Los Siete de la Raza (The Seven of the Hispanic Community ) was the label given to seven young Latinos from the Mission District of San Francisco, California who were involved in a 1969 altercation with police that left one officer dead. The incident and its subsequent trial became a cause célèbre of the Latin-American community and the New Left . All seven of the young men were acquitted.
87-425: On May 1, 1969, plainclothes police officers Joseph Brodnik and Paul McGoran approached a group of young Latino men as they had been called in relation to a burglary. The officers approached the young men while they were loading a television into a car from the home of Jose Rios. The police officers and the group of young men had an altercation which resulted in a fight and prompted the officers to call for backup. During
174-431: A 17-year-old Oakland native and child prostitute was shot; she died three months later. According to the prosecutor handling the case, Newton is believed to have shot Smith after a casual exchange on the street during which she referred to him as "Baby," a childhood nickname he hated. The main witness of this case refused to testify due to an assassination attempt against her and, after two deadlocked jury trials, Newton
261-504: A child. As a teenager, he was arrested several times for criminal offenses, including gun possession and vandalism at age 14. Growing up in Oakland, Newton stated that he was "made to feel ashamed of being black". In his autobiography Revolutionary Suicide , he wrote: During those long years in Oakland public schools, I did not have one teacher who taught me anything relevant to my own life or experience. Not one instructor ever awoke in me
348-398: A desire to learn more or to question or to explore the worlds of literature, science, and history. All they did was try to rob me of the sense of my own uniqueness and worth, and in the process nearly killed my urge to inquire. Newton graduated from Oakland Technical High School in 1959. He attended Merritt College , where he earned an Associate of Arts degree in 1966. Plato 's Republic
435-417: A fan. Referral to an ophthalmologist is needed if slit-lamp examination shows impaction of solid particles of agent. Blowing the nose to get rid of the chemicals is recommended, as is avoiding rubbing of the eyes. There are reports that water may increase pain from CS gas, but the balance of limited evidence currently suggests water or saline are the best options. Some evidence suggests that Diphoterine ,
522-435: A great love and a great understanding. And that we try to expand this to the general black population, and also, people oppressed people all over the world. And, I think that we differ from some other groups simply because we understand the system better than most groups understand the system. And with this realization, we attempt to form a strong political base based in the community with the only strength that we have and that's
609-451: A hypertonic amphoteric salt solution, a first aid product for chemical splashes, may help with ocular burns or chemicals in the eye. Bathing and washing the body vigorously with soap and water can remove particles that adhere to the skin. Clothes, shoes and accessories that come into contact with vapors must be washed well since all untreated particles can remain active for up to a week. Some advocate using fans or hair dryers to evaporate
696-430: A living martyr. The trial, which began on July 15, quickly ascended beyond the scope of Newton himself, evolving into a racially-charged political movement. Over the two-year course of Newton's original trial and two appeals, the coalition continued to offer its support until the charges were overturned and Newton was released on August 5, 1970. In 1970, after his release from prison, Newton received an invitation to visit
783-437: A manual setting to adjust the range of fire. The only way to adjust the projectile's range is to aim towards the ground at the correct angle. Incorrect aim will send the capsules away from the targets, causing risk for non-targets instead. A variety of protective equipment may be used, including gas masks and respirators . In riot control situations, protesters sometimes use equipment (aside from simple rags or clothing over
870-411: A means of improving trainees' tolerance to tear gas and encouraging confidence in the ability of their issued protective equipment to prevent chemical weapons exposure. Certain lachrymatory agents, most notably tear gas, are often used by police to force compliance. In some countries (e.g., Finland, Australia, and United States), another common substance is mace . The self-defense weapon form of mace
957-599: A message written in, Basta Ya!, Huey wrote, "I want you to know that the Black Panther Party and the Black Community is behind you in your struggle 100%... It is our intention to help you in everything possible until set free." Bobby Seale , co-founder of the Black Panther Party, described their alliances with Los Siete as particularly important. They saw that both Black and Brown activist groups had been dealing with similar issues regarding oppression and violence in
