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56-598: The natural spring provided a year-round source of water for the ancient village of Siutcanga , home to the Tongva people, for thousands of years. The name syútkanga actually means "place of the oak" in the Fernandeño language, a dialect of the Tongva language , a name later reflected in Spanish as Los Encinos, or "the oaks" in Spanish. A description of this village was recorded as part of

112-539: A Californio by the name of Vicente de la Osa . This was acknowledged as stealing of the land by the tribe because a local settler used the legal apparatus to expand his land claims over the water resources of the Encino Springs . In 1984, the site was disturbed by commercial developments for the Encino Towers and Casa Balboa property, which uncovered thousands of cultural items. Archaeologists kept these items from

168-436: A "primary and secondary alkaline and primary saline water of moderate mineralization". As of 1969 the springs still yielded 24,000 U.S. gallons (91,000 L; 20,000 imp gal) a day, and they were still flowing at Los Encinos State Historic Park as of 1978. Upon discovery in 1925 of a grinding stone and possible burial ground west of the springs, archeologist John A. Comstock told a newspaper reporter that "Indians in

224-709: A French baker based in Mexico City would end up giving the subsequent conflict its name. Diplomatic talks over the matter broke down in January 1838, and French warships arrived in Veracruz on March. A French ultimatum was rejected and France declared that it would now blockade the Mexican ports. Another round of negotiations broke down and the French began to bombard Veracruz on 27 November. The Fortress of San Juan de Ulúa could not withstand

280-539: A centralist Junta of Notables . The Junta produced a new constitution known as the Bases Orgánicas on 12 June 1843. By mid 1844 there were rising tensions with the United States over the matter of Texas, and a series of forced loans had resulted in much disaffection. Paredes who had previously played a key role in overthrowing Bustamante, was considering once again leading a revolution. Paredes proclaimed against

336-452: A federal to a unitary republic, and hence Mexico City now had direct jurisdiction over every state educational institution in the country. President Santa Anna personally had a strong commitment to education. In 1836, the centralist government declared that every department should establish schools in all of its villages. In 1843 they decreed the nationalization of every college receiving state funding. A directory general for primary instruction

392-403: A large exodus of refugees out of the city. Now news was received that government reinforcements were on the way under the command of Santa Anna. Rather than face a protracted conflict that would destroy the capital, negotiations were started again and an agreement was reached whereby there would be a ceasefire, and the rebels would be granted amnesty. It was in the aftermath of the 1840 Revolt in

448-406: A manifesto to his fellow generals, calling for the creation of a new government. He gathered an increasing number of adherents and entered the city of Tacubaya where he was joined by Santa Anna. In September, Bustamante resigned the presidency once again to lead the troops personally and left the presidency to the finance minister Francisco Javier Echeverría . He attempted to proclaim support for

504-418: A new constitution. Santa Anna then placed himself at the head of a provisional government. Unfortunately for Santa Anna and his centralist allies, the subsequently elected congress, installed on 10 June 1842 was strongly federalist. Santa Anna began to scheme to dissolve the congress, and left Nicolas Bravo in charge of the presidency on 26 October 1842. Congress was dissolved on 19 December, and replaced by

560-451: A water temperature of about 83–90 °F (28–32 °C) As of 1915, there were two recognized springs on the site, about 30 feet (9.1 m) apart, the smaller spring west of the larger spring, and enclosed in a small reservoir made of stone. According to a U.S. government geologist, the water was associated with a layer of Miocene shale , "which here dips about 25°N" toward the Valley, and was

616-529: The Conservative Party . Conservatives had attributed the political chaos of the First Mexican Republic to the empowerment of states over the federal government and mass participation in the political system through universal male suffrage . Conservative elites saw the solution to the problem as abolishing the federal system and creating a centralized one, reminiscent of the political system during

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672-541: The First Mexican Republic was again elected president in 1837. Shortly after the inauguration, news arrived that the Spanish government had recognized Mexican independence, in a treaty concluded at Madrid with the Mexican plenipotentiary, Miguel Santa María  [ es ] on 28 December 1836, while Corro was still president. The treaty was ratified by the Mexican congress on May 1837. France had long been attempting to negotiate settlements of damages experienced by its citizens during Mexican conflicts. The claims of

