180-525: Lorraine Vivian Hansberry (May 19, 1930 – January 12, 1965) was an American playwright and writer. She was the first African-American female author to have a play performed on Broadway . Her best-known work, the play A Raisin in the Sun , highlights the lives of black Americans in Chicago living under racial segregation . The title of the play was taken from the poem " Harlem " by Langston Hughes : "What happens to
360-571: A detective with the New York Police Department , in December 1961. In a few years he became her manager and the father of her daughter Lisa , but Simone later claimed that he abused her psychologically and physically. Simone said that Stroud treated her "like a work horse " in an interview with the BBC in 1999. In 1964, Simone changed record distributors from Colpix, an American company, to
540-574: A 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in Money, Mississippi , Till was killed for allegedly having wolf-whistled at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the US. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became
720-751: A French label, Studio Davout . During the 1980s, Simone performed regularly at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in London, where she recorded the album Live at Ronnie Scott's in 1984. Although her early on-stage style could be somewhat haughty and aloof, in later years, Simone particularly seemed to enjoy engaging with her audiences sometimes, by recounting humorous anecdotes related to her career and music and by soliciting requests. By this time she stayed everywhere and nowhere. She lived in Liberia, Barbados and Switzerland and eventually ended up in Paris. There she regularly performed in
900-734: A North African." During a 1998 performance in Newark , she announced, "If you're going to come see me again, you've got to come to France, because I am not coming back." She suffered from breast cancer for several years before she died in her sleep at her home in Carry-le-Rouet (Bouches-du-Rhône), on April 21, 2003, at the age of 70. Her Catholic funeral service at the local parish was attended by singers Miriam Makeba and Patti LaBelle , poet Sonia Sanchez , actors Ossie Davis and Ruby Dee , and hundreds of others. Simone's ashes were scattered in several African countries. Her daughter Lisa Celeste Stroud
1080-405: A Play for Rashad and Best Featured Actress in a Play for McDonald, and received a nomination for Best Revival of a Play . In 2008, the production was adapted for television with the same cast, winning two NAACP Image Awards . In 2014, the play was revived on Broadway again in a production starring Denzel Washington , directed again by Kenny Leon; it won three Tony Awards, for Best Revival of
1260-469: A Play, Best Featured Actress in a Play for Sophie Okonedo , and Best Direction of a Play . In 1969, Nina Simone first released a song about Hansberry called " To Be Young, Gifted and Black ." The title of the song refers to the title of Hansberry's autobiography, which Hansberry first coined when speaking to the winners of a creative writing conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling and marvelous thing to be merely young and gifted in such times, it
1440-399: A Spell on You that the purpose of the song was to inspire Black women to define beauty and identity for themselves without the influence of societal impositions. Chardine Taylor-Stone has noted that, beyond the politics of beauty, the song also describes the stereotypical roles that many Black women have historically been restricted to: the mammy , the tragic mulatto , the sex worker , and
1620-466: A White American mother and a Kenyan father— defeated Republican Senator John McCain to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of Asians , and Hispanics , picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost
1800-559: A charge the staff at Curtis have denied. Discouraged, she took private piano lessons with Vladimir Sokoloff , a professor at Curtis, but never could re-apply. At the time the Curtis Institute did not accept students over 21. She took a job as a photographer's assistant, found work as an accompanist at Arlene Smith 's vocal studio, and taught piano from her home in Philadelphia. In order to fund her private lessons, Simone performed at
1980-481: A circle of gay and lesbian friends, took several lovers, vacationed in Provincetown (where she enjoyed, in her words, "a gathering of the clan"), and subscribed to several homophile magazines. Hansberry's atheist views were expressed within her dramas, particularly A Raisin in the Sun . Critics and historians have contextualised the humanist themes of her work within a broader history of black atheist literature and
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#17328772241972160-542: A crucial role in producing the country's most valuable product and export: cotton . Enslaved people were instrumental in the construction of several prominent structures such as, the United States Capitol , the White House and other Washington, D.C.-based buildings. ) Similar building projects existed in the slave states . By 1815, the domestic slave trade had become a significant and major economic activity in
2340-505: A dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?" At the age of 29, she won the New York Drama Critics' Circle Award — making her the first African-American dramatist, the fifth woman, and the youngest playwright to do so. Hansberry's family had struggled against segregation, challenging a restrictive covenant in the 1940 U.S. Supreme Court case Hansberry v. Lee . After she moved to New York City, Hansberry worked at
2520-643: A federal crime to aid or assist those who had fled slavery or to interfere with their capture. By that time, slavery, which almost exclusively targeted Black people, had become the most critical and contentious political issue in the Antebellum United States , repeatedly sparking crises and conflicts. Among these were the Missouri Compromise , the Compromise of 1850 , the infamous Dred Scott decision , and John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry . Prior to
2700-680: A fresh picket sign with her own hands, at a moment's notice, for any cause or occasion". She worked on Henry A. Wallace 's Progressive Party presidential campaign in 1948 , despite her mother's disapproval. She spent the summer of 1949 in Mexico , studying painting at the University of Guadalajara . In 1950, Hansberry decided to leave Madison and pursue her career as a writer in New York City, where she attended The New School . She moved to Harlem in 1951 and became involved in activist struggles such as
2880-535: A group formed to promote relations between the countries. After riots against Blacks in Cincinnati , its Black community sponsored founding of the Wilberforce Colony , an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from
3060-524: A jazz vocalist. She went on to record more than 40 albums between 1958 and 1974, making her debut with Little Girl Blue . She released her first and biggest hit single in the United States in 1959 with " I Loves You, Porgy " which peaked inside the top 20 of the Billboard Hot 100 chart . Simone also became known for her work in the civil rights movement during the 1950s and 1960s , and she later fled