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#17330860022311044-483: A prison term of 32 years to life. His next parole hearing is set for November 2028. Robinson stated that his motive was to advance in the Black Guerrilla Family , a narcotics prison gang , in order to get a crack franchise. Newton's funeral was held at Allen Temple Baptist Church, which he attended following his conversion . Some 1,300 mourners were accommodated inside, and another 500 to 600 listened to
1131-508: A role in getting the first African-American history course adopted as part of the college's curriculum. Newton learned about black history from Donald Warden (who later would change his name to Khalid Abdullah Tariq Al-Mansour), the leader of the AAA. Later Newton concluded that Warden offered solutions that didn't work. In his autobiography, Newton says of Warden, "The mass media, the oppressors, give him public exposure for only one reason: he will lead
1218-635: A show of force, as they did when they entered the California Legislature fully armed in order to protest a gun bill aimed at disarming them. Newton adopted what he termed "revolutionary humanism ". Although he had previously attended Nation of Islam mosques, he wrote that "I have had enough of religion and could not bring myself to adopt another one. I needed a more concrete understanding of social conditions. References to God or Allah did not satisfy my stubborn thirst for answers." Later, however, he stated that "As far as I am concerned, when all of
1305-534: A social consciousness." In 1982, Newton was accused of embezzling $ 600,000 of state aid to the Panther-founded Oakland Community School. In the wake of the embezzlement charges, Newton disbanded the Black Panther Party. The embezzlement charges were dropped six years later in March 1989, after Newton pleaded no contest to a single allegation of cashing a $ 15,000 state check for personal use. He
1392-715: A treaty that most states have signed. Police and civilian self-defense use is not banned in the same manner. Tear gas was used in combat by Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War , by Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War , by Spain in the Rif War and by the United States in the Vietnam War , and Israel Israel–Palestine conflict . Tear gas exposure is an element of military training programs, typically as
1479-404: Is based on pepper spray which comes in small spray cans. Versions including CS are manufactured for police use. Xylyl bromide, CN and CS are the oldest of these agents. CS is the most widely used. CN has the most recorded toxicity. Typical manufacturer warnings on tear gas cartridges state "Danger: Do not fire directly at person(s). Severe injury or death may result." Tear gas guns do not have
1566-718: Is prohibited by various international treaties. During World War I , increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory agents were used. The short and long-term effects of tear gas are not well studied. The published peer-reviewed literature consists of lower quality evidence that do not establish causality. Exposure to tear gas agents may produce numerous short-term and long-term health effects, including development of respiratory illnesses, severe eye injuries and diseases (such as traumatic optic neuropathy, keratitis, glaucoma, and cataracts), dermatitis, damage of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and death, especially in cases with exposure to high concentrations of tear gas or application of
1653-461: Is unclear how effective these remedies are. In particular, vinegar itself can burn the eyes and prolonged inhalation can also irritate the airways. Vegetable oil and vinegar have been reported as helping relieve burning caused by pepper spray, Kräuter suggests the usage of baking soda or toothpaste, stating that they trap the particles emanating from the gas near the airways that are more feasible to inhale. A small trial of baby shampoo for washing out
1740-707: The 2019 Hong Kong protests , frontline protesters became adept at extinguishing tear gas: they formed special teams that sprang into action as soon as it was fired. These individuals generally wore protective clothing, including heat-proof gloves, or covered their arms and legs with cling film to prevent the painful skin irritation. Canisters were sometimes picked up and lobbed back at police or extinguished straight away with water, or neutralized using objects such as traffic cones. They shared information about models of 3M respirator filters which had been found to be most effective against tear gas, and where those models could be purchased. Other volunteers carried saline solutions to rinse
1827-495: The 2019–20 Chilean protests various people have had complete and permanent loss of vision in one or both eyes as result of the impact of tear gas grenades. The majority (2116; 93.8%) of protestors who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (USA) reported physical (2114; 93.7%) or psychological (1635; 72.4%) health issues experienced immediately after (2105; 93.3%) or days following (1944; 86.1%)
