65-589: Loughton Brook is a stream located in Loughton , Essex, United Kingdom . It runs for 4.18 Km from just north of Epping New Road, near Wake Valley Ponds, to the River Roding 200 metres south of South Loughton Cricket Club. In the past, Loughton Brook has flooded on several occasions, especially around the Loughton High Road/The Drive and Valley Hill/Roding Road junctions. As a result, a flood control dam
130-401: A better poet, but a better lover. Denny on the other hand provides a very negative critique of Wroth's work; he accused her of slander in a satiric poem, calling her a "hermaphrodite" and a "monster". While Wroth returned fire in a poem of her own, the notoriety of the episode may have contributed to her low profile in the last decades of her life. There was also a second half of Urania , which
195-496: A child at Goldings Hill Farm. Arthur Morrison (1863–1945), best known for his grim novels about London's East End, lived in Salcombe House, Loughton High Road. Constance E. H. Inskip (1905–1945) an Evening News journalist who also wrote three novels amongst other translation work, lived in the town until her death at the birth of her daughter. Both were buried at nearby High Beach. Hesba Stretton (1832–1911)
260-592: A copy of Xenophon 's Cyropaedia which she found at a rare book fair as Wroth's based on a cryptic monogram cipher on its cover. The letters of the cipher spell the names "Pamphilia" and "Amphilanthus," autobiographical personae for Wroth and Herbert themselves. To date, the Cyropaedia is the only surviving book from Wroth's library except for manuscripts of her own works. The discovery sparked public interest in Wroth's use of ciphers and her previously little-known status as
325-640: A four-year term. Loughton has been part of the Epping Forest parliamentary constituency since its creation in 1974. Between 1839 and 31 March 2000, policing and crime prevention was provided by the Metropolitan Police . From 1 April 2000, responsibilities were transferred to the Essex Police following the creation of the Greater London Authority . Loughton has a fire station operated by
390-630: A headquarters building next to the Town Council offices in Rectory Lane. In 2002, Loughton featured in the ITV1 programme Essex Wives , a documentary series about the lives of some of the nouveau riche who have resided in the Essex satellite towns of London since the 1980s. The series propelled Jodie Marsh , one of its featured characters, to fame. Journalists' use of the term "golden triangle" to describe
455-694: A house called 'Sunnybank', demolished in 1888 and replaced by No. 9 Woodbury Hill. Loughton boasts a few rock and pop music connections; Mark Knopfler of Dire Straits was a lecturer at Loughton College (now Epping Forest College ). The Wake Arms public house (now demolished), which was about 50 yards (46 m) north of the Loughton boundary in Waltham Abbey on a roundabout, was a rock music venue from 1968 to 1973, hosting bands such as Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Genesis, Pretty Things , Status Quo , Uriah Heep , and Van der Graaf Generator . Ray Dorset ,
520-427: A house in Loughton, and there compiled his massive Encyclopaedic dictionary . William Wymark Jacobs (1863–1943) lived at The Outlook, Upper Park Road before moving to Feltham House, Goldings Road. Best known as the author of the short story The Monkey's Paw . Jacobs also wrote sardonic short stories based in 'Claybury', a thinly veiled fictionalisation of Loughton. Rudyard Kipling (1865–1936) stayed as
585-557: A private operator on behalf of the Epping Forest District Council, includes a swimming pool complex and fitness facilities. Other large commercial sports and leisure facilities are also to be found in the area. Lady Mary Wroth Lady Mary Wroth (née Sidney ; 18 October 1587 – 1651/3) was an English noblewoman and a poet of the English Renaissance . A member of a distinguished literary family, Lady Wroth
650-399: A resident ladies' band during the 1930s. Loughton also has its own music academy the 'Loughton Music Academy' founded in 2001. Performances are with full orchestral participation. Loughton Folk Club was founded on 28 October 2010 and held its first Loughton Folk Day on 9 April 2011. The Club meets weekly at 8pm at Loughton Club, Station Road, Loughton. In the 1930s, Loughton was home to
715-463: A young woman, Lady Mary belonged to Queen Anne ’s intimate circle of friends and actively participated in masques and entertainments. On 27 September 1604, King James I married Mary to Sir Robert Wroth of Loughton Hall. The marriage was not happy; there were issues between the two beginning with difficulties over her father’s payment of her dowry. In a letter written to his wife, Sir Robert Sidney described different meetings with Robert Wroth, who