3240-682: A lengthy affair with the Prime Minister, Errol Barrow . A close friend, singer Miriam Makeba , then persuaded her to go to Liberia . When Simone relocated, she abandoned her daughter Lisa in Mount Vernon . Lisa eventually reunited with Simone in Liberia, but, according to Lisa, her mother was physically and mentally abusive. The abuse was so unbearable that Lisa became suicidal and she moved back to New York to live with her father. Simone recorded her last album for RCA, It Is Finished , in 1974, and did not make another record until 1978, when she
3420-501: A major European hit with the song " My Baby Just Cares for Me ". Recorded by her for the first time in 1958, the song was used in a commercial for Chanel No. 5 perfume in Europe, leading to a re-release of the recording. The song reached number 4 on the UK's NME singles chart, giving Simone a brief surge in popularity in the UK and elsewhere. In the spring of 1988, Simone moved to Nijmegen in
3600-449: A meeting with Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy , set up by James Baldwin . Also in 1963, Hansberry was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer . She underwent two operations, on June 24 and August 2. Neither of the surgeries was successful in removing the cancer. Hansberry agreed to speak to the winners of a creative writing conference on May 1, 1964: "Though it is a thrilling and marvelous thing to be merely young and gifted in such times, it
3780-503: A musical based on A Raisin in the Sun , entitled Raisin , opened on Broadway, with music by Judd Woldin, lyrics by Robert Brittan, and a book by Nemiroff and Charlotte Zaltzberg. The show ran for more than two years and won two Tony Awards , including Best Musical . In 2004, A Raisin in the Sun was revived on Broadway in a production starring Sean "P. Diddy" Combs , Phylicia Rashad , and Audra McDonald , and directed by Kenny Leon . The production won Tony Awards for Best Actress in
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#17328772241973960-586: A number of locations in the United States. In 1863, during the American Civil War , President Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation . The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865. Slavery in a few border states continued until
4140-499: A pageant illuminating the tyranny of White supremacy ". The state of Mississippi tried two defendants, but they were speedily acquitted by an all-White jury . One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother Mamie Till that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on
4320-629: A peace conference in Montevideo , Uruguay, in place of Robeson, who had been denied travel rights by the State Department. On June 20, 1953, Hansberry married Robert Nemiroff , a Jewish publisher, songwriter, and political activist. Hansberry and Nemiroff moved to Greenwich Village , the setting of her second Broadway play, The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window . On the night before their wedding in 1953, Nemiroff and Hansberry protested against
4500-674: A poor family in North Carolina , Simone initially aspired to be a concert pianist . With the help of a few supporters in her hometown, she enrolled in the Juilliard School of Music in New York City. She then applied for a scholarship to study at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia , where, despite a well received audition , she was denied admission, which she attributed to racism . In 2003, just days before her death,
4680-518: A post-apocalyptic future. When Nemiroff donated Hansberry's personal and professional effects to the New York Public Library , he "separated out the lesbian-themed correspondence, diaries, unpublished manuscripts, and full runs of the homophile magazines and restricted them from access to researchers." In 2013, more than twenty years after Nemiroff's death, the new executor released the restricted material to scholar Kevin J. Mumford. In 1973,
4860-727: A process known as White flight . Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g., Urban League , NAACP ), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g., Harlem Renaissance , Chicago Black Renaissance ). The Cotton Club in Harlem
5040-568: A separate state, though she wrote in her autobiography that she and her family regarded all races as equal. In 1967, Simone moved from Philips to RCA Victor . She sang "Backlash Blues" written by her friend, Harlem Renaissance leader Langston Hughes , on her first RCA Victor album, Nina Simone Sings the Blues (1967). On Silk & Soul (1967), she recorded Billy Taylor 's " I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free " and "Turning Point". The album 'Nuff Said! (1968) contained live recordings from
5220-762: A shoe store cashier at gunpoint to take back a pair of sandals she'd already worn; and another in which Simone demanded a royalty payment from Ian herself as an exchange for having recorded one of Ian's songs, and then ripped a pay telephone out of its wall when she was refused. Simone was the recipient of a Grammy Hall of Fame Award in 2000 for her interpretation of " I Loves You, Porgy ". On Human Kindness Day 1974 in Washington, D.C. , more than 10,000 people paid tribute to Simone. Simone received two honorary degrees in music and humanities, from Amherst College and Malcolm X College . She preferred to be called "Dr. Nina Simone" after these honors were bestowed upon her. She
5400-421: A single protest against their condition there would still exist among men those who could not endure in peace until her liberation had been achieved." Hansberry was appalled by the nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki , which took place while she was in high school. She expressed a desire for a future in which "Nobody fights. We get rid of all the little bombs—and the big bombs," though she also believed in
5580-425: A small cash payment called "freedom dues". Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, married other Africans and sometimes intermarried with Native Americans or European settlers . By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around Jamestown , and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640,
Lorraine Hansberry - Misplaced Pages Continue
5760-440: A small jazz club called Aux Trois Mailletz for relatively small financial reward. The performances were sometimes brilliant and at other times Nina Simone gave up after fifteen minutes. Often she was too drunk to sing or play the piano properly. At other times she scolded the audience, so that manager Raymond Gonzalez, guitarist Al Schackman and Gerrit de Bruin, a Dutch friend of hers, decided to intervene. In 1987, Simone scored
5940-453: A wider English language humanist tradition. In 1964, Hansberry and Nemiroff divorced but continued to work together. Upon his ex-wife's death, Robert Nemiroff donated all of Hansberry's personal and professional effects to the New York Public Library . In doing so, he blocked access to all materials related to Hansberry's lesbianism, meaning that no scholars or biographers had access for more than 50 years. In 2013, Nemiroff's daughter released
6120-423: A year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites. Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during
6300-659: A younger audience. In 2006, it returned to the UK Top 30 in a remixed version by Groovefinder. The following single, a rendition of the Bee Gees ' " To Love Somebody ", also reached the UK Top 10 in 1969. " The House of the Rising Sun " was featured on Nina Simone Sings the Blues in 1967, but Simone had recorded the song in 1961 and it was featured on Nina at the Village Gate (1962). Simone's bearing and stage presence earned her