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#17330860022311914-509: The Black Power movement and the politics of the 1960s and 1970s. The party's political goals, including better housing, jobs, and education for African-Americans, were documented in their Ten-Point Program , a set of guidelines to the Black Panther Party's ideals and ways of operation. The group believed that violence – or the threat of it – might be needed to bring about social change. They sometimes made news with
2001-514: The College of San Mateo , and the Brown Berets , an organization that took inspiration from Black Power movements and was founded by David Sanchez and Vickie Castro . After the initial arrests, Los Siete spent several months in prison without bail . During the pre-trial, it was detailed how the young men had been subject to illegal search and seizure . Charles Garry served as an attorney during
2088-521: The Mission District during the 1930s and 1940s. The Mission District was known for its Irish, Italian, and German immigrant populations during the early 1900s up until the late 1940s. The district's demographics changed due to the State of California's mass Latino immigration and mass immigration in general. Both men attended Mission High , and Brodnik was known for his basketball skills which ultimately led
2175-593: The Peace and Freedom Party , a majority white anti-war political organization, joined with the Black Panther Party in support of Newton. This alliance served the dual purpose of legitimizing Newton's cause while boosting the credibility of the party within the community of more radical activists. Under the leadership of the Black Panther Party and the Peace and Freedom Party, 5,000 protesters gathered in Oakland on Newton's birthday, February 17, 1968, in support of Newton. They garnered
2262-525: The cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity . Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness. Venezuelan chemist Mónica Kräuter studied thousands of tear gas canisters fired by Venezuelan authorities since 2014. She concluded that the majority of canisters used the main component CS gas , but that 72% of the tear gas used was expired. She noted that expired tear gas "breaks down into cyanide oxide, phosgenes and nitrogens that are extremely dangerous". In
2349-566: The murder of Betty Van Patter . During Newton's trial for assaulting the tailor, the tailor, who changed his testimony several times, eventually told the jury that he did not know who assaulted him. Newton was acquitted of the assault in September 1978, but convicted of illegal firearms possession and served 9 months in prison in 1987. In 2007, party member Ericka Huggins stated in an interview that Newton repeatedly raped her and threatened that if she told anyone he would hurt her children. In
2436-501: The Black Panther Party founded over 60 community support programs (renamed survival programs in 1971) including food banks , medical clinics, sickle cell anemia tests, prison busing for families of inmates, legal advice seminars, clothing banks, housing cooperatives, and their own ambulance service. The most famous of these programs was the Free Breakfast for Children program which fed thousands of impoverished children daily during
2523-632: The Black Panther Party, down with U.S. imperialism," or, "We support the American people but the Nixon imperialist regime must be overthrown." During the trip, the Chinese arranged for him to meet and have dinner with an ambassador from North Korea, an ambassador from Tanzania, and delegations from both North Vietnam and the Provisional Revolutionary Government of South Vietnam . Newton was under
2610-568: The Panthers started a number of social programs in Oakland, including founding the Oakland Community School, which provided high-level education to 150 children from impoverished urban neighborhoods. Other Panther programs included the Free Breakfast for Children Program and others that offered dances for teenagers and training in martial arts. According to Oakland County Supervisor John George: "Huey could take street-gang types and give them
2697-614: The Panthers, it ran many programs, including Centro de Salud , which offered free bilingual services that eventually put pressure on public hospitals in the area to do the same. It also ran a free breakfast program, a community newspaper, and its main program, the "Los Siete" Defense Committee. Huey P. Newton , co-founder of the Black Panther Party , frequently worked with Los Siete and the Brown Berets . Newton even attended some court sessions for Los Siete de la Raza's trial in June 1970. In
Los Siete de la Raza - Misplaced Pages Continue
2784-499: The Panthers. While recruiting, Newton sought to educate those around him about the legality of self-defense. One of the reasons, he argued, why Black people continued to be persecuted was their lack of knowledge of the social institutions that could be made to work in their favor. In Newton's autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide , he writes, "Before I took Criminal Evidence in school, I had no idea what my rights were." Newton also wrote in his autobiography, "I tried to transform many of