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#1732880891814780-593: Is a suburban town and civil parish in the Epping Forest District of Essex , within the metropolitan and urban area of London , England, 12 miles (19 km) north-east of Charing Cross . The town borders Waltham Abbey , Theydon Bois , Chigwell , Chingford , and Buckhurst Hill . The parish of Loughton covers part of Epping Forest . It is the most populous in the Epping Forest district, and second most populous in Essex (after Canvey Island ). At
845-605: Is also an Epping Forest District Museum store in the town, but this is not open to the public. A number of Loughton buildings, including the Masonic Hall, Lopping Hall, Mortuary Chapel and several churches, were opened for Heritage Open Days in September 2007, the first time this had been done. A number of sports personalities live in the town, including cricketers James Foster and Ryan ten Doeschate , and footballer Harry Kane . Loughton Leisure Centre at Traps Hill, managed by
910-464: Is the reason he gained the position of the King's Lord Chamberlain in 1615. In Urania , Wroth repeatedly returns to references to a powerful and jealous Queen who exiles her weaker rival from the court in order to obtain her lover, causing many critics to believe this referenced tension between Queen Anne and Wroth over the love of Herbert. The publication of the book in 1621 was a succès de scandale , as it
975-420: The 2021 census , it had a population of 33,353. Loughton has three conservation areas and there are 56 listed buildings in the town, together with a further fifty that are locally listed. The earliest structure in Loughton is Loughton Camp , an Iron Age earth fort in Epping Forest dating from around 500 BC. Hidden by dense undergrowth for centuries, it was rediscovered in 1872. The first references to
1040-741: The Eastern Counties Railway (later the Great Eastern Railway ) opened a branch line via Woodford . In 1948 the line was electrified and transferred to London Transport to become part of the Central line on the London Underground . Loughton was a fashionable place for artistic and scientific residents in Victorian and Edwardian times, and a number of prominent residents were renowned socialists, nonconformists, and social reformers. In
1105-682: The Essex County Fire and Rescue Service . Loughton is home to the East 15 Acting School . East 15 grew from the work of Joan Littlewood 's famed Theatre Workshop . Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop was based in Stratford , London, whose postal district is E15. The School, which became part of the University of Essex in 2000, includes the Corbett Theatre in its campus. Regular productions are staged at
1170-545: The First World War and constructed a hut and swimming pool there. After the Chingford Urban District council bought the land in 1930 and demolished his structures, he re-erected the hut in the grounds of The Warren in Loughton in 1931. The hut remains there, but in a state of disrepair. Loughton is home to two national archives: Funding was pledged in 2006 to help establish a Street Museum in Loughton. There
1235-515: The Norman conquest , the town is also mentioned in the Domesday Book of 1086, with the name Lochintuna . The settlement remained a small village until the early 17th century when the high road was extended north through the forest. The road quickly became the main route from London to Cambridge and East Anglia , and Loughton grew into an important stop with coaching inns . The most significant of
1300-495: The entail . There is no evidence to suggest that Wroth was unfaithful to her husband, but after his death she entered a relationship with her cousin William Herbert, 3rd Earl of Pembroke . Mary and William shared interests in arts and literature and had been childhood friends. They had at least two illegitimate children, a daughter Catherine and son William. In "Herbertorum Prosapia", a seventeenth-century manuscript compilation of
1365-589: The 1890s. From 1908 to 1936, William Brown Macdougall , artist, and his wife, the author and translator, Margaret Armour , lived in Loughton. Juggler Mark Robertson (1963–1992) lived at 'The Avenue' and appeared at the London Palladium and on television. Early cinematic shows took place in the Lopping Hall. A purpose-built Loughton Cinema was opened by actress Evelyn Laye on 9 October 1928; designed by local architect Theodore Legg, it could seat 847. This
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#17328808918141430-678: The Loughton Choral Society in Lopping Hall under the conductorship of Henry Riding. Today, performances are mainly at two venues: Loughton Methodist Church hosts the annual Loughton Youth Music Festival, which showcases talented pupils from local schools and colleges. St. John's Church festival choir undertakes extensive overseas tours, and in turn hosts well-known soloists, chamber and operatic groups. The music hall artiste José Collins (1887–1958) lived at 107 High Road. The hymn writer Sarah Flower Adams (1805–1848) lived with her husband William Bridges Adams (1797–1872) at