728-557: The Siete Leyes was formally promulgated in December 1836. The nation was reorganized along unitary lines. The states of Mexico were replaced with departments, whose governors were to be appointed by the central government. Certain regions of the nation however, responded to the new constitution by attempting to secede. On 2 March 1836, after a decade of failing to gain provincial autonomy, Texas declared its independence at Washington on

784-532: The 1769 Portola Expedition . This Spanish expedition reached the San Fernando Valley and named it "El Valle de Santa Catalina de Bononia de Los Encinos" (The Valley of St. Catherine of Bononia of the Oaks). Located along a significant travel route between Los Angeles and Santa Barbara , the property passed through many hands between the 1840s and the early 20th century. Today the park contains exhibits related to

840-601: The Alamo ended with a Mexican victory on 6 March 1836. Santa Anna, however, was routed and captured by Sam Houston at the Battle of San Jacinto on 21 April. Santa Anna subsequently signed a treaty recognizing Texan Independence. On 29 July 1836, the Mexican government issued a manifesto disavowing Santa Anna's recognition of Texan independence and urging a continuation of the war. Meanwhile, Corro's administration had ended and Anastasio Bustamante , who had previously been president during

896-505: The Brazos . Among the delegates voting for independence was the Mexican liberal statesman Lorenzo de Zavala , who had fled to Texas in the aftermath of the fall of the First Republic. Santa Anna led his troops north to deal with the rebellious Mexican provinces of Zacatecas and Texas. The Zacatecas revolt was crushed, and Santa Anna then directed his forces towards Texas. The Battle of

952-469: The Encino Hot Springs vicinity fashioned the finest stone vessels of any Indians In this part of the country with the possible exception of Catalina Island Indians who had a stone particularly adaptable to such purposes". There was an Encino Hot Springs resort in the 1920s. California Historical Landmark Marker NO. 689 at the site reads: Siutcanga Siutcanga ( English : "the place of

1008-399: The French artillery and surrendered the following day, and the Mexican government responded by declaring war. Santa Anna, who had been disgraced after recognizing Texan independence, emerged from his private life at Manga de Clavo to lead troops against the French, being given a command by the Mexican government. On 5 December, three French divisions were sent to land at Veracruz to capture

1064-597: The agricultural enterprises of Rancho Los Encinos' various owners, including Mission Indian , Californio , French, and French Basque families. The Encino Springs are historic artesian springs that were the site of the Siutcanga village of the Tongva-Kizh people , and later provided water for Rancho Los Encinos in what is now the San Fernando Valley region of Los Angeles County, California . Juan Crespí mentioned

1120-593: The capital that José María Gutiérrez de Estrada published a pamphlet, directly addressed to President Bustamante advocating the establishment of a monarchy in Mexico headed by a European prince. The resulting outrage from both the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party was so severe that the publisher of the pamphlet was arrested, and Estrada went into hiding, subsequently fleeing the country. Crises continued after

1176-535: The capital. Federalists occupied the entire vicinity of the National Palace while government forces prepared their positions for an attack. Skirmishes broke out the entire afternoon, sometimes involving artillery. The conflict appeared to be reaching a stalemate, and the president was released in order to try and reach a negotiation. Negotiations broke down and the capital had to face twelve days of warfare, which resulted in property damage, civilian loss of life, and

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1232-483: The central government from nominees provided by the departmental assemblies. The bicameral legislature of the First Republic was preserved, although deputies and senators had to meet respective income requirements. Candidates to the presidency had to meet an even higher income requirement. The popular franchise was also restricted only to men earning a certain income. One of the Siete Leyes 's most notable innovations

1288-523: The colonial era. The political and economic chaos that had marked the First Republic, however, continued well throughout the Centralist Republic. Infighting among the conservatives resulted in administrations continuing to be interrupted by successful military coups, and another centralist constitution known as the Bases Orgánicas ( lit.   ' organic bases ' ) would be attempted in 1843. Significant political and military agitation for