2871-540: The Party and incidents that are significant in its development", among which are how the United States federal government responded to the BPP as well as to the assassinations of Fred Hampton , Bunchy Carter , and John Huggins . Sources for material used to support the dissertation include two federal civil rights lawsuits. One suit was against the FBI and other government officials , while
2958-517: The People's Republic of China. On learning of Nixon's plan to visit China in 1972, Newton decided to visit before him. Newton made the trip in late September 1971 with fellow Panthers, Elaine Brown and Robert Bay, and stayed for 10 days. At every Chinese airport he landed in, Newton was greeted by thousands of people waving copies of the "Little Red Book" (officially titled Quotations from Chairman Mao Tse-tung ) and displaying signs that said, "We support
3045-476: The Rios family along with people in the neighborhood to find the alleged suspects. The interrogation and hunt made community relations worse as officer McGoran identified Jose Rios as one of the young men involved in the incident. In the following days six young men, Nelson Rodriguez, Mario Martinez, Tony Martinez, Jose Rios, Gary Lescallet, and Bebe Melendez, were arrested near Santa Cruz . Another young man, Gio Lopez,
3132-461: The Temple's earliest " White Nights ". Newton's cousin, Stanley Clayton, was one of the few residents of Jonestown to escape the area before the 1978 mass murder of over 900 Temple members by Jones and his enforcers through forced suicide . By the 1970s, Newton had allegedly become increasingly paranoid, addicted to crack cocaine , and prone to violent behavior. On August 6, 1974, Kathleen Smith,
3219-848: The United States. Tear gas Tear gas , also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from Latin lacrima ' tear '), sometimes colloquially known as " mace " after the early commercial self-defense spray , is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of the lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray ( nonivamide ), CS gas , CR gas , CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone , xylyl bromide , chloropicrin (PS gas) and Mace (a branded mixture). While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for riot control by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare
3306-534: The University of California at Santa Cruz's History of Consciousness program in 1980. In 1989, he was murdered in Oakland, California by Tyrone Robinson, a member of the Black Guerrilla Family . Newton was known for being an advocate of the right of self-defense and used his position as a leader within the Black Panther Party to welcome women as well. Newton was born in Monroe, Louisiana in 1942 during World War II,
3393-630: The University of California at Santa Cruz, where he earned a bachelor's degree. He was a member of Phi Beta Sigma . He later continued his studies and, in 1980, he completed a PhD in social philosophy at Santa Cruz. As a student of the Merritt College in Oakland, Newton became involved in Bay Area politics. He joined the Afro-American Association (AAA), became a prominent member of Phi Beta Sigma fraternity's Beta Tau chapter, and played
3480-544: The affected area when possible. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles. Decontamination is by physical or mechanical removal (brushing, washing, rinsing) of solid or liquid agents. Water may transiently exacerbate the pain caused by CS gas and pepper spray but is still effective, although fat-containing oils or soaps may be more effective against pepper spray. Eyes are decontaminated by copious flushing with sterile water or saline or (with OC) open-eye exposure to wind from
3567-572: The area. As with all non-lethal or less-lethal weapons , there is a risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges that may cause severe bruising, loss of eyesight, or skull fracture, resulting in immediate death. A case of serious vascular injury from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Novel findings suggest that menstrual changes are one of
Los Siete de la Raza - Misplaced Pages Continue
3654-416: The assailants, they attacked the wrong house and the occupant returned fire. During the shootout one of the Panthers, Louis Johnson, was killed, and the other two assailants escaped. One of the two surviving assassins, Flores Forbes, fled to Las Vegas, Nevada, with the help of Panther paramedic Nelson Malloy. In November 1977, Malloy was found by park rangers paralyzed from the waist down from bullet wounds to
3741-467: The attention of international news organizations, raising the profile of the party by astounding measures. The phrase "Free Huey!" was adopted as a rallying cry for the movement, and it was printed on buttons and T-shirts. Prominent Black Panther Kathleen Cleaver claimed the goal of the Free Huey! campaign was to elevate Newton as a symbol of everything the Black Panther Party stood for, creating something of
