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Lorteburn

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The Lorteburn or Langbourne is a lost stream or river, which ran in the east of the City of London , arising near to Aldgate , flowing south near to the Tower of London , and discharging into the River Thames . The stream appears to have been covered over or dry by the early 14th century but its course has been discovered during archaeological digs in the area and the watershed can be traced in the street level contours of that part of the city as mapped by Kelsey in 1841. The stream gave its name to the Langbourn ward of the city. The river is seldom included on maps or lists of London's lost rivers, and its existence is denied by Nicholas Barton, in his 1962 book Lost Rivers of London , but in more recent work David Bentley argues for its existence.

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33-511: The name Lorteburn is attested in a deed of 1288, when the stream was still extant. The name Langbourne is attested in Stow in 1603, when it had been dry for nearly two centuries. In English River Names , Eilert Ekwall identifies several instances of Lorteburn. He gives the derivation as from an Old English word meaning dirt or filth. Related to the Old Norse lortr ("excrement, faeces"), this implies

66-622: A course east of, and more or less parallel to, the Lane A very different course is described in 1603 by John Stow, giving the name as 'Langborne' and describing the route as running along Fenchurch Street , Lombard Street , and Sherbourn Lane . Stow states that the river gave its name to the Langbourn ward of the City of London . The stream was either covered over or dry by his time. Langborne.; Shareborne lane . Langbourne ward . Langborne water, so called of

99-455: A dirty or filthy stream, possibly one used for a sewer. There is a second possibility given by Ekwall, a derivation from either the brook name Hlōra , or the mythical Norse female name Hlóra . The brook name derived from the Old English hlōwan meaning "The roaring one". This implies a swift stream with foaming water. This derivation may seem unlikely given the short length of the stream, but

132-547: A property described in relation to a stream in Seething Lane provides more tangible evidence that a water-course continued into medieval times. A deed of 1288(?) refers to a property within the parish of All Hallows' Barking which adjoined a street to the west and a stream, called Lorteburn , to the east. Other deeds of the same period show that the street was Seething Lane, and that the Lorteburn must therefore have flowed along

165-610: Is "bourn", " bourne ", "borne", "born", which is retained in placenames like Bournemouth , King's Somborne , Holborn , Melbourne . A cognate in German is Born (contemp. Brunnen ), meaning "well", "spring" or "source", which is retained in placenames like Paderborn in Germany. Both the English and German words derive from the same Proto-Germanic root. Scots Gaelic has the word bùrn , also cognate, but which means " fresh water ";

198-552: Is an old-fashioned idiom meaning very heavily weighted odds ; "Lombard-street" signifying wealth and "a China orange", poverty. The 'China orange' was used to indicate an item of low value. Lombard Street: A Description of the Money Market is a book by the economics philosopher Walter Bagehot , published in 1873. Bagehot was one of the first writers to describe and explain the world of international and corporate finance, banking, and money in understandable language. The book

231-453: Is one-way. At the eastern end of the street, there are a number of modern buildings on both sides, in contrast to the older buildings and architectural styles along much of its length. Built in 1990–92, the former headquarters of Barclays covers a large plot on the north corner of Lombard and Gracechurch streets, and is the largest and tallest building in the immediate vicinity of Lombard Street, at 87 metres (285 ft) high. Addresses on

264-519: The Bank of England , Lombard Street runs southeast for a short distance before bearing left into a more easterly direction, and terminates at a junction with Gracechurch Street and Fenchurch Street . Its overall length is 260 metres (280 yd). It has often been compared with Wall Street in New York City. In 1952, William L. Shirer wrote that in the 1920s "Wall Street was replacing Lombard Street as

297-636: The Royal Exchange built by Sir Richard's son, Thomas . In 1540 the English parliament passed an act, the Navigation Act 1540 ( 32 Hen. 8 . c. 14), titled An Acte for The Mayntenaunce of the Navye , that required ship owners to post notice of their sailing in Lombard Street: Lloyd's Coffee House , which eventually became the global insurance market Lloyd's of London , moved to Lombard Street near

330-670: The General Post Office from Tower Street in 1691. The location, on the south side of the street, is now occupied at street level by a supermarket. Lloyd's is now located in Lime Street , where its current building was completed in 1986. Until the 1980s, most UK-based banks had their head offices in Lombard Street and historically it has been the London home for money lenders. No. 54 was the long-standing headquarters of Barclays before