1495-783: The Pollards Operas, outdoor operatic performances in the garden of a large house. These were directed by Iris Lemare (1902–1997) and produced by Geoffrey Dunn (1903–1981), a prominent impresario, actor and cinematographer, and included several first British performances of operas. Loughton Operatic Society, founded in 1894, is one of the oldest arts organisations in Essex, and still stages regular musicals and operas at Lopping Hall. Epping Forest District Council's Arts Unit, Epping Forest Arts, stages occasional dance-based performance works in Loughton, with community and schools participation. Harlow Ballet, which stages full-scale amateur ballet productions at Harlow Playhouse, also recruits in
1560-531: The Roding river valley to the east. After the Epping Forest Act of 1878 prohibited any further expansion of the town into the forest, the forest and the river have formed two natural barriers constraining any expansion westwards or eastwards, and consequently most of the growth in the last 100 years has been through infilling and construction of new housing estates to the north and south of the old town centre, plus
1625-699: The Whitehall Banqueting House in The Masque of Blackness , which was designed by Ben Jonson and Inigo Jones . Mary Wroth joined the Queen and her friends in the production; all of whom painted their skin black to portray Ethiopian nymphs who called themselves the 'twelve daughters of Niger'. The masque was very successful and was the first in a long series of similar court entertainments. The ‘twelve daughters of Niger’ also appeared in The Masque of Beauty in 1608, also designed by Jonson and Jones. However, despite
1690-688: The area. The sculptor and painter Sir Jacob Epstein (1880–1959) lived at 'Deerhurst' between 1933 and 1950, after having rented no. 49 Baldwins Hill; he produced some of works there. Sculptor Elsa Fraenkel lived at Elm Lodge, Church Lane, after World War II. Artist John Strevens (1902–1990) lived at 8 Lower Park Road from 1963 until his death. Walter Spradbury (1889–1969), best known for his iconic interwar London Transport posters, lived nearby in Buckhurst Hill . William Lakin Turner lived and painted at Clovelly, York Hill, Loughton, in
1755-682: The brook is unlikely to flood as it did previously due to the construction of the dam at Staples Road. The brook is dammed at three places along its route; at Wake Valley Ponds (next to Epping New Road), at Baldwin's pond, and just north of Staples Road (for flood prevention). A bridge over Loughton Brook was the scene of the Black Knight sequence in the 1975 film Monty Python and the Holy Grail . Loughton 51°38′58″N 0°04′25″E / 51.6494°N 0.0735°E / 51.6494; 0.0735 Loughton ( / ˈ l aʊ t ən / )
1820-473: The building types incorporated during their development: At the 2021 census , Loughton had a population of 33,353, an increase from 31,106 in 2011. The 2021 census showed that 73.5% of the town's population identified as White British . In 2016, Loughton was assessed by the Policy Exchange as the third best ethnically integrated town in the country. Loughton Urban District Council, established in 1900
1885-523: The contract to print the banknotes. The headquarters of greeting card company Clinton Cards and construction firm Higgins Group are also located within the Debden Industrial Estate. In 2008, electronics firm Amshold announced their intention to move the group's headquarters to Loughton from Brentwood . They moved to a site in Langston Road; in 2012, their property company Amsprop converted
1950-463: The forest to the north and west of the village were nevertheless possible. Loughton landlords and villagers both exploited the forest waste (open spaces and scrub of the forest), but the trickle of forest destruction threatened to turn into a flood in the 19th century after royalty had lost interest in protecting the woodland as a hunting reserve. The arrival of the railway spurred on the town's development. The railway first came to Loughton in 1856 when
2015-420: The great houses of this period, built as country retreats for wealthy City merchants and courtiers, was Loughton Hall , owned by Mary Tudor two months before she became Queen Mary of England in 1553, and later by the Wroth family from 1578 to 1738. Sir Robert Wroth ( c. 1576 – 1614) and his wife Lady Mary Wroth (1587 – c. 1652 ) entertained many of the great literary figures of
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2080-509: The guise of fiction. However, her period of notoriety was brief after the scandal aroused by these allusions in her romance; Urania was withdrawn from sale by December 1621. Two of the few authors to acknowledge this work were Ben Jonson and Edward Denny . Jonson, a friend and colleague of Mary Wroth praised both Wroth and her works in "Sonnet to the noble Lady, the Lady Mary Wroth." Jonson claims that copying Wroth's works he not only became