3828-456: The back in a shallow grave in the desert outside of Las Vegas. According to Malloy, he and Forbes were ordered by "higher-ups" to be killed to eliminate any eyewitness accounts of the attempted murder of Crystal Gray. Malloy recovered from the assault and told police that fellow Panthers Rollin Reid and Allen Lewis were behind his attempted murder. Newton denied any involvement or knowledge and said that
3915-457: The case. The trial began in late June 1970. The prosecution maintained that one of the youths wrested McGoran's gun from him and shot Brodnik. Officer McGoran testified that they approached the youths and lined them up, then he struck one in the face and was jumped by "more than one assailant." The last thing he remembered hearing was Brodnik shouting, "Look out Paul, he's got your gun." The defense said McGoran pulled his gun and shot Brodnik during
4002-507: The charges made against Los Siete were dismissed. Eventually, all seven defendants were acquitted. Yolanda López , a Chicana artist , was the designer for the poster that was used during the trial of Los Siete de la Raza. It is also important to note that court sessions were widely attended by other young radicals, including Black Panther Huey P. Newton and two of the Chicago Seven . Both officer McGoran and officer Brodnik grew up in
4089-399: The conviction was reversed and after two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the charges were dropped. Later in life, he was also accused of murdering Kathleen Smith and Betty Van Patter , although he was never convicted for either death. Newton learned to read using Plato's Republic , which influenced his philosophy of activism. He went on to earn a PhD in social philosophy from
4176-487: The early 1970s. Newton also co-founded the Black Panther newspaper service , which became one of America's most widely distributed African-American newspapers. In 1967, he was involved in a shootout which led to the death of police officer John Frey and injuries to himself and another police officer. In 1968, he was convicted of voluntary manslaughter for Frey's death and sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In May 1970,
4263-487: The early hours of August 22, 1989, Newton was murdered in front of 1456 9th Street, near the corner of Center Street in the Prescott section of Oakland, California. Within days, Tyrone Robinson was arrested as a suspect; he was on parole and admitted the murder to police, claiming self-defense, though police found no evidence that Newton was carrying a gun. In 1991, Robinson was convicted of first-degree murder and sentenced to
4350-403: The events "might have been the result of overzealous party members." After the assassination attempt on Crystal Gray, she declined to testify against Newton. After two trials and two deadlocked juries, the prosecution decided not to retry Newton for Smith's murder. Journalist Ken Kelley , three weeks after Newton's death, claimed that Newton had confessed to him that he murdered Smith and ordered
4437-448: The exposure. The majority (1233; 54.6%) of respondents who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (US) have also reported receiving or planning to seek medical or mental healthcare for their tear gas-related health issues. It has been shown that health issues associated with the exposure to tear gas are often require medical attention. TRPA1 ion channels expressed on nociceptors have been implicated as
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#17330860022314524-414: The eyes did not show any benefit. Informational notes Citations Further reading Huey P. Newton Huey Percy Newton (February 17, 1942 – August 22, 1989) was an African American revolutionary and political activist who founded the Black Panther Party . He ran the party as its first leader and crafted its ten-point manifesto with Bobby Seale in 1966. Under Newton's leadership,
4611-475: The eyes of those affected. Similarly, Chilean protesters of Primera Línea had specialized individuals collecting and extinguishing the tear gas grenades. Others acted as tear gas medics, and another group, the "shield-bearers," protected the protesters from the direct physical impact of the grenades. There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. At the first sign of exposure or potential exposure, masks are applied when available. People are removed from
4698-469: The fight, a shot was fired from McGoran's gun. The fatal shot resulted in the death of officer Brodnik. The group of Latinos ran from the scene and a search for them commenced. McGoran believed the young men were hiding at an address nearby. The police stormed the nearby home in which the Rios family resided, it was then tear gassed and shots were fired. One-hundred and fifty rounds were fired, wounding one 14-year-old girl. The police started interrogating
