paul's Church, Vyšehrad . Vratislaus frequently found himself in conflict with Bishop Jaromír of Prague and sought means to diminish the importance of the Bishop of Prague in domestic Bohemian politics. Among the actions he took were

529-399: Was exiled to Hungary . Vratislaus regained the ducal throne of Olomouc with Hungarian assistance and eventually reconciled with his brother, then succeeded him as duke of Bohemia when he died in 1061. Both Pope Alexander II and Pope Gregory VII confirmed Vratislaus in the privilege of wearing the mitre and tunic which his predecessors had. Despite this, Vratislaus supported Henry in both

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