1344-491: The constitutional order. The Bases Organicas did away with the Supremo Poder Conservador , but otherwise preserved the unitary system in which the franchise was restricted by income requirements. Elections to departmental assemblies and the chamber of deputies were however now to be filtered through a series of electoral colleges. The Centralist Republic involved a constitutional change for Mexico from

1400-423: The country, only to be arrested near the town of Xico . As relations worsened with the United States, President Herrera had conceded the possibility of recognizing Texan independence as long as there was no annexation, but this was perceived by his opponents as an alienation of Mexican territory. Mariano Paredes issued a pronunciamiento in December 1845 calling for the overthrow of the government. President Herrera

1456-481: The course of the war inflamed opposition against the government, and Paredes faced revolution, he resigned on 28 July, choosing to return to the military to help with the war effort. On 3 August, the garrisons of Vera Cruz and San Juan de Ulua revolted. José Mariano Salas was made the provisional president, and on 22 August 1846 restored the Constitution of 1824, putting an end to Centralist Republic and inaugurating

1512-504: The effects of the French blockade, and had anchored thirteen vessels in Veracruz as a show of force. France, who did not wish either to enter a conflict with England or to further invade Mexico once again entered into negotiations. An agreement was reached in April 1838 which resulted in a French departure and a Mexican agreement to pay damages to France. In October 1838, another rebellion against

1568-511: The era of the Second Federal Republic of Mexico . The Siete Leyes involved a change from the federal system of the First Republic to a unitary arrangement in which the states of Mexico were changed into departments subject to the direct control of Mexico City. State legislatures were reduced to departmental assemblies, small committees made up of only seven men, nonetheless popularly elected. Departmental governors were appointed by

1624-544: The federal system in order to divide his enemies, but the ploy failed. The insurgents were triumphant and Bustamante officially surrendered power through the Estanzuela Accords on 6 October 1841. A military junta was formed which wrote the Bases of Tacubaya , a revolutionary plan which swept away the entire structure of government, except the judiciary, and also called for elections for a new constituent congress meant to write

1680-572: The federal system. Campeche was captured on 6 June, and now the entire peninsula was in the hands of the rebels, who proceeded to elect a legislature and form an alliance with the Republic of Texas . Bustamante was not able to suppress the Yucatan movement and its success inspired the federalists to renew their struggle. General Urrea had been arrested upon attempting to return to the country but continued to conspire with his associates and on 15 July 1840, he

1736-475: The fighting in the capital had ended. Tabasco was now trying to secede, the north was facing Indian raids, and a nascent Texas Navy was now on the offensive against Mexico. The ever-present financial crisis had also obliged the government to raise taxes. In response to the Bustamante administration's inability to deal with these financial and political crises, general Mariano Paredes on 8 August 1841, published

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1792-562: The forts of Santiago , Concepcion, and to arrest Santa Anna. The forts were captured, but the division tasked with finding Santa Anna was fought off at the barracks of La Merced. Santa Anna lost a leg in the fighting which gained him much public sympathy after the disgrace he suffered for losing in Texas. Nonetheless the French had effective control of Veracruz and the results of the war so far led to Bustamante's cabinet to resign. The United Kingdom, which also had interests in Mexico, had been feeling

1848-474: The government broke out in the north of the country at Tampico , and soon placed itself under the command of General José de Urrea who intended to restore the federalist system. The revolt rapidly spread, and the rebels now succeeded in overthrowing the governors of Nuevo León and Coahuila and in March 1839 government reinforcements under General Martín Perfecto de Cos were routed. Bustamante stepped down from

1904-552: The government due to the beginning of the Mexican–American War, including a revolt by parts of the army, finally resulted in restoration of the Constitution of 1824 on 22 August 1846, beginning the Second Federal Republic of Mexico . The First Mexican Empire fell in 1823, without having produced a constitution for the newly independent nation. Such a responsibility now fell upon the Supreme Executive Power , which

