66-522: Loughborough Road is in Brixton , in the south London Borough of Lambeth . Running between Brixton Road and Loughborough Junction , it has always been mainly residential, but in the past two centuries has included many shops and taverns. Loughborough Road was named after the seventeenth century manor house owner, Henry Hastings, first Baron Loughborough . It is a street of two halves. The north end between Brixton Road and Akerman Road, remains largely as it
132-415: A 20-storey tower block providing office space were unveiled by Taylor McWilliams - a Texan property developer whose company Hondo Enterprises had bought Brixton Market in 2018. This plan drew a large opposition from the local community and campaign groups, already concerned with the threat of eviction of a popular local supermarket. Despite a petition and overwhelming opposition, council planners approved
198-481: A campaign poster leading up to the 1992 election "What does the Conservative Party offer a working class kid from Brixton? They made him Prime Minister." The 1995 riots were sparked by the death of a black man, Wayne Douglas, in police custody and occurred in an atmosphere of discontent about the gentrification of Brixton. In April 1999, Brixton Market was the site of the first of three attacks known as
264-523: A design motif inspired by Coldharbour Lane 's Southwyck House (or "Barrier Block"). In 2015, to celebrate the Brixton pound's fifth anniversary, the Turner Prize -winning artist Jeremy Deller was commissioned to design a limited-edition B£5 note. It was described as "psychedelic and political", with the front featuring bright colors and the back with a quotation from Karl Marx ’s Das Kapital ("Capital
330-457: A major shopping centre. The first purpose-built department store , Bon Marché (Brixton) , was opened on Brixton Road in 1877 and Electric Avenue was one of the first shopping arcades to have electric lighting. The now famous Brixton Market began in Atlantic Road and was moved to Station Road in the 1920s to ease traffic congestion. In 1881 the population of Brixton was 62,837, now home to
396-543: A number of murders around the estate. The Loughborough Estate is home to more than 3,000 families and a mix of 1940s low-rise buildings and 1960s/1970s tower blocks and houses. Problems of urban decay have been reported around Loughborough Junction , the catchment area for Loughborough Estate, the Angell Town Estate and the Moorlands Estate. Brixton still features some grand Victorian housing . Brixton Market
462-481: A number of popular record shops. Desmond's Hip City on Atlantic Road existed from the 1970s until its closure in 1989. A record by the band Skydiggers ; Desmond's Hip City is named after the shop. In 2018, filmmaker Molly Dineen made a film about the owner of Blacker Dread Muzik Store called Being Blacker . Brixton's current record shops include Supertone Records (opened in 1983) selling soundsystem reggae and Container Records which sells dance music. Brixton
528-495: A predominantly African-Caribbean community . The Metropolitan Police began Operation Swamp 81 at the beginning of April, aimed at reducing street crime , largely through the repeated use of the so-called sus law , which allowed police officers to stop and search any individual on the grounds of mere "suspicion" of possible wrongdoing. Plain clothes police officers were dispatched into Brixton, and within five days almost 1,000 people were stopped and searched under this law. There
594-547: A process of suburban development. The largest single development, and one of the last in suburban character, was Angell Town, laid out in the 1850s on the east side of Brixton Road , and so named after a family that owned land in Lambeth from the late 17th century until well into the 20th. As bridges were built across the Thames in the early 19th century those working in the City of London and
660-484: A quarter of the parish of Lambeth. A prominent building on Brixton High Street (at 472–488 Brixton Road) is Morleys, an independent department store established in the 1880s. In 1888, Electric Avenue was so named after it became the first street in London to be lit by electricity . In this time, large expensive houses were constructed along the main roads in Brixton, which were converted into flats and boarding houses at
726-647: A severe housing crisis, which in turn led to urban decay . This was followed by slum clearances and the building of council housing . In the 1940s and 1950s, many immigrants, particularly from the West Indies and Ireland, settled in Brixton. The first wave of immigrants (492 individuals) who formed the British African-Caribbean community arrived in 1948 at Tilbury Docks on the HMT Empire Windrush from Jamaica and were temporarily housed in
SECTION 10