6480-480: Is an actress and singer who took the stage name Simone, and who has appeared on Broadway in Aida . Simone's consciousness on the racial and social discourse was prompted by her friendship with the playwright Lorraine Hansberry . Simone stated that during her conversations with Hansberry "we never talked about men or clothes. It was always Marx, Lenin and revolution – real girls' talk." The influence of Hansberry planted
6660-545: Is doubly so, doubly dynamic — to be young, gifted and black." While many of her other writings were published in her lifetime — essays, articles, and the text for the SNCC book The Movement: Documentary of a Struggle for Equality — the only other play given a contemporary production was The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window . It ran for 101 performances on Broadway and closed the night she died. According to historian Fanon Che Wilkins, "Hansberry believed that gaining civil rights in
6840-407: Is doubly so, doubly dynamic — to be young, gifted and black." Simone wrote the song with the poet Weldon Irvine and told him that she wanted lyrics that would "make black children all over the world feel good about themselves forever." When Irvine read the lyrics after it was finished, he thought, "I didn't write this. God wrote it through me." A studio recording by Simone was released as a single and
7020-421: Is regarded as one of the most influential recording artists of 20th-century jazz, cabaret and R&B genres. According to Rickey Vincent , she was a pioneering musician whose career was characterized by "fits of outrage and improvisational genius". Pointing to her composition of " Mississippi Goddam ," Vincent said Simone broke the mold, having the courage as "an established black musical entertainer to break from
7200-427: Is still relevant today: "it didn't adhere to ephemeral trends, it isn't a relic of a bygone era; her vocal delivery and technical skills as a pianist still dazzle; and her emotional performances have a visceral impact." "She is loved or feared, adored or disliked," Maya Angelou wrote in 1970, "but few who have met her music or glimpsed her soul react with moderation." Simone was diagnosed with bipolar disorder in
7380-554: The American South , with four million enslaved people only liberated during and at the end of the Civil War in 1865. During Reconstruction , they gained citizenship and adult-males the right to vote ; however, due to the widespread policy and ideology of White supremacy , they were largely treated as second-class citizens and found themselves soon disenfranchised in the South . These circumstances changed due to participation in
Lorraine Hansberry - Misplaced Pages Continue
7560-502: The Black racial groups of Africa . African Americans constitute the second largest ethno-racial group in the US after White Americans . The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of Africans enslaved in the United States . Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American,
7740-673: The Civil War , eight serving presidents had owned slaves, a practice that was legally protected under the US Constitution. By 1860, the number of enslaved Black people in the US had grown to between 3.5 to 4.4 million, largely as a result of the Atlantic slave trade . In addition, 488,000–500,000 Black people lived free (with legislated limits) across the country. With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to Henry Clay . In response to these conditions, some free Black people chose to leave
7920-717: The Great Awakening . By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the American colonies , which made them the second largest ethnic group after English Americans . During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the American Revolutionary War . Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in
8100-589: The Irish and Germans . According to the 2010 census , nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean , mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the US population, at 2.6 million. Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million. Additionally, self-identified Black Hispanics represented 0.4% of
8280-622: The Irish Music Hall of Fame , presented by Sinead O'Connor . In 2018, she was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame by fellow R&B artist Mary J. Blige . In 2019, " Mississippi Goddam " was selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Simone was inducted into
8460-515: The Mau Mau Uprising in Kenya , criticizing the mainstream press for its biased coverage. Hansberry often explained these global struggles in terms of female participants. She was particularly interested in the situation of Egypt, "the traditional Islamic 'cradle of civilization,' where women had led one of the most important fights anywhere for the equality of their sex." In 1952, Hansberry attended
8640-543: The Montreux Jazz Festival is available on video courtesy of Mercury Studios and is screened annually in New York City at an event called "The Rise and Fall of Nina Simone: Montreux, 1976" which is curated by Tom Blunt. Footage of Simone singing " Mississippi Goddam " for 40,000 marchers at the end of the Selma to Montgomery marches can be seen in the 1970 documentary King: A Filmed Record... Montgomery to Memphis and
8820-706: The National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2021. In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Simone at No. 21 on their list of the 200 Greatest Singers of All Time. Simone's music has been featured in soundtracks of various motion pictures and video games , including La Femme Nikita (1990), Point of No Return (1993), Shallow Grave (1994) , The Big Lebowski (1998), Any Given Sunday (1999), The Thomas Crown Affair (1999), Disappearing Acts (2000), Six Feet Under (2001), The Dancer Upstairs (2002), Before Sunset (2004), Cellular (2004), Inland Empire (2006), Miami Vice (2006), Sex and
9000-598: The Netherlands . She bought an apartment next to the Belvoir Hotel with views of the Waalbrug and Ooijpolder, with the help of her friend Gerrit de Bruin, who lived with his family a few corners away and kept an eye on her. The idea was to bring Simone to Nijmegen to relax and get back on track. A daily caretaker, Jackie Hammond from London, was hired for her. She was known for her temper and outbursts of aggression. Unfortunately,
9180-1135: The New York City metropolitan area still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over 3 million African Americans. Among cities of 100,000 or more , South Fulton, Georgia had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large US city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include Jackson, Mississippi (80%), Detroit, Michigan (80%), Birmingham, Alabama (70%), Miami Gardens, Florida (67%), Memphis, Tennessee (63%), Montgomery, Alabama (62%), Baltimore, Maryland (60%), Augusta, Georgia (59%), Shreveport, Louisiana (58%), New Orleans, Louisiana (57%), Macon, Georgia (56%), Baton Rouge, Louisiana (55%), Hampton, Virginia (53%), Newark, New Jersey (53%), Mobile, Alabama (53%), Cleveland, Ohio (52%), Brockton, Massachusetts (51%), and Savannah, Georgia (51%). Nina Simone Nina Simone ( / ˈ n iː n ə s ɪ ˈ m oʊ n / NEE -nə sim- OHN ; born Eunice Kathleen Waymon ; February 21, 1933 – April 21, 2003)