2145-433: The hilly area of north-west Loughton close to Epping Forest, takes its name from her description in the novel The Face of Trespass . Much of her 2014 novel The Girl Next Door is set in the Loughton of 1944 and 2013. There is a blue plaque on one of her former homes, 45 Millsmead Way. Poets associated with Loughton include Sarah Flower Adams (1805–1848), and Sarah Catherine Martin (c. 1766–1826), author of
2210-585: The history of the Herbert family (held at the Cardiff Library), Sir Thomas Herbert – a cousin of the Earl of Pembroke – recorded William Herbert's paternity of Wroth's two children. Mary Wroth's alleged relationship with William Herbert and her children born from that union are referenced in her work, The Countess of Montgomery’s Urania . It is also claimed that William Herbert was a favourite of Queen Anne and that she
2275-563: The home of Mary Sidney, Baynard's Castle in London, and at Penshurst Place. Penshurst Place was one of the great country houses in the Elizabethan and Jacobean period. It was a centre of literary and cultural activity and its gracious hospitality is praised in Ben Jonson 's famous poem To Penshurst . During a time when most women were illiterate, Wroth had the privilege of a formal education, which
2340-521: The hymnodist and poet, Emily Chisholm (1910–1991), who lived in Loughton at 3 Lower Park Rd. Ruth Rendell , Baroness Rendell of Babergh (1930–2015), who lived in Shelley Grove, Loughton, was educated at Loughton County High School for Girls and subsequently worked as a journalist in Loughton at the West Essex Gazette. Some of her fiction is set in Epping Forest, and 'Little Cornwall',
2405-431: The junction of Traps Hill, Borders Lane, Alderton Hill and Spareleaze Hill, and another on Spring Grove and Hillcrest Road. In the valley between these two hills flows Loughton Brook, which rises in Epping Forest near Waltham Abbey and flows through the forest and Baldwins and Staples Ponds before traversing the town and emptying into the Roding. There are several distinctive neighbourhoods in Loughton mostly identifiable by
2470-553: The lead singer of Mungo Jerry , had his first taste of fame when his band 'The Tramps' won the Loughton Beat Contest in 1964. Roding Players is an amateur orchestra which rehearses at Roding Valley High School and gives three concerts a year in the Epping Forest area; composer Miles Harwood is Musical Director. Epping Forest Brass Band, founded in 1935, also has regular concerts in the Epping Forest area, and competes in national competitions and exhibitions. Loughton Cinema had
2535-469: The management of the forest was taken over by the corporation in 1878. Lopping Hall served as Loughton's town hall and was the venue for most of the parish's social – and especially musical - activities during the early 20th century. There are ambitious plans by the Trustees for the building's restoration. Loughton's classical music scene dates back to the late 19th century, when there were regular concerts by
2600-490: The newly constructed Buckingham Court in Rectory Lane. In 2017, the council moved to the newly redesignated Loughton Library and Town Hall in the town centre. At district council level, Loughton is represented by two councillors from each of the 7 wards, elected for a four-year term. At county council level, Loughton is split between three divisions, Buckhurst Hill & Loughton South, Chigwell & Loughton Broadway, and Loughton Central, each returning one councillor elected for
2665-622: The north-east is a post-war development being one of the London County Council's country estates, built with the express purpose of co-locating industrial, retail and residential properties to facilitate supported re-location of London families affected by war damage within the capital. Located within Debden's industrial estate is the former printing works of the Bank of England ; in 1993 the printing works were taken over by De La Rue on their winning
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2730-581: The nursery rhyme "Old Mother Hubbard", who is buried in the churchyard of St. Nicholas Church, Loughton. William Sotheby (1757–1833), poet and classicist, lived at Fairmead, Loughton. Alfred, Lord Tennyson (1809–1892) lived at Beech Hill House, High Beach 1837–1840 where he wrote parts of his magnum opus " In Memoriam ". John Clare (1793–1864) lived at a private asylum at High Beach 1837–1841. The First World War poet Edward Thomas (1878–1917) also lived at High Beach 1915–1917. The poet George Barker (1913–1991)
2795-486: The purpose-built suburb of Debden to the north-east. The Roding valley is somewhat marshy and the river is prone to flooding, so construction close to the river is very limited and the majority of the land around it has been designated as a nature reserve or left as open space parkland. The M11 motorway that follows the course of the Roding along this section of its length is built on raised banks or flyovers , to avoid potential problems with flooding. The highest parts of