#1733085427786792-428: A significant clubbing and live music scene. Large venues include Brixton Academy and Electric Brixton . A range of smaller venues such as The Windmill , Jamm, and Phonox are a major part of London's live music scene. The Brixton Splash is an annual one-day street party held since 2006. The event is community run, showcasing local talent and celebrating the cultural diversity and history of Brixton. Brixton has had
858-635: Is Berry House, later called Silwood Hall, and now forming the front part of St Martin-In-The-Fields High School for Girls , a Church of England secondary school which has outlasted the nearby 1950s schools. The redevelopment of Tulse Hill after World War II by the London County Council had included the construction of two large secondary schools - Tulse Hill School and Dick Sheppard School (originally for girls only). Both schools have now closed, and their sites have been redeveloped for housing of very contrasting types. The Dick Sheppard School site
924-510: Is a district in the London Borough of Lambeth in South London that sits on Brockwell Park . It is approximately five miles from Charing Cross and is bordered by Brixton , Dulwich , Herne Hill , Streatham and West Norwood . The area known as Tulse Hill is part of the former Manor or Manors of Bodley, Upgroves and Scarlettes whose precise boundaries are now uncertain. The name of
990-554: Is a major road junction between the A204 ( Tulse Hill ), A205 ( South Circular ) and the A215 ( Norwood Road ) where the historic Tulse Hill Hotel stands. The "Tulse Hill Parliament", a political club, features in P. G. Wodehouse 's comic novel Psmith in the City . The author attended Dulwich College , which is in the vicinity. Noel Streatfeild 's novel " Tennis Shoes " (1937) is written about
1056-469: Is also home to a 1970s purpose-built skatepark , named Stockwell Skatepark , its own Dominoes team, the Brixton Immortals started by the community's Windrush Generation and bicycle co-operative Brixton Cycles . Brixton is served by two local news blogs - Brixton Blog running since 2010 which also prints a monthly newspaper, and Brixton Buzz formed in 2011 Tulse Hill Tulse Hill
1122-483: Is bordered by Stockwell , Clapham , Streatham , Camberwell , Tulse Hill , Balham and Herne Hill . The district houses the main offices of Lambeth London Borough Council . Brixton is 2.7 mi (4.3 km) south-southeast from the geographical centre of London (measuring to a point near Brixton Underground station on the Victoria line ). The name Brixton is thought to originate from Brixistane , meaning
1188-561: Is gentrifying the area in a similar way to that in nearby Clapham . Pop Brixton exemplifies the ongoing discussion about regeneration. Originally created as a community project , opinion is divided over whether Pop fulfils its intentions of being part of the local community, with some arguing that Pop is seen as just another tourist and retail attraction, and that the council did not meaningfully engage with Brixton residents. Others have welcomed its arrival for its entrepreneurial approach and benefiting start-ups , and that it brings people into
1254-788: Is money, capital is commodities...By virtue of it being value, it has acquired the occult ability to add value to itself. It brings forth living offspring, or, at the least, lays golden eggs.") Other towns and cities in the UK that have used their own currency include the city of Bristol , Totnes in Devon, Stroud in Gloucestershire and Lewes in Sussex. Brixton is home to several particularly large housing estates : Stockwell Park Estate off Stockwell and Brixton Roads respectively; Myatt's Fields South and North off Vassall Road; Angell Town off Brixton Road on
1320-465: Is open every day, selling a range of African-Caribbean products and reflects other communities in the local area with Indian and Vietnamese supermarkets and South American butchers amongst the shops and stalls. . London Farmers' Markets opened a farmers market on Brixton Station Road in September 2009. It is open every Sunday from 9.30am to 2pm. After the riots in 1981 a series of murals were funded by
1386-491: Is the main shopping area, fusing into Brixton Market . On the western boundary of Brixton with Clapham stands the Sunlight Laundry, an Art Deco factory building. Designed by architect F.E. Simpkins and erected in 1937, this is one of the few Art Deco buildings that is still owned by the firm that commissioned it and is still used for its original purpose. The Brixton area was bombed during World War II , contributing to
SECTION 20
#17330854277861452-451: The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and the creation of an independent Police Complaints Authority in 1985. The 1999 Macpherson Report, an investigation into the murder of Stephen Lawrence , found that recommendations of the 1981 Scarman report had been ignored and concluded that the police force was " institutionally racist ". John Major 's childhood roots in the area were used in