1960-536: The government in Guadalajara and gained support throughout the north of the country. Without the authorization of congress, Santa Anna led an army north against the revolt and overthrew the departmental government of Querétaro . The nominal president in Mexico City at this time was Valentín Canalizo , though in practice he was a puppet ruler for Santa Anna. Congress condemned Santa Anna for having assumed military command without their authority. The presidential cabinet

2016-526: The land. Then, in 1845, three Indigenous peoples listed by the names Ramon, Francisco and Roque received title to the land, recorded as Rancho Los Encinos . Each of these individuals are ancestors to the Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians. However, following the American occupation of California , control over the land was lost due to a shift in attitudes as well as the business practices of

2072-571: The members of those classes. The United States had annexed Texas in December 1845 and troops led by Zachary Taylor had begun to patrol territory that Mexico still claimed. Mexican troops clashed with American troops through the Thornton Affair on the Rio Grande in 25 April 1846 and the United States declared war in response on 12 May. In the first few months of the war, the Paredes administration

2128-609: The most serious separatist crisis the country had experienced since the Texas Revolution. Years of frustration with excise taxes, levies, conscription, and increase of custom duties culminated in the standard of revolt being raised at Tizimín on May 1839. Valladolid was captured in February 1840 and eventually joined by Mérida . The entire north-east of the Yucatan Peninsula declared itself independent until Mexico should restore

2184-464: The national congress, state congresses, and replaced state governors and municipal governments with loyalists. He however also maintained that the Constitution of 1824 was still in effect and held elections for a new congress before the end of the year. Santa Anna at this point retired to his estate of Manga de Clavo to rule from the background, as he had during the Gomez Farias administration and he

2240-433: The oaks"), alternatively spelled Syútkanga , was a Tataviam and Tongva village that was located in what is now Los Encinos State Historic Park near the site of a natural spring . The traditional trading route which the village relied on to flourish is now the street known as Ventura Boulevard . The Fernandeño Tataviam Band of Mission Indians organization has indicated that the majority of their members descend from

2296-489: The presidency and assumed command of the armed forces himself. The presidency in the meantime was held by Santa Anna who had been rehabilitated by his role in the Pastry War. Government forces led by Gabriel Valencia defeated the rebels at the Battle of Acajete on 3 May 1839. Urrea however escaped and retreated into Tampico which fell to government forces on 11 June with Urrea being exiled. Bustamante would now go on to face

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2352-459: The progressive Valentín Gómez Farías was president of the republic, sharing power with Antonio López de Santa Anna , who at this point supported the liberals. The Farías administration however provoked widespread opposition most notably through an anti-clerical campaign. Revolts against the government would continue to flare up and eventually Santa Anna switched sides and supported a successful coup against Farías in April 1834. Santa Anna dissolved

2408-529: The restoration of the federalist system continued as well. The period was marked by multiple secession attempts across Mexico, including the loss of Texas and Yucatan , and two international conflicts: the Pastry War , caused by French citizens' economic claims against the Mexican government, and the Mexican–American War , as a consequence of the annexation of Texas by the United States. Instability in

2464-615: The springs in his 1769 diary. In 1845, Manuel Micheltorena 's troops camped at the Encino Springs before the Battle of Providencia . The spring reservoirs were apparently built around 1872 by Eugene Garnier. According to a description from 1875 the main ranch spring "supplied a stone reservoir and a bathing pool and yielded about 5 U.S. gallons (19 L; 4.2 imp gal) a minute". An 1890 account described "a number" of springs at Encino "in local use". The springs were carbonated , smelled slightly of hydrogen sulphide , and emerged with

2520-536: The tribe and held them for ransom , eventually being housed at Palomar College . What remained of the artifacts were finally returned to the tribe in 2015. Centralist Republic of Mexico The Centralist Republic of Mexico ( Spanish : República Centralista de México ), or in the anglophone scholarship, the Central Republic , officially the Mexican Republic ( Spanish : República Mexicana ),

2576-449: The village and maintain a deep relationship to the site. People of the village are known as Siutcavitam . The village has been dated to being 4,000 years old. Following the Spanish colonial period , Indigenous people were at one time re-granted the land from Mexican governor Pio Pico in the mid-nineteenth century. In 1843, a man by the name of Tiburcio became the first inheritor to