2860-588: The site of modern-day Loughton date from the Anglo-Saxon period when it was known as Lukintune ("the farm of Luhha"). The earliest written evidence of this settlement is in the charter of Edward the Confessor in 1062 which granted various estates, including Tippedene (Debden) and Alwartune (Alderton Hall, in Loughton), to Harold Godwinson (later King Harold II) following his re-founding of Waltham Abbey . Following
2925-399: The success there were some less than favourable reviews, some referring to the women's portrayal of the daughters of Niger as ugly and unconvincing. In February 1614 Mary gave birth to a son James: a month after this her husband Robert Wroth died of gangrene leaving Mary deeply in debt. Two years later Wroth's son died causing Mary to lose the Wroth estate to John Wroth, the next male heir to
2990-461: The theatre, which was named after Harry H. Corbett (1925–1982), himself a Theatre Workshop member and benefactor of East 15. The theatre building is actually a converted medieval flint barn from Ditchling , Sussex which was dismantled and rebuilt in Loughton. The character actor Jack Watling (1923–2001) lived in Alderton Hall, Loughton. His son, Giles (born 1953), also an actor,
3055-420: The time, including Ben Jonson , at the house. It was rebuilt in 1878 by Revd. J. W. Maitland, whose family held the manor for much of the 19th century. It is now a Veecare Homes care home and is a grade II listed building. Loughton's growth since Domesday has largely been at the expense of the forest. Expansion towards the River Roding was arrested owing to the often flooding marshy meadows, encroachments into
3120-530: The town are the roads that border the forest's edge; from the green outside the Gardeners Arms pub near the junction of York Hill, Pump Hill and Baldwins Hill there are views of London, south-west Essex, Kent and Surrey. From here, on a clear day, there is a panoramic view of London landmarks and the North Downs beyond. There are numerous other fine views from different parts of the town, including one roughly at
3185-454: The towns of Loughton, Buckhurst Hill and Chigwell for their propensity to attract wealthy footballers, soap-opera actors and TV celebrities as residents derives from this. The town has been used as a backdrop in other television series, notably The Only Way is Essex , and two shops in the High Road are associated with members of its cast. Loughton is bounded by Epping Forest to the west and
3250-487: Was a children's author who lived in Loughton. Hesba Stretton was the pen name of Sarah Smith; her novels about the street children of Victorian London raised awareness of their plight. Horace Newte lived at Alderton Hall and the Chestnuts: he was a prolific novelist. Another children's writer, Winifred Darch (1884–1960), taught at Loughton County High School for Girls 1906–1935 (now Roding Valley High School), as did
3315-404: Was among the first female English writers to have achieved an enduring reputation. Mary Wroth was niece to Mary Herbert née Sidney (Countess of Pembroke and one of the most distinguished women writers and patrons of the 16th century), and to Sir Philip Sidney , a famous Elizabethan poet-courtier. Because her father, Robert Sidney , was governor of Flushing, Wroth spent much of her childhood at
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#17328808918143380-410: Was an author in her own right, and her book Urania is generally regarded as the first full-length English novel by a woman. Anthony Trollope (1815–1882) who lived for some time at nearby Waltham Cross , set part of his novel Phineas Finn (1869), which parodies corrupt electoral procedures, in a fictitious Loughton. Robert Hunter , lexicographer and encyclopaedist (1823–1897) built
3445-401: Was based at Lopping Hall. The area became part of Chigwell Urban District in 1933 and remained as such until 1974, when Epping Forest District Council was created. Loughton Town Council was established in 1996. The Town Council consists of 22 councillors representing 7 wards, elected for a four-year term. The Town Council started off in temporary accommodation, but in 2000 moved to offices on
3510-655: Was born at 116 Forest Road, Loughton. Geoffrey Ainger (1925–2013), who wrote the Christmas carols "Born in the Night", "Mary's Child", "Do Shepherds Stand" and several other hymns, was Methodist minister of Loughton 1958–63. Ralph Russell , foremost Western scholar of Urdu language and literature, lived in Queens Road as a child and attended Staples Road School. T. E. Lawrence bought land at Pole Hill in Chingford after