1518-654: The London Borough of Lambeth , England. The area is identified in the London Plan as one of 35 major centres in Greater London . Brixton experienced a rapid rise in population during the 19th century as communications with central London improved. Brixton is mainly residential, though includes Brixton Market and a substantial retail sector. It is a multi-ethnic community, with a large percentage of its population of Afro-Caribbean descent. It lies within Inner London and
1584-681: The London nail bombings . The other two, which followed within a fortnight, were in Brick Lane , the heart of East London's Bangladeshi community, and the Admiral Duncan pub in Soho , frequented predominantly by the gay community. In the Brixton attack, 48 people were injured. The bomber was caught after the third attack; the BBC reported that he intended to ignite a race war across Britain with his bombing campaign. He
1650-513: The RIBA Library shows a proposed speculative development of both the Edwards estate and the adjacent Blades estate with large detached villas, although only the former actually came to fruition. The new roads were adopted by the parish in 1822. An 1832 map shows that Tulse Hill still had only a few buildings on the new roads in contrast to nearby recently developed areas in Brixton and Norwood and
1716-627: The Royal African Company , a slave-trading concern in the seventeenth century. The area is served by London Buses routes 2 , 68 , 196, 201, 322, 415, 432, 468 and P13. Tulse Hill railway station ( Zone 3 ) is served by the Southern Metro via Peckham Rye line (to London Bridge ) and the Thameslink Wimbledon loop (to St Albans via Blackfriars , City Thameslink , Farringdon , and St Pancras ). The railway bridge over
1782-670: The West End moved to south London. The first development was in Washway, now Brixton Road. With the enclosing of the Manor of Lambeth, owned by the Archbishop of Canterbury , in 1806 and the opening of Vauxhall Bridge in 1816, terraced houses and detached villas started to line the main roads. The Rush Common enclosure stipulations dictated that houses had to be set back from the main roads, allowing for generous gardens. St Matthew's Church on part of
1848-610: The A205 was frequently subject to vehicle strikes until a new warning system was installed in 2017. Nearby stations provide services to Victoria from Herne Hill and West Dulwich (via the Southeastern Metro Bromley South line) and from West Norwood (via the Southern Crystal Palace line ). The nearest London Underground station is Brixton on the Victoria line . At the southern end of Tulse Hill
1914-431: The Angell Town Estate were originally designed to accommodate high-level walkways which were envisaged to link the whole of Brixton. The ground-floor garages of these estates have proved to be a major security problem. The Somerleyton Estate is dominated by Southwyck House (known locally as "Barrier Block"), a large horseshoe-shaped brick and concrete 1970s structure that backs onto Coldharbour Lane. The 176-apartment block
1980-590: The Clapham South deep shelter. The nearest Labour Exchange ( Jobcentre ) was on Coldharbour Lane, Brixton, and the new arrivals spread out into local accommodation. Many immigrants only intended to stay in Britain for a few years, but although a number returned to the Caribbean, the majority remained to settle permanently. The arrival of the passengers has become an important landmark in the history of modern Britain, and
2046-447: The Percy family whose business operations ranged from feather dressing to taxidermy, and Nelly Roberts (1872-1959), an orchid artist who documented early species brought to Britain from around the world by wealthy collectors. 51°28′08″N 0°06′18″W / 51.469°N 0.105°W / 51.469; -0.105 Brixton Brixton is an area of South London , part of
Loughborough Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
2112-591: The ancient parish of Lambeth up to the hills of Upper Norwood and Streatham . At the time the River Effra flowed from its source in Upper Norwood through Herne Hill to Brixton. At Brixton the river was crossed by low bridges for Roman roads to the south coast, now Brixton Road and Clapham Road. The main roads were connected through a network of medieval country lanes, such as Acre Lane, Coldharbour Lane , Brixton Water Lane and Lyham Road, formerly Black Lane. It
2178-586: The area comes from the Tulse family who came into ownership of farmland in the area during the period of the Commonwealth in the 1650s. Sir Henry Tulse was Lord Mayor of London in 1683 and his daughter Elizabeth married Richard Onslow, 1st Baron Onslow . The land remained in Onslow ownership until 1789 when most of it was purchased by William Cole. The estate was further divided on Cole's death in 1807. The western part