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#17328772241979360-633: The New York Drama Critics Circle Award for Best Play. She was also nominated for the Tony Award for Best Play , among the four Tony Awards that the play was nominated for in 1960. Over the next two years, Raisin was translated into 35 languages and was being performed all over the world. In April 1959, as a sign of her sudden fame just one month after A Raisin in the Sun premiered on Broadway, photographer David Attie did an extensive photo-shoot of Hansberry for Vogue magazine, in
9540-524: The Nina Simone song " To Be Young, Gifted and Black ", whose title-line came from Hansberry's autobiographical play . Lorraine Hansberry was the youngest of four children born to Carl Augustus Hansberry , a successful real-estate broker and Nannie Louise (born Perry), a driving school teacher and ward committeewoman. In 1938, her father bought a house in the Washington Park Subdivision of
9720-640: The Pan-Africanist newspaper Freedom , where she worked with other black intellectuals such as Paul Robeson and W. E. B. Du Bois . Much of her work during this time concerned the African struggles for liberation and their impact on the world. Hansberry also wrote about being a lesbian and the oppression of gay people. She died of pancreatic cancer at the age of 34 during the Broadway run of her play The Sign in Sidney Brustein's Window in 1965. Hansberry inspired
9900-665: The South Side of Chicago , incurring the wrath of some of their white neighbors. The latter's legal efforts to force the Hansberry family out culminated in the U.S. Supreme Court 's decision in Hansberry v. Lee , 311 U.S. 32 (1940). The restrictive covenant was ruled contestable, though not inherently invalid; these covenants were eventually ruled unconstitutional in Shelley v. Kraemer , 334 U.S. 1 (1948). Carl Hansberry
10080-700: The Westbury Music Fair of April 7, 1968, three days after the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. She dedicated the performance to him and sang "Why? (The King of Love Is Dead)," a song written by her bass player, Gene Taylor . In 1969, she performed at the Harlem Cultural Festival in Harlem's Mount Morris Park . The performance was recorded and is featured in Questlove 's 2021 documentary Summer of Soul . Simone and Weldon Irvine turned
10260-656: The Western states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 census, approximately 2.05% of African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin , many of whom may be of Brazilian , Puerto Rican , Dominican , Cuban , Haitian , or other Latin American descent. The only self-reported ancestral groups larger than African Americans are
10440-427: The Winyah Bay area of present-day South Carolina ), founded by Spanish explorer Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local Native Americans . De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward, due to an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and
10620-569: The angry Black woman . Simone assembled a collection of songs that became standards in her repertoire. Some were songs that she wrote herself, while others were new arrangements of other standards, and others had been written especially for the singer. Her first hit song in America was her rendition of George Gershwin 's " I Loves You, Porgy " (1958). It peaked at number 18 on the Billboard magazine Hot 100 chart. During that same period Simone recorded " My Baby Just Cares for Me ," which would become her biggest success years later, in 1987, after it
10800-446: The colony of Georgia to come to Florida as a refuge, promising freedom in exchange for conversion to Catholicism . King Charles II issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around St. Augustine , but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black militia unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683. One of
10980-425: The military conflicts of the United States , substantial migration out of the South , the elimination of legal racial segregation , and the civil rights movement which sought political and social freedom. However, racism against African Americans and racial socioeconomic disparity remain a problem into the 21st century. In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in
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#173287722419711160-426: The screenplay and directed the 2016 film Nina , starring Zoe Saldana , who since openly apologized for taking the controversial title role. In 2015, two documentary features about Simone's life and music were released. The first, directed by Liz Garbus , What Happened, Miss Simone? was produced in cooperation with Simone's estate and her daughter, who also served as the film's executive producer. The film
11340-440: The transatlantic slave trade were people from several Central and West Africa ethnic groups. They had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, or sold by other West Africans, or by half-European "merchant princes" to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas. The first African slaves arrived via Santo Domingo in the Caribbean to the San Miguel de Gualdape colony (most likely located in
11520-429: The 1790s, Governor Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of pardo (mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example,
11700-581: The 1900 Hampton Negro Conference , Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence, restrictive covenants , redlining and racial steering ". While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions,
11880-443: The 1952 movie Casque d'Or . Knowing her mother would not approve of her playing "the Devil's music," she used her new stage name to remain undetected. Simone's mixture of jazz, blues , and classical music in her performances at the bar earned her a small but loyal fan base. In 1958, she befriended and married Don Ross, a beatnik who worked as a fairground barker , but quickly regretted their marriage. Playing in small clubs in
12060-428: The 1980s re-release of her version of the jazz standard " My Baby Just Cares for Me ") and never benefited financially from the album's sales. After the success of Little Girl Blue , Simone signed a contract with Colpix Records and recorded a multitude of studio and live albums . Colpix relinquished all creative control to her, including the choice of material that would be recorded, in exchange for her signing
12240-553: The 2015 Liz Garbus documentary What Happened, Miss Simone? Plans for a Simone biographical film were released at the end of 2005, to be based on Simone's autobiography I Put a Spell on You (1992) and to focus on her relationship in later life with her assistant, Clifton Henderson, who died in 2006; Simone's daughter, Lisa Simone Kelly , has since refuted the existence of a romantic relationship between Simone and Henderson on account of his homosexuality. Cynthia Mort (screenwriter of Will & Grace and Roseanne ), wrote
12420-472: The African Civilization section of the History Department at Howard University . Lorraine was taught: "Above all, there were two things which were never to be betrayed: the family and the race." Lorraine Hansberry has many notable relatives, including director and playwright Shauneille Perry , whose eldest child is named after her. Her grandniece is the actress Taye Hansberry. Her cousin is the flautist, percussionist, and composer Aldridge Hansberry. Hansberry
12600-461: The African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called coartación , which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others. Although some did not have the money to do so, government measures on slavery enabled the existence of many free Blacks. This caused problems to the Spaniards with the French creoles (French who had settled in New France ) who had also populated Spanish Louisiana. The French creoles cited that measure as one of