3575-507: Was born in Loughton. Amateur drama is performed mainly at Lopping Hall. Performances are from Loughton Amateur Dramatic Society, founded in 1924, which until 2006 alternated with those from the now-defunct West Essex Repertory Company, founded in 1945. Lopping Hall opened in 1884 and was paid for by the Corporation of London to compensate villagers for the loss of traditional rights to lop wood in Epping Forest, rights which were bought out when
3640-548: Was born there. Actor and playwright Ken Campbell (1941–2008), nicknamed 'The Elf of Epping Forest', lived in Baldwins Hill, Loughton, where a blue plaque to him was erected in 2013. Comedy-drama actor Alan Davies (born 1966) grew up in Loughton, and attended Staples Road school. Actress Jane Carr (born 1950), best known for her role as "Louise Mercer" in the American version of the sitcom Dear John from 1988 to 1992,
3705-431: Was constructed just north of Staples Road, and most of the section through Loughton runs underground. Despite this, Loughton Brook still poses a significant flood risk, with several areas (Roding Valley High School, the High Road outside Morrison's and the area around Avondale Road and Malvern Gardens) having flooded previously, and are in flood zone 3, indicating a 1 in a 100 chance of flooding in any given year. However,
3770-425: Was headmaster of Staples Road Junior School, Loughton 1908–1913. Charles Ashton (1884 – c. 1968 ), film actor from the silent movie era, lived at 20 Carroll Hill, Loughton, from 1917–34. Several films have been set in the Loughton area, including the 2001 TV movie Hot Money , based on real events at Loughton's Bank of England printing works. Shakespeare's Midsummer Night's Dream
3835-408: Was later abandoned by William Herbert. There is little known about Wroth's later years but it is known that she continued to face major financial difficulties for the remainder of her life. Wroth died in either 1651 or 1653. Mary is commemorated in Loughton by the naming of a footpath adjacent to Loughton Hall as Lady Mary's Path. In 2019, Harvard literary historian Vanessa Braganza identified
3900-475: Was later reduced to 700. In July 2010 Loughton Town Council organised a screening of An Education , the first film screening in Loughton since the closure of the cinema, and its success prompted the formation of the Loughton Film Society in September 2010 to redress the lack of a local cinema. George Pearson (1875–1973), a director and film-writer in the early years of British cinematography,
3965-468: Was obtained from household tutors under the guidance of her mother. With her family connections, a career at court was all but inevitable. Wroth danced before Queen Elizabeth on a visit to Penshurst and again in court in 1602. At this time a likeness of her as a girl in a group portrait of Lady Sidney and her children was painted by Marcus Gheeraerts the Younger in 1596, and is now on display at Penshurst. As
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#17328808918144030-576: Was often distressed by the behaviour of Mary shortly after their marriage. Robert Wroth appeared to have been a gambler, philanderer and a drunkard. More evidence of the unhappy union comes from poet and friend Ben Jonson, who noted that ‘my Lady Wroth is unworthily married on a Jealous husband’. Various letters from Lady Mary to Queen Anne also refer to the financial losses her husband had sustained during their time together. During her marriage, Mary became known for her literary endeavours and also for her performances in several masques. In 1605 she danced at
4095-634: Was perhaps written for the marriage of Sir Thomas Heneage , Vice-Chamberlain of the Royal Household to the Countess of Southampton, who lived near Loughton at Copped Hall . Lady Mary Wroth (1586–1652), niece of poet Sir Philip Sidney , lived at Loughton Hall with her husband Sir Robert Wroth, and they turned the mansion into a centre of Jacobean literary life. Ben Jonson was a frequent visitor, and dedicated his play The Alchemist to Mary and poetry collection The Forest to Sir Robert. Lady Mary
4160-520: Was published for the first time in 1999, the original manuscript of which now resides in the Newberry Library in Chicago. According to Shelia T. Cavanaugh, the second portion of the work was never prepared by Wroth for actual publication and the narrative contains many inconsistencies and is somewhat difficult to read. After the publication issues surrounding Urania , Wroth left King James's court and
4225-419: Was widely (and with some justification) viewed as a roman à clef . The diffuse plot is organized around relations between Pamphilia and her wandering lover, Amphilanthus, and most critics consider it to contain significant autobiographical elements. Although Wroth claimed that she never had any intention of publishing the book, she was heavily criticized by powerful noblemen for depicting their private lives under
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