2244-522: The area immediately to the north. Together with improvements to Brixton Road by the local turnpike trust this greatly improved road communications with central London, and the value of the local landholdings. Mercy Cressingham eventually married Dr Thomas Edwards, who took the initiative in buying extra land to make an access from Brixton Hill in 1814 and laying out two new roads, Lower Tulse Hill Road (now known simply as Tulse Hill) and Upper Tulse Hill Road (now Upper Tulse Hill), by 1821. A plan of 1821 in
2310-484: The area which has benefited trade and its popularity. In April 2015, a Reclaim Brixton protest was held by local residents and activists opposing gentrification. In March 2016, a campaign to save the businesses that occupy the railway arches commenced, with long-running local businesses being forced out due to rent-rises. The council passed the plans for Network Rail to refurbish them in August. In May 2019, plans for
2376-659: The area's vibrant music hall and entertainment industry. They included the trick cyclist Jack Lotto (1856-1944), who would become one of the co-founders of the entertainment industry charitable organisation, the Grand Order of Water Rats ; Augusta Carolina Rosaline Wingfield, who in the late 1800s performed as “Alphonsine, Queen of the Spiral”; the funambulist, Ella Zuila (1854-1926) and her acrobat husband George Loyal (1848-1920); and Irish-born “blackface” comedian George Le Clerq and his actor wife, Georgina White. Other residents included
2442-472: The boundary with Camberwell; Cowley on Cowley and Vassall Roads, Loughborough in the centre of Brixton, Tulse Hill estate, Somerleyton estate and Moorlands Estate, situated off Coldharbour Lane. There are also smaller estates such as Blenheim Gardens, Caldwell Gardens, Church Manor and Hertford. These estates account for a large part of the Brixton residence. Estates like the Stockwell Park Estate and
2508-581: The council. The murals portray nature, politics, community and ideas. The surviving murals include the Brixton Academy Mural (Stockwell Park Walk) by Stephen Pusey (1982) showing a mixed group of young people, intended to portray the natural harmony that could be found between children of mixed backgrounds in the local schools. Recent contributions towards Brixton's mural tradition include the portrait of Michael Johns on Popes Road by Dreph , created as part of Brixton Design Trail in September 2017 and
2574-501: The currency. The Brixton pound aims to boost the local economy and build a mutual support system amongst independent businesses by tying local shoppers to local shops and by encouraging local shops to source goods and services locally. The notes are available in B£1, B£5, B£10, and B£20 denominations and depict local celebrities such as the community activist Olive Morris and the environmentalist James Lovelock . Lambeth Council has endorsed
2640-428: The development on 3 November 2020. A subsequent decision is to be made by London mayor Sadiq Khan , the date so far for which has been postponed. 2023 saw the council begin the public consultation for the regeneration of 6 Canterbury Crescent (International House) and 49 Brixton Station Road (Pop Brixton). Brixton was one of the first inner-city based ' Transition town ' projects in the UK. Brockwell Park hosts
2706-547: The former common land was consecrated in 1824. The parish of St Matthew Brixton, one of five subdivisions of the ancient Lambeth parish, stretched from Camberwell Green in the northeast, to Clapham Road in the northwest, to the outer edge of Brockwell Park in the southeast and to Kingswood Road in the southwest. Ashby's Mill , one of the few surviving windmills in London, was built in 1816, just off Brixton Hill and surrounded by houses built during Brixton's Victorian expansion. The Surrey House of Correction , later Brixton prison,
Loughborough Road - Misplaced Pages Continue
2772-606: The huge post-war demand for housing. One project, Iveagh House, was described at its opening in 1952 as the first block of “semi-luxury” flats for single women to be built in South London by the Guinness Trust housing society since the war. while the Loughborough Road Estate, built by the London County Council between 1953 and 1957, was a mixed density development that included nine blocks, each of eleven storeys. In
2838-552: The image of West Indians filing off its gangplank has come to symbolise the beginning of modern British multicultural society. In 1998 the area in front of Brixton Library was renamed " Windrush Square " to mark the 50th anniversary of the arrival of the Windrush . Brixton was the scene of riots in April 1981 at a time when Brixton underwent deep social and economic problems—high unemployment, high crime, poor housing, no amenities —in
2904-428: The longer established hamlet of Dulwich . However, by 1843, there was a continuous line of houses, predominantly detached and usually with separate coach houses along the full length of Lower Tulse Hill Road from Brixton to the top of the hill . Development of the area to the east of this road commenced in 1845 when Trinity Rise was built to connect Upper Tulse Hill with Norwood Road. Holy Trinity Church on Trinity Rise