363-520: The Lorteburn described by Bentley, but the rest of Stow and Noorthuck's descriptions are problematic given that they would require the water to flow uphill in the vicinity of Mincing Lane (see below). The 1962 book Lost Rivers of London by Nicholas Barton is considered by many to be the foundational work on London rivers. Barton refutes the existence of the Langbourne for three reasons: Barton's denial of

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396-463: The Spring-head, the contiguous street became so swampy, or fenny, especially about the church , which stood in the broad way between Mincing-lane and Rood-lane , that it was then called Fenchurch-street . The Ward also partook of the name, and was enrolled in the city records by the appellation of Langbourne and Fenny-about. The church of St Katherine Coleman is indeed at the head of the course of

429-402: The actual Gaelic for a "burn" is allt (sometimes anglicised as "ault" or "auld" in placenames.) Lombard Street, London Lombard Street ( / ˈ l ɒ m b ər d , - b ɑːr d / ) is a street notable for its connections with the City of London 's merchant, banking and insurance industries, stretching back to medieval times. From Bank junction , where nine streets converge by

462-484: The church with Lombard Street and George Yard. Historically, Lombard Street was one of the principal streets (along with Fenchurch Street ) of the ward of Langbourn , forming the core of the ward's West division. Boundary changes in 2003 and 2013 have resulted in most of the northern side remaining in Langbourn, whilst the southern side is now largely in the ward of Candlewick . The changes of 2013 now mean that all of

495-490: The company changed its plans to build only a sub-surface ticket hall and lift entrance in the crypt of the church. This necessitated moving the bodies elsewhere, strengthening the crypt with a steel framework and underpinning the church's foundations. The church of St Edmund, King and Martyr also stands on the street, on the north side close to Gracechurch Street. Destroyed during the Great Fire of London in 1666, St Edmund's

528-457: The corner with Mansion House Place. In old literature, it is generally written as "Lombard-street". The spacing and the capitalisation of Street were not common in British English until the second half of the 20th century. In his diary of the 1660s, Samuel Pepys mentions "Lumbard street" many times; there is a chart with links to these references. "All Lombard Street to a China orange"

561-464: The coronation of Edward VII in 1902. From 1678 to 1829, the General Post Office had its headquarters on Lombard Street; this is now commemorated by the side-street's name of Post Office Court. The expense of continuously expanding the post office site in the middle of the financial district, however, eventually necessitated a move to St Martins-le-Grand . The slums at the site were cleared in

594-482: The early 19th century and the General Post Office East was constructed. St Mary Woolnoth is situated on the corner of Lombard Street and King William Street, and continues to be an active parish church . The City & South London Railway had obtained permission to demolish the 18th-century church and build a station (originally proposed to be named "Lombard Street") on the site. After public protest,

627-593: The eastern side of the Walbrook valley. At its junction with Gracechurch Street it is at an elevation of 16.7 metres (55 ft), whilst at its junction at Bank it is at 13.5 metres (44 ft). Side streets and alleys run towards Cornhill to the north, and Cannon Street to the south. Running north are Pope's Head Alley, Change Alley, Birchin Lane and George Yard. Heading south are St Swithin's Lane, Post Office Court, Abchurch Lane, Nicholas Lane, Clement's Lane and Plough Court. Lombard Street has its origins in one of

660-438: The financial capital of the world." Lombard Street, since the construction of King William Street , has two distinct sections. The short section between Bank junction and the church of St Mary Woolnoth is relatively wide, and carries two-way traffic including several bus routes , which continues along King William Street. Lombard Street bears to the east and the remainder is much narrower (retaining its medieval character) and

693-483: The financial institution moved in 2005 to One Churchill Place at Canary Wharf . No. 71 was the headquarters of Lloyds Bank , and No. 60 was the headquarters of the Trustee Savings Bank (TSB). Lombard Street has a number of colourful signs hanging from the buildings, depicting (mostly historic) organisations and buildings once located there. Having previously been banned, the present-day signs were erected for

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726-542: The length thereof, was a great streame breaking out of the ground, in Fen Church street , which ran downe with a swift course, west, through that streete, thwart Grastreete , and downe Lumbard streete , to the west ende of S. Marie Wolnothes Church , and then turning the course South down Shareborne lane , so termed of sharing or diuiding, it brake into diuerse rilles or rillets to the Riuer of Thames: of this bourne that warde took