12780-497: The African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of Black Americans were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants. In 2008, Barack Obama became the first, and so far only, African American to be elected president of the United States. Kamala Harris became the nation's first African-American vice president in 2020. African-American culture has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to visual arts , literature ,
12960-503: The American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured Baton Rouge from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in Mobile , Alabama , and Pensacola , Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for coartación (buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During
13140-689: The Atlantic to the Western Hemisphere . After arriving in the Americas , they were sold as slaves to European colonists and put to work on plantations , particularly in the southern colonies . A few were able to achieve freedom through manumission or escape, and founded independent communities before and during the American Revolution . After the United States was founded in 1783, most Black people continued to be enslaved , primarily concentrated in
13320-593: The Chanel commercial after a legal battle. In 1991 Nina Simone exchanged Nijmegen for Amsterdam , where she lived for two years with friends and Hammond. In 1993, Simone settled near Aix-en-Provence in southern France ( Bouches-du-Rhône ). In the same year, her final album, A Single Woman , was released. She variously contended that she married or had a love affair with a Tunisian around this time, but that their relationship ended because, "His family didn't want him to move to France, and France didn't want him because he's
13500-569: The City (2008), The World Unseen (2008), Revolutionary Road (2008), Home (2008), Watchmen (2009), The Saboteur (2009), Repo Men (2010), Beyond the Lights (2014), Hunt for the Wilderpeople (2016), Nobody (2021), and A Quiet Place: Day One (2024). Frequently her music is used in remixes , commercials , and TV series including " Feeling Good ", which featured prominently in
13680-590: The Communist Party. One of her first reports covered the Sojourners for Truth and Justice convened in Washington, D.C., by Mary Church Terrell . Hansberry traveled to Georgia to cover the case of Willie McGee , and was inspired to write the poem "Lynchsong" about his case. Hansberry worked on not only the US civil rights movement, but also global struggles against colonialism and imperialism. She wrote in support of
13860-533: The Dutch Philips Records , which meant a change in the content of her recordings. She had always included songs in her repertoire that drew on her African-American heritage, such as "Brown Baby" by Oscar Brown and "Zungo" by Michael Olatunji on her album Nina at the Village Gate in 1962. On her debut album for Philips, Nina Simone in Concert (1964), for the first time she addressed racial inequality in
14040-474: The Dutch African arrivals, Anthony Johnson , would later own one of the first Black "slaves", John Casor , resulting from the court ruling of a civil case. The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The Dutch West India Company introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into New Amsterdam (present-day New York City ). All
14220-562: The English language, philosophy , politics, cuisine , sports , and music . The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most American music , including jazz , gospel , blues , rock and roll , funk , disco , house , techno , hip hop , R&B , trap , and soul , has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community. The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in
14400-451: The Jim Crow laws, to avoid racially motivated violence . To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as Anthony Overton and Mary McLeod Bethune continued to build their own schools , churches , banks, social clubs, and other businesses. In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in
14580-567: The Midtown Bar & Grill on Pacific Avenue in Atlantic City , New Jersey , whose owner insisted that she sing as well as play the piano, which increased her income to $ 90 a week. In 1954, she adopted the stage name "Nina Simone". "Nina", derived from niña , was a nickname given to her by a boyfriend named Chico, and "Simone" was taken from the French actress Simone Signoret , whom she had seen in
14760-725: The Montgomery bus." The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson . Johnson put his support behind passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and labor unions , and the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966,
14940-736: The Patriot cause included James Armistead , Prince Whipple , and Oliver Cromwell . Around 15,000 Black Loyalists left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England or its colonies, such as the Black Nova Scotians and the Sierra Leone Creole people . In the Spanish Louisiana , Governor Bernardo de Gálvez organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend New Orleans during
15120-522: The Quiet Comes "). The song "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" was sampled by Devo Springsteen on "Misunderstood" from Common's 2007 album Finding Forever , and by little-known producers Rodnae and Mousa for the song "Don't Get It" on Lil Wayne 's 2008 album Tha Carter III . " See-Line Woman " was sampled by Kanye West for "Bad News" on his album 808s & Heartbreak . The 1965 rendition of " Strange Fruit ", originally recorded by Billie Holiday ,
15300-528: The Season Four Promo of Six Feet Under (2004). Simone's "Take Care of Business" is the closing theme of The Man from U.N.C.L.E. (2015), Simone's cover of Janis Ian 's " Stars " is played during the final moments of the season 3 finale of BoJack Horseman (2016), and "I Wish I Knew How It Would Feel to Be Free" and "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" were included in the film Acrimony (2018). The documentary Nina Simone: La légende ( The Legend )
15480-534: The South sparked the Great Migration during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in Northern and Western United States. The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions. The Red Summer of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across
15660-838: The Street (1998, "Sins of the Father"), Nash Bridges (2000, "Jackpot"), Scrubs (2001, " My Own Personal Jesus "), Chuck (2010, "Chuck vs. the Honeymooners"), Boomtown (2003, "The Big Picture"), Person of Interest (2011, " Witness "), Shameless (2011, "Kidnap and Ransom"), Love/Hate (2011, "Episode 1"), Sherlock (2012, " The Reichenbach Fall "), The Blacklist (2013, " The Freelancer "), Vinyl (2016, "The Racket"), Lucifer (2017, "Favorite Son"), and The Umbrella Academy (2019, "Extra Ordinary"), and sampled by artists such as Talib Kweli (2003, " Get By "), Timbaland (2007, "Oh Timbaland"), and Flying Lotus (2012, " Until
15840-426: The Sun highlighted its Pan-Africanist themes as "dangerous". Hansberry died of pancreatic cancer on January 12, 1965, aged 34. In his introduction to Hansberry's posthumously released autobiography, To Be Young, Gifted and Black: An Informal Autobiography , James Baldwin wrote that "it is not at all farfetched to suspect that what she saw contributed to the strain which killed her, for the effort to which Lorraine