2970-735: The nineteenth and twentieth centuries the street had four pubs: the Angell Arms, the Loughborough Hotel, the Hero of Switzerland, and the White Hart. The Hero of Switzerland, the last surviving pub, rebuilt in the 1960s, closed in 2020. For well over a quarter of a century from the mid-1870s, members of the Brixton Bowling Club used the well-tended green attached to the Hero of Switzerland to hold its championships, and to play against other clubs. It
3036-431: The now annual Urban Green Fair, first held in summer 2007. The Brixton pound was first trialled at Transition Town Brixton's "Local Economy Day" on 19 June 2008. It was then launched on 17 September 2009 by Transition Town Brixton. The Brixton pound is a local currency that is available as an alternative to sterling . The first trading day of the Brixton pound was on 18 September 2009 with 80 local businesses accepting
3102-616: The project, which the New Economics Foundation helped to develop. On 29 September 2011, the Brixton pound launched an electronic version of the currency where users can pay by text message. A second issue of the paper currency was launched, featuring a new set of well-known people with Brixton connections: On the B£1, the Black Cultural Archives founder Len Garrison , on the B£5, NBA basketball player Luol Deng (the reverse
3168-533: The riot. Following the 1981 Brixton riot the Government commissioned a public inquiry into the riot headed by Lord Scarman . The subsequent Scarman report was published in November 1981 and found unquestionable evidence of the disproportionate and indiscriminate use of 'stop and search' powers by the police against black people. The report made a number of recommendations and led to a new code for police behaviour in
3234-488: The start of the 20th century as the middle classes were replaced by an influx of the working classes. By 1925, Brixton attracted thousands of new people. It housed the largest shopping centre in south London at the time, as well as a thriving market, cinemas, pubs and a theatre. In the 1920s, Brixton was the shopping capital of south London with three large department stores and some of the earliest branches of what are now Britain's major national retailers. Today, Brixton Road
3300-399: The stone of Brixi, a Saxon lord. Brixi is thought to have erected a boundary stone to mark the meeting place of the ancient Brixton hundred court of Surrey . The location is unknown but is thought to be at the top of Brixton Hill , at a road known at the time as Bristow or Brixton Causeway, long before any settlement in the area. Brixton marks the rise from the marshes in the north of
3366-656: The temporary installation of "Remain, Thriving" by Njideka Akunyili Crosby at Brixton tube station , a commission by Art on the Underground . In 2018 Dreph completed a large mural depicting Michelle Obama in Dorrell Place. The Ritzy Cinema , Coldharbour Lane, is a formerly independent cinema now owned by Picturehouse Cinemas . The building was designed as the Electric Pavilion in 1910 by E. C. Homer and Lucas, one of England's first purpose-built cinemas. Brixton has
SECTION 50
#17330854277863432-401: The thriving bohemian art scene. However, others argue that the area is undergoing exciting regeneration. In recent years, Brixton has hosted a regular farmers' market on Station Road, as well as Pop-up restaurants and pop-up shops. New art galleries, delicatessens, bars, cafes and vintage clothing stores, particularly in and around Brixton Village Market have also opened, which some believe
3498-558: Was 10,175 in 1841, about 10% of the parish of Lambeth. In twenty years the population of both had doubled. When the London sewerage system was constructed during the mid-19th century, its designer Sir Joseph Bazalgette incorporated flows from the River Effra into his 'high-level interceptor sewer', also known as the Effra sewer. Brixton was connected to central London by rail on 25 August 1862 when Brixton and South Stockwell railway station
3564-485: Was built in 1855-6 and is now grade II listed . Major development of the area further east did not come until the opening of the Herne Hill and Tulse Hill railway stations in the 1860s. Most of the original villas with large gardens on the original Edwards-Cressingham landholding have been redeveloped at much higher densities for council housing since the 1930s. The most prominent survival of 19th century Tulse Hill
3630-552: Was built in the 1850-60s. However, from Akerman Road down to Coldharbour Lane little remains of the original Victorian housing, which was demolished to make way for the Loughborough Road Estate. Loughborough Road was not as badly affected as some streets in the area from German air bombing of London in World War II . However many of the older houses towards the Coldharbour Lane end of the street were demolished in projects to meet