4785-566: The high school to its first championship in 50 years. After Brodnik married he moved to the outskirts of the Mission District and joined the San Francisco Police Department in 1956. On the other hand, McGoran was a Vietnam Veteran and a retired United Airlines mechanic. McGoran and Brodnik were notorious in the community. McGoran was known to be a heavy drinker and quick to draw his gun. The pair were constantly harassing
4872-487: The impression he was going to meet Mao Zedong , chairman of the Chinese Communist Party , but instead had two meetings with Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai . One of these meetings also included Mao's wife Jiang Qing . Newton described China as "a free and liberated territory with a socialist government". Following Newton's Asian trip, the Black Panther Party began incorporating North Korea's Juche ideals into
4959-626: The killing of Frey and was sentenced to 2 to 15 years in prison. In May 1970, the California Appellate Court reversed the conviction and ordered a new trial. After two subsequent trials ended in hung juries, the district attorney said he would not pursue a fourth trial, and the Alameda County Superior Court dismissed the charges. In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide , Newton wrote that Heanes and Frey were opposite each other and shooting in each other's direction during
5046-606: The most commonly reported health issues in women. While the medical consequences of the gases themselves are typically limited to minor skin inflammation , delayed complications are also possible. People with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma are particularly at risk. They are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support . Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis . When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of
5133-590: The mouth) such as swimming goggles and adapted water bottles, as well as covering as much skin as possible. Activists in United States, the Czech Republic, Venezuela and Turkey have reported using antacid solutions such as Maalox diluted with water to repel effects of tear gas attacks, with Venezuelan chemist Mónica Kräuter recommending the usage of diluted antacids as well as baking soda . There have also been reports of these antacids being helpful for tear gas, and for capsaicin-induced skin pain. During
5220-584: The other was initially against the City of Chicago. Later, Newton's widow, Fredrika Newton, would discuss her husband's often-ignored academic research during C-SPAN 's American Perspectives program on February 18, 2006. After the decline of the Black Panther Party, Huey P. Newton completed and copyrighted dozens of essays on philosophy, political theology, evolutionary biology, and political economy which remain unpublished and held in archive at Stanford University. [Outro: Huey P. Newton] Uh, we view each other with
5307-714: The party's ideology. In January 1977, Jim Jones , leader of the Peoples Temple of the Disciples of Christ (commonly shortened to the Peoples Temple ), visited Newton in Havana, Cuba. That same year after Jones fled to " Jonestown ", a commune he established in Guyana for his followers, Newton spoke to Temple members in Jonestown via telephone expressing support for Jones during one of
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#17330860022315394-523: The people away from the truth of their situation." In college, Newton read the works of Karl Marx , Vladimir Lenin , Frantz Fanon , Malcolm X , Mao Zedong , Émile Durkheim , and Che Guevara . During his time at Merritt College, he met Bobby Seale , with whom he co-founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense (BPP) in October 1966. Based on a casual conversation, Seale became chairman and Newton became minister of defense. The Black Panther Party
5481-471: The people of the neighborhood; officer Brodnik allegedly would carry a rubber hose with him although it was unclear if it was used during beatings. Their reputation was developed through the San Francisco State University strike due to the beatings they were giving protestors along with arresting them. The "Los Siete" Defense Committee, housed near 24th and South Van Ness, raised support for
5568-449: The questions are not answered, when the extraordinary is not explained, when the unknown is not known, then there is room for God because the unexplained and the unknown is God." Newton later decided to join a Christian church after the party disbanded during his marriage to Fredrika. Newton would frequent pool halls, campuses, bars and other locations deep in the black community where people gathered in order to organize and recruit for
5655-544: The role of flight crew self-deception in the 1982 crash of Air Florida Flight 90 , and Trivers dedicated one chapter of his autobiography to his relationship with Newton. Newton earned a PhD in the social philosophy program of History of Consciousness from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1980. His doctoral dissertation titled War Against the Panthers: A Study of Repression in America "analyzes certain features of