16020-513: The US Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans. Nigerian Americans and Ethiopian Americans were
16200-636: The US and emigrate to Liberia in West Africa. Liberia had been established in 1821 as a settlement by the American Colonization Society (ACS), with many abolitionist members of the ACS believing Black Americans would have greater opportunities for freedom and equality in Africa than they would in the US. Slaves not only represented a significant financial investment for their owners, but they also played
16380-497: The US as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the Chicago race riot of 1919 and the Omaha race riot of 1919 . Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced systemic discrimination in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At
16560-407: The US. As a result of this large-scale forced movement, countless individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa. The 1863 photograph of Wilson Chinn , a branded slave from Louisiana, along with the famous image of Gordon and his scarred back, served as two of the earliest and most powerful examples of how
16740-423: The United States . In June 2021, Juneteenth , a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday. In 1790, when the first US census was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the Civil War , the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of
16920-702: The United States and obtaining independence in colonial Africa were two sides of the same coin that presented similar challenges for Africans on both sides of the Atlantic." In response to the independence of Ghana , led by Kwame Nkrumah , Hansberry wrote: "The promise of the future of Ghana is that of all the colored peoples of the world; it is the promise of freedom." Regarding tactics, Hansberry said blacks "must concern themselves with every single means of struggle: legal, illegal, passive, active, violent and non-violent... They must harass, debate, petition, give money to court struggles, sit-in, lie-down, strike, boycott, sing hymns, pray on steps—and shoot from their windows when
17100-608: The United States and settled in France following the assassination of her friend Martin Luther King Jr. in 1968 . She lived and performed in Europe , Africa , and the Caribbean throughout the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s. In 1991, Simone published her autobiography, I Put a Spell on You (taking the title from her famous 1965 album ), and she continued to perform and attract audiences until her death. Rolling Stone has ranked Simone as one of
17280-571: The United States in the song " Mississippi Goddam ". This was her response to the June 12, 1963, murder of Medgar Evers and the September 15, 1963, bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church in Birmingham, Alabama, that killed four young black girls and partly blinded a fifth. She said that the song was "like throwing ten bullets back at them", becoming one of many other protest songs written by Simone. The song
17460-522: The United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities. Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries, represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of
17640-748: The United States, a period often referred to as the " nadir of American race relations ". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government, voter suppression or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities. The desperate conditions of African Americans in
17820-690: The United States, continuing to flourish until the 1860s. Historians estimate that nearly one million individuals were subjected to this forced migration, which was often referred to as a new "Middle Passage". The historian Ira Berlin described this internal forced migration of enslaved people as the "central event" in the life of a slave during the period between the American Revolution and the Civil War. Berlin emphasized that whether enslaved individuals were directly uprooted or lived in constant fear that they or their families would be involuntarily relocated, "the massive deportation traumatized Black people" throughout
18000-514: The Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced John Punch , a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master Hugh Gwyn , for running away. In Spanish Florida , some Spanish married or had unions with Pensacola , Creek or African women, both enslaved and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of mestizos and mulattos . The Spanish encouraged slaves from
18180-797: The Wind " on Wild is the Wind (1966). "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" and her takes on " Sinnerman " ( Pastel Blues , 1965) and "Feeling Good" have remained popular in cover versions (most notably a version of the former song by The Animals ), sample usage, and their use on soundtracks for various movies, television series, and video games. "Sinnerman" has been featured in the films The Crimson Pirate (1952), The Thomas Crown Affair (1999), High Crimes (2002), Cellular (2004), Déjà Vu (2006), Miami Vice (2006), Golden Door (2006), Inland Empire (2006), Harriet (2019) and Licorice Pizza (2021), as well as in TV series such as Homicide: Life on
18360-412: The already produced playwright Alice Childress , who also wrote for Freedom , on a pageant for its Negro History Festival, with Harry Belafonte , Sidney Poitier , Douglas Turner Ward , and John O. Killens . This is her earliest remaining theatrical work. Like Robeson and many black civil rights activists, Hansberry understood the struggle against white supremacy to be interlinked with the program of
18540-462: The apartment at 337 Bleecker Street where she had written Raisin , which produced many of the best-known images of her today. In her award-winning Hansberry biography Looking for Lorraine: The Radiant and Radical Life of Lorraine Hansberry , Imani Perry writes that in his "gorgeous" images, "Attie captured her intellectual confidence, armour, and remarkable beauty." In 1960, during Delta Sigma Theta 's 26th national convention in Chicago, Hansberry
18720-458: The audience into the program, and often used silence as a musical element. Throughout most of her life and recording career she was accompanied by percussionist Leopoldo Fleming and guitarist and musical director Al Schackman . She was known to pay close attention to the design and acoustics of each venue, tailoring her performances to individual venues. Rolling Stone once said that Simone could "channel every facet of lived experience." Simone
18900-430: The colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English. Massachusetts was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women would take the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as was the case under common law . This legal principle was called partus sequitur ventrum . By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered
19080-472: The contract with them. After the release of her live album Nina Simone at Town Hall , Simone became a favorite performer in Greenwich Village . By this time, Simone performed pop music only to make money to continue her classical music studies and was indifferent about having a recording contract. She kept this attitude toward the record industry for most of her career. Simone married Andrew Stroud,