759-531: The main Roman roads of Londinium . It later formed a plot of land granted by King Edward I (1272–1307) to the so-called Lombard bankers , merchants and lenders from northern Italy (a larger area than the modern Lombardy region). In 1537 Sir Richard Gresham suggested to Lord Privy Seal , Thomas Cromwell that they "make a goodely Bursse in Lombert-streete, for marchuants to repayer unto". From this originated

792-457: The modern contours. Bentley then goes on to provide detailed evidence for the Lorteburn's existence. Archaeological evidence has identified dried stream beds in this part of the city. Discoveries include: Bentley interprets this evidence as a stream called the Lorteburn recorded east of Seething Lane in the late 13th century. Bentley has identified that: A reference in the Husting Roll to

825-462: The name, and is till this day called Langborne warde. This Bourne also is long since stopped vp at the head, and the rest of the course filled vp and paued ouer, so that no signe thereof remayneth more then the names aforesaid. In 1770 John Noorthouck gives a similar description to Stow, with some additional details. Near Magpie-alley adjoining to the church of St. Catherine Coleman in Aldgate-ward

858-563: The records of the Museum of London . He first points out there is a shallow linear valley in that part of the city, first identified by Richard Kelsey's topographical survey in 1841. The topography of this part of London has been changed almost beyond recognition since the 1841 survey, especially by the construction of the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway and its terminus at Fenchurch Street railway station , and thus this valley can no longer be seen in

891-452: The southern side of the street, with the notable exception of the guild— or ward—church of St Mary Woolnoth, is in Candlewick (from 2003 to 2013 Candlewick extended only to Abchurch Lane). Also with the 2013 changes, the ward of Walbrook now includes the northern side from No. 68 to Bank junction. Prior to 2003 and again since 2013 Walbrook includes the far western corner of Lombard Street, on

924-600: The stream thus rests on Stowe's description, which describes a route far to the west of the one proposed by Bentley. The Lorteburn is included on some modern maps of Roman Londinium and early Medieval London. Burn (landform) In local usage, a burn is a kind of watercourse . The term applies to a large stream or a small river . The word is used in Scotland and England (especially North East England ) and in parts of Ulster , Kansas , Australia and New Zealand . The cognate of burn in standard English

957-510: The street are numbered 1 to 40 along the south side, running from Bank to Gracechurch Street, then 41 to 82 along the north side, from Gracechurch Street to Bank. The postcodes for the street start with EC3V . The nearest London Underground stations to Lombard Street are Bank and Monument ; one of the numerous entrances to Bank station is on Lombard Street itself. Mainline railway stations at Cannon Street and Fenchurch Street are also close by. The street runs downhill towards Bank, being on

990-426: The watercourse was steep, and 'roaring' does correspond with Stow's description. Burn or Bourne is a standard name for smaller streams and river, common in the area of London, for example the nearby rivers Ravensbourne , Tyburn and Westbourne . In place names it normally means 'stream'. In 1981, David Bentley assembled evidence for the stream's existence, relying on archaeological and map evidence, especially in

1023-509: Was antiently a spring that produced a rivulet or bourn, which ran down the street westward, and through Lombard-street as far as the church of St. Mary Woolnoth . Here parting into several shares, or rills, and turning Southward, it left a name to Share-bourn-lane , or South-bourn-lane from its running southward to the Wallbrook , uniting with which it ran to the Thames. By this stream spreading near

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1056-529: Was in part a reaction to the 1866 collapse of Overend, Gurney and Company , a bank headquartered at No. 65, Lombard Street. Karl Marx mentions Lombard Street in reference to credit and banking in Das Kapital . Gregory de Rokesley, eight-times Lord Mayor of London from 1274 to 1281 and in 1285, lived in a building on the site of what is now No. 72 Lombard Street, and in Pope's Head Alley. The poet Alexander Pope

1089-482: Was rebuilt during the 1670s by Christopher Wren . It is no longer used for regular worship, though, and now performs service as the London Centre for Spirituality. A third church existed, until its demolition in 1937, near the junction of Gracechurch Street, known as All Hallows Lombard Street . The site now forms part of the plot occupied by the former Barclays bank. Ball Alley (which also no longer exists) connected

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