3696-400: Was convicted of murder and given six concurrent life sentences . There has been, and there remains great debate regarding whether Brixton's recent renaissance should be deemed regeneration or gentrification . Some believe the area has slowly undergone a process of gentrification since the 1990s and has resulted in many wealthy middle-class people taking advantage of the area's location and
3762-500: Was established in 1819. As part of the Reform Act 1832 the expanding area of London was given representation with the creation of new parliamentary boroughs covering the metropolitan area. Only the part of Brixton north of St Matthew's Church became part of the Lambeth parliamentary borough , reflecting the still semi-rural nature of the southern part of the area. The population of Brixton
3828-515: Was historically a Conservative ward until the 2014 Lambeth London Borough Council election . Tulse Hill is represented in the London Assembly by Marina Ahmad and in Westminster by Helen Hayes and Bell Ribeiro-Addy . In March 2022 Lambeth Council initiated a consultation with residents as to renaming the area, to avoid a possible association with Henry Tulse who was once a board member of
3894-732: Was inspired by the Ark Evelyn Grace Academy ), David Bowie on the B£10 and World War II secret agent Violette Szabo on the B£20. The reverse of the notes, designed by a Brixton creative agency This Ain't Rock'n'Roll, feature notable local landmarks such as the Stockwell Skatepark , public art on Electric Avenue , Nuclear Dawn (one of the Brixton murals ), and the Stirling Prize -winning Ark Evelyn Grace Academy . All four notes feature
3960-419: Was intense local indignation at this, since the vast majority of those stopped by the police were young black men. The riot resulted in almost 279 injuries to police and 45 injuries to members of the public, more than a hundred vehicles were burned (including 56 police vehicles), and almost 150 buildings were damaged, with 30 burned. There were 82 arrests. Reports suggested that up to 5,000 people were involved in
4026-483: Was left to "Mercy Cressingham, spinster" (now commemorated by the Cressingham Gardens estate in the area) and the eastern part -now mostly occupied by Brockwell Park - was left to Richard Ogbourne who promptly sold it on to John Blades. In 1810 Tulse Hill Farm was the only building in the western part of the area. The enclosure of land in the parish of Lambeth in 1811 led to the construction of Effra Road in
SECTION 60
#17330854277864092-476: Was only at the end of the 18th century that villages and settlements formed around Brixton, as the original woodland was gradually reduced until the area was covered in farmland and market gardens known for game and strawberries. The area remained undeveloped until the beginning of the 19th century, the main settlements being near Stockwell , Brixton Hill and Coldharbour Lane. With the opening of Vauxhall Bridge in 1816, improved access to Central London led to
4158-423: Was opened by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway on the line from Victoria. On 13 August 1866 the London, Brighton & South Coast Railway opened Loughborough Park railway station with connections to London Bridge and the following year to Victoria. With the arrival of the railways a building boom set in. Brixton was transformed into a middle class suburb between the 1860s and 1890s and Brixton developed into
4224-461: Was originally constructed in this shape to provide a noise barrier against Ringway 1 , a proposed inner-London motorway that was planned to pass through Brixton and Camberwell, later abandoned. Some housing estates have been linked with urban decay and crime. New gates and iron bars have been constructed for the Loughborough Estate around Loughborough Road and Minet Road in response to
4290-612: Was redeveloped as Brockwell Gate, a gated Regency style with houses and apartments overlooking Brockwell Park. The site of Tulse Hill school was redeveloped as affordable housing. Tulse Hill is represented on the Lambeth London Borough Council by councillors for the Brixton Rush Common, St Martin's, and West Dulwich wards. All three wards are held by the Labour Party although the ward now known as West Dulwich
4356-504: Was so closely associated with the site, it renamed itself the Hero of Switzerland Bowling Club. In the early 1880s, the Hero of Switzerland was also the headquarters of the Brixton Ramblers Cycling Club. The Loughborough Hotel, a destination for ‘disco’ and clubbing, closed in the early 2000s. It remains almost legendary in south London for the Mambo Inn, a club with DJs playing a mix of Afro, Latin and Reggae music to packed crowds. Many residents of Loughborough Road have been associated with
#785214