19260-428: The deportation of all free Blacks, effectively defining all people of African descent who remained in the colony as slaves. In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation". In Spanish Louisiana , although there was no movement toward abolition of
19440-533: The emergence of the Black Power movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority. During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites
19620-441: The engagement. Her early experiences as a classical pianist had conditioned Simone to expect quiet attentive audiences, and her anger tended to flare up at nightclubs, lounges, or other locations where patrons were less attentive. Schackman described her live appearances as hit or miss, either reaching heights of hypnotic brilliance or on the other hand mechanically playing a few songs and then abruptly ending concerts early. Simone
19800-482: The execution of Julius and Ethel Rosenberg in New York City. The success of the hit pop song " Cindy, Oh Cindy ", co-authored by Nemiroff, enabled Hansberry to start writing full-time. Although the couple separated in 1957 and divorced in 1962, their professional relationship lasted until Hansberry's death. Hansberry lived for many years as a closeted lesbian. Before her marriage, she had written in her personal notebooks about her attraction to women. In 1957, around
19980-585: The fact that she had left behind her wedding ring, as an indication of her desire for a divorce. As her manager, Stroud was in charge of Simone's income. When Simone returned to the United States, she learned that a warrant had been issued for her arrest for unpaid taxes (allegedly unpaid as a protest against her country's involvement with the Vietnam War ) and fled to Barbados to evade the authorities and prosecution. Simone stayed in Barbados for quite some time and had
20160-496: The fight against evictions. In 1951, Hansberry joined the staff of the black newspaper Freedom , edited by Louis E. Burnham and published by Paul Robeson . At Freedom , she worked with W. E. B. Du Bois , whose office was in the same building, and other black Pan-Africanists. At the newspaper, she worked as a "subscription clerk, receptionist, typist, and editorial assistant" besides writing news articles and editorials. Additionally, she wrote scripts at Freedom . To celebrate
20340-531: The first African American woman elected to the US Senate . There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors. In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the Atlantic slave trade . On November 4, 2008, Democratic Senator Barack Obama —the son of
20520-450: The first live recording on October 26, 1969, was captured on Black Gold (1970). The single reached the top 10 of the R&;B charts. In the introduction of the live version, Simone explains the difficulty of losing a close friend and talented artist. Patricia and Fredrick McKissack wrote a children's biography of Hansberry, Young, Black, and Determined , in 1998. In 1999 Hansberry
20700-474: The front, and that the incident contributed to her later involvement in the civil rights movement . Simone's music teacher helped establish a special fund to pay for her education. Subsequently, a local fund was set up to assist her continued education. With the help of this scholarship money, she was able to attend Allen High School for Girls in Asheville, North Carolina . After her graduation, Simone spent
20880-561: The future United States) were "20 and odd negroes" who arrived in Jamestown , Virginia via Cape Comfort in August 1619 as indentured servants . As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers. An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland
21060-453: The greatest singers of all time on various lists. Simone was born on February 21, 1933, in Tryon, North Carolina . Her father, John Divine Waymon, worked as a barber and dry-cleaner as well as an entertainer, and her mother, Mary Kate Irvin, was a Methodist preacher. The sixth of eight children in a poor family, she began playing piano at the age of three or four; the first song she learned
21240-426: The institute awarded her an honorary degree . Early in her career, to make a living, Simone played piano at a nightclub in Atlantic City . She changed her name to "Nina Simone" to disguise herself from family members, having chosen to play "the devil's music" or so-called "cocktail piano". She was told in the nightclub that she would have to sing to her own accompaniment , which effectively launched her career as
21420-446: The late 1980s. She was known for her temper and outbursts of aggression. In 1985, Simone fired a gun at a record company executive, whom she accused of stealing royalties . Simone said she "tried to kill him" but "missed." In 1995, while living in France, she shot and wounded her neighbor's son with an air gun after the boy's laughter disturbed her concentration and she perceived his response to her complaints as racial insults; she
21600-536: The lyrics of her song " Backlash Blues " were written by Hughes. Simone's social commentary was not limited to the civil rights movement ; the song " Four Women " exposed the Eurocentric appearance standards imposed on Black women in America, as it explored the internalized dilemma of beauty that is experienced between four Black women with skin tones ranging from light to dark. She explains in her autobiography I Put
21780-443: The majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of origin. Most African Americans are of West African and coastal Central African ancestry, with varying amounts of Western European and Native American ancestry. African-American history began in the 16th century, with Africans from West Africa and coastal Central Africa being sold to European slave traders and transported across
21960-489: The most reported sub-Saharan African groups in the United States. Historically, African Americans have been undercounted in the US census due to a number of factors. In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010. Texas has the largest African American population by state. Followed by Texas is Florida , with 3.8 million, and Georgia , with 3.6 million. After 100 years of African Americans leaving
22140-458: The newborn medium of photography could be used to visually document and encapsulate the brutality and cruelty of slavery. Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After Haiti became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was
22320-518: The newspaper's first birthday, Hansberry wrote the script for a rally at Rockland Palace, a then-famous Harlem hall, on "the history of the Negro newspaper in America and its fighting role in the struggle for a people's freedom, from 1827 to the birth of FREEDOM." Performers in this pageant included Paul Robeson , his longtime accompanist Lawrence Brown , the multi-discipline artist Asadata Dafora , and numerous others. The following year, she collaborated with
22500-414: The norms of the industry and produce direct social commentary in her music during the early 1960s". Rolling Stone wrote that "her honey-coated, slightly adenoidal cry was one of the most affecting voices of the civil rights movement," while making note of her ability to "belt barroom blues, croon cabaret and explore jazz—sometimes all on a single record". In the opinion of AllMusic 's Mark Deming, she