5742-402: The service from outside. Newton's achievements in civil rights and work on behalf of Black children and families with the Black Panther Party were celebrated. Newton's body was cremated, and his ashes were interred at Evergreen Cemetery in Oakland. On February 17, 2021, in commemoration of the Black Panther Party the City of Oakland erected a bust of Huey Newton near the street corner where he
5829-518: The seven Mission District youths and obtained assistance from the Black Panther Party . The Defense Committee served as the catalyst for other community groups in the area. The La Raza Information Center, one of the groups that emerged from the Defenese Committee, took inspiration from the Black Panthers and began operating in the summer of 1970 in the vacant storefront next to "Los Siete". Like
5916-479: The shooting began after Newton was under arrest, and one witness testified that Newton shot Frey with Frey's own gun as they wrestled. No gun on either Frey or Newton was found. Newton stated that Frey shot him first, which made him lose consciousness during the incident. Frey was shot four times and died within the hour, while Heanes was left in serious condition with three bullet wounds. Black Panther David Hilliard took Newton to Oakland's Kaiser Hospital, where he
6003-459: The shootout. Hugh Pearson, in his book Shadow of the Panther , writes that Newton, while intoxicated, boasted about having willfully killed Frey. Newton was arrested on the day of the shooting on October 28, 1967, and pled not guilty to the murder of officer John Frey. The Black Panther Party immediately went to work organizing a coalition to rally behind Newton and champion his release. In December
6090-532: The site of action for CS gas , CR gas , CN gas (phenacyl chloride), chloropicrin and bromoacetone in rodent models. During World War I , various forms of tear gas were used in combat and tear gas was the most common form of chemical weapon used. None of the belligerents believed that the use of irritant gases violated the Hague Convention of 1899 which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. Use of chemical weapons escalated during
6177-426: The sixteen weeks of the trial, Los Siete and their team presented a strong case. Four of Los Siete, Jose Rios, Mario Martinez, Tony Martinez, and Danilo "BeBe" Melendez, took the stand. Through their testimonies, they increasingly unraveled the charges made against them as each of their recollections of the incident were shown to match up. The prosecution,led by District Attorney Thomas Norman, failed to make its case and
6264-454: The so-called criminal activities going on in the street into something political, although this had to be done gradually." He attempted to channel these "daily activities for survival" into significant community actions. Eventually, the illicit activities of a few members would be superimposed on the social program work performed by the Panthers, and this mischaracterization would lose them some support in black communities and white. Newton and
6351-842: The spray, but this has not been shown to be better than washing out the eyes and it may spread contamination. Anticholinergics can work like some antihistamines as they reduce lacrymation and decrease salivation, acting as an antisialagogue , and for overall nose discomfort as they are used to treat allergic reactions in the nose (e.g., itching, runny nose, and sneezing). Oral analgesics may help relieve eye pain. Most effects resulting from riot-control agents are transient and do not require treatment beyond decontamination, and most patients do not need observation beyond 4 hours. However, patients should be instructed to return if they develop effects such as blistering or delayed-onset shortness of breath. Vinegar, petroleum jelly , milk and lemon juice solutions have also been used by activists. It
6438-427: The struggle, and brought forth witnesses to testify to his and Brodnik's excessive use of force in previous incidents. McGoran denied drawing his gun. The defense tried to paint McGoran as a racist and alcoholic who tended to draw his gun during arrests. His estranged wife testified that her husband carried marijuana and other drugs on him that he planted on suspects to ensure their convictions. Furthermore, throughout
6525-505: The tear gases in enclosed spaces. Tear gas generally consists of aerosolized solid or liquid compounds ( bromoacetone or xylyl bromide ), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS gas , symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and commonly resolve within 30 minutes of leaving (or being removed from)
6612-783: The turn of the 20th century. This was the fifth-highest total of lynchings of any county in the Southern United States. As a response to the violence, the Newton family migrated to Oakland, California, participating in the second wave of the Great Migration of African-Americans out of the South. The Newton family was close-knit but quite poor. They moved often within the San Francisco Bay Area during Newton's childhood. Despite this, Newton said he never went without food and shelter as