2632-677: Was a unitary political regime established in Mexico on 23 October 1835, under a new constitution known as the Siete Leyes ( lit.   ' seven laws ' ) after conservatives repealed the federalist Constitution of 1824 and ended the First Mexican Republic . It would ultimately last until 1846, when the Constitution of 1824 was restored at the beginning of the Mexican–American War . Two presidents would predominate throughout this era: Santa Anna and Anastasio Bustamante . The Centralist Republic marked nearly ten years of uninterrupted rule by

2688-521: Was broken out of prison. With a group of select men, Urrea broke into the National Palace , and took Bustamante hostage. Juan Almonte , the minister of war had meanwhile escaped to organize a rescue. Valentín Gómez Farías , the exiled last president of the First Mexican Republic, had now arrived in the country to take command of the revolt. Government and federalist forces now converged at

2744-509: Was censured by congress for allowing Santa Anna to imprison the Departmental Assembly of Querétaro and replacing the department's governor. President Canalizo responded by having congress dissolved, and explaining that its measures were necessary given the ongoing emergency of a potential American annexation of Texas. This led to a military uprising against the government in the capital. Canalizo resigned and on 6 December 1844, congress

2800-534: Was confronted with a catastrophic series of losses. Mexican forces were defeated at the Battle of Palo Alto and the Battle of Resaca de la Palma . U.S. forces under Zachary Taylor had crossed the Rio Grande, and undefeated through a series of battles made it as far south as Saltillo . Meanwhile American forces were seizing Alta California . The constituent congress met on 28 July 1846 and initially ratified Paredes as president and granted him emergency powers, but as

2856-542: Was established along with a board of directors for higher education. There were 1,310 primary schools by 1843 in comparison to the 10 such schools which existed in 1794 under Spanish Colonial administration. A military college was decreed in 1833 at the instigation of Pedro Garcia Conde, a leading Mexican geographer, and the establishment was finally opened in 1836 with courses in drawing, mathematics, physics, and tactics. In 1838, courses in mechanics, astronomy, geodesy, and fortification were added. The government established

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2912-596: Was not able to gather much support and resigned on 30 December 1845. Paredes and his forces entered the capital three days later. On 3 January, Mariano Paredes ascended to the presidency. On 26 January 1846, an official government convocation was decreed summoning an extraordinary congress with the power to make constitutional changes. It was to be made up of 160 deputies, organized on a corporatist basis, representing not geographical areas, but nine classes: land owners, merchants, miners, manufacturers, literary men, magistrates, public functionaries, clergy, and army, elected by

2968-558: Was replaced by Miguel Barragán . On 23 October 1835, the newly elected bicameral congress decreed to unite and turn itself into a constituent congress tasked with drafting a new constitution. Barragan died of typhus in February 1836 upon which he was replaced by Jose Justo Corro . Spain and the Holy See recognized the independence of Mexico during the Corro administration. Meanwhile, the resulting centralist constitution which came to be known as

3024-513: Was restored and José Joaquín de Herrera was installed as the new president with a new cabinet. The country was now divided into three loyalties between Herrera's central government, Santa Anna's military forces, and Mariano Paredes' military forces. Paredes and Herrera joined forces and headed against Santa Anna. With the opposing forces about evenly matched, Santa Anna attempted to open negotiations, but Herrera would accept nothing less than unconditional surrender, and Santa Anna began plans to flee

3080-595: Was serving as a provisional government. The controversy between centralism and federalism first notably emerged during the debates regarding the new constitution, through factions which would eventually become the Liberal Party and the Conservative Party . Federalism prevailed, through the Constitution of 1824 , but the newly established First Mexican Republic proved to be unstable, and presidential administrations were regularly interrupted by military coups. By 1833,

3136-541: Was the institution of a fourth branch of government, the so called Supremo Poder Conservador , the Supreme Moderating Power, upon the advice of Francisco Manuel Sánchez de Tagle , influenced by the ideas of Benjamin Constant . It was a committee of five men constitutionally standing even above the president, with the power of deposing presidents, dissolving congress, and suspending laws if necessary, to preserve

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