6699-416: The two charges. Elaine Brown took over as chairperson of the Black Panther Party in his absence. Newton returned to the United States in 1977 to stand trial for the murder of Smith and the assault on the tailor. In October 1977, three Black Panthers attempted to assassinate Crystal Gray, a key prosecution witness in Newton's upcoming trial who had been present the day of Kathleen Smith's murder. Unknown to
6786-470: The war to lethal gases, after 1914 (during which only tear gas was used). The US Chemical Warfare Service developed tear gas grenades for use in riot control in 1919. Use of tear gas in interstate warfare, as with all other chemical weapons , was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925: it prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials",
6873-507: The way he depicted the community. As details of the case were brought to light, it was revealed that some of the accused men were not even present in the city at the time of the crime. The young Latinos included four Salvadorans, one Nicaraguan, and one Honduran, some of whom had been involved in the youth group the Mission Rebels (founded in 1965); and later in pan-Latino organizations such as COBRA (Confederation of Brown Race for Action) at
6960-670: The youngest child of Armelia Johnson and Walter Newton, a sharecropper and Baptist preacher. His parents named him after Huey Long , former governor of Louisiana. Monroe is located in Louisiana's Ouachita Parish , which has had a history of violence against Black people since the Reconstruction era . According to a 2015 report by the Equal Justice Initiative , from 1877 to 1950, a total of 37 Black people were documented as lynched in that parish. Most murders had taken place around
7047-422: Was admitted with a bullet wound to the abdomen. Newton was soon handcuffed to his bed and arrested for Frey's killing. A doctor, Thomas Finch, and nurse, Corrine Leonard, attended to Newton when he arrived at the hospital, and Finch stated that Newton was "agitated" when asking for treatment and that Newton was given a tranquilizer to calm him. Newton was convicted in September 1968 of voluntary manslaughter for
7134-501: Was an African-American left-wing organization advocating for the right of self-defense for black people in the United States. The Black Panther Party's beliefs were greatly influenced by Malcolm X . Newton stated: "Therefore, the words on this page cannot convey the effect that Malcolm has had on the Black Panther Party, although, as far as I am concerned, the Party is a living testament to his life work." The party achieved national and international renown through their deep involvement in
7221-520: Was an influential work in Newton's early adult life; he told the court during the trial for the killing of officer John Frey , that he had learned to read from studying the Republic . After that, he started "questioning everything". In his autobiography, Revolutionary Suicide , he states: "Most of all, I questioned what was happening in my own family and in the community around me." Newton continued his education, studying at San Francisco Law School, and
7308-479: Was murdered. That same year, a commemorative plaque "Dr. Huey P. Newton Way" was applied to this section of 9th Street. Newton received a bachelor's degree from the University of California at Santa Cruz in 1974. In 1978, while in prison, Newton met evolutionary biologist Robert Trivers after Newton applied to do a reading course with Trivers as part of a graduate degree in history of consciousness . He and Trivers became close friends, they published an analysis of
7395-500: Was not convicted. Newton is also alleged to have assaulted his tailor over the price of a suit. Newton posted bond after being arrested for pistol-whipping the tailor in 1974. Newton was subsequently arrested a second time for the murder of Smith, but was able to post an additional $ 80,000 bond, thus securing his release until trial. Newton and his girlfriend (later his wife) Gwen Fontaine then fled to Havana, Cuba, where they lived until 1977, which prevented further prosecution on
7482-607: Was sentenced to six months in jail and 18 months probation. Newton had been convicted of assault with a deadly weapon for repeatedly stabbing another man, Odell Lee, with a steak knife in mid-1964. He served six months in prison. By October 27–28, 1967, he was out celebrating the release from his probationary period. Just before dawn on October 28, Newton and a friend were pulled over by Oakland Police Department officer John Frey. Realizing who Newton was, Frey called for backup. After fellow officer Herbert Heanes arrived, shots were fired, and all three were wounded. Heanes testified that
7569-539: Was still being sought. After the arrests of the Latino men they were charged with murder, prompting a major media phenomenon. They were defended by the activist lawyers Charles Garry and Richard Hodge, lauded by left entities like Ramparts magazine. Media accounts hindered their defense, particularly after the mayor of the city, Joseph Lawrence Alioto , described them to be "hoodlums", "Latin hippies", and "a bunch of punks". His comments sparked many Latino protests opposed to
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