22680-451: The overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since Jimmy Carter . Obama was reelected for a second and final term , by a similar margin on November 6, 2012. In 2021, Kamala Harris , the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first Asian American to serve as Vice President of
22860-417: The overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as " freemen ". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million. In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape Jim Crow laws and racial violence. The Great Migration , as it
23040-464: The play To Be Young, Gifted and Black , which was the longest-running Off Broadway play of the 1968–69 season. It appeared in book form the following year under the title To Be Young, Gifted and Black: Lorraine Hansberry in Her Own Words . She left behind an unfinished novel and several other plays, including The Drinking Gourd and What Use Are Flowers? , with a range of content, from slavery to
23220-452: The population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the US as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including people of mixed-race origin , about 13.5% of the US population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black". However, according to
23400-509: The post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late 1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce racial segregation and disenfranchisement . Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Most African Americans obeyed
23580-504: The post–civil rights era. In 1967, Thurgood Marshall became the first African American Supreme Court Justice. In 1968, Shirley Chisholm became the first Black woman elected to the US Congress . In 1989, Douglas Wilder became the first African American elected governor in US history. Clarence Thomas succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992, Carol Moseley-Braun of Illinois became
23760-444: The racists come cruising through their communities." James Baldwin described Hansberry's 1963 meeting with Robert F. Kennedy, in which Hansberry asked for a "moral commitment" on civil rights from Kennedy. According to Baldwin, Hansberry stated: "I am not worried about black men--who have done splendidly, it seems to me, all things considered....But I am very worried...about the state of the civilization which produced that photograph of
23940-569: The ratification of the Thirteenth Amendment in December 1865. While the Naturalization Act of 1790 limited US citizenship to Whites only, the 14th Amendment (1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the 15th Amendment (1870) gave Black men the right to vote. African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While
24120-471: The restricted materials to Kevin J. Mumford, who explored Hansberry's self-identification in subsequent work. Written and completed in 1957, A Raisin in the Sun opened at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959, becoming the first play by an African American woman to be produced on Broadway . The 29-year-old author became the youngest American playwright and only the fifth woman to receive
24300-611: The right of people to defend themselves with force against their oppressors. The FBI began surveillance of Hansberry when she prepared to go to the Montevideo peace conference. The Washington, D.C., office searched her passport files "in an effort to obtain all available background material on the subject, any derogatory information contained therein, and a photograph and complete description," while officers in Milwaukee and Chicago examined her life history. Later, an FBI reviewer of Raisin in
24480-461: The right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites. Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the US Constitution through provisions such as Article I, Section 2, Clause 3, commonly known as the 3/5 compromise . Due to the restrictions of Section 9, Clause 1 , Congress
24660-453: The same category. In 2016 , Simone posthumously received a nomination for Best Music Film for the Netflix documentary What Happened, Miss Simone? and in 2018 she received a nomination for Best Rap Song as a songwriter for Jay-Z 's "The Story of O.J." from his 4:44 album which contained a sample of " Four Women " by Simone. In 1999, Simone was given a lifetime achievement award by
24840-518: The same year, she recorded George Gershwin 's " I Loves You, Porgy " (from Porgy and Bess ), which she learned from a Billie Holiday album and performed as a favor to a friend. It became her only Billboard top 20 success in the United States, and her debut album Little Girl Blue followed in February 1959 on Bethlehem Records . Because she had sold her rights outright for $ 3,000, Simone lost more than $ 1 million in royalties (notably for
25020-510: The seed for the provocative social commentary that became an expectation in Simone's repertoire . One of Nina's more hopeful activism anthems, " To Be Young, Gifted and Black ," was written with collaborator Weldon Irvine in the years following the playwright's passing, acquiring the title of one of Hansberry's unpublished plays. Simone's social circles included notable black activists such as James Baldwin , Stokely Carmichael and Langston Hughes :
25200-401: The show featured an interracial cast including Lonnie Sattin, Nichelle Nichols , Vi Velasco, Al Freeman, Jr. , Zabeth Wilde, and Burgess Meredith in the title role of Mr. Kicks. A satire involving miscegenation , the $ 400,000 production was co-produced by her husband Robert Nemiroff. Despite a warm reception in Chicago, the show never made it to Broadway. In 1963, Hansberry participated in
25380-606: The slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of Hispaniola , whence they had come. The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from Seville , and Miguel Rodríguez, a White Segovian conquistador in 1565 in St. Augustine (Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States. The first recorded Africans in English America (including most of
25560-664: The south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the Great Migration , there is now a reverse trend, called the New Great Migration . As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as Charlotte , Houston , Dallas , Fort Worth , Huntsville , Raleigh , Tampa , San Antonio , New Orleans , Memphis , Nashville , Jacksonville , and so forth. A growing percentage of African Americans from
25740-500: The summer of 1950 at the Juilliard School as a student of Carl Friedberg , preparing for an audition at the Curtis Institute of Music in Philadelphia . Her application, however, was denied. Only three of 72 applicants were accepted that year, but as her family had relocated to Philadelphia in the expectation of her entry to Curtis, the blow to her aspirations was particularly heavy. For the rest of her life, she suspected that her application had been denied because of racial prejudice,
25920-734: The system's worst elements. First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men— slave patrols —were formed to monitor enslaved Black people. Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or slave rebellions , so state militias were formed to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols. These patrols were used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or rebellions . The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following
26100-477: The tantrums followed her to Nijmegen. Simone was diagnosed with bipolar disorder by a friend of De Bruin, who prescribed Trilafon for her. Despite the illness, it was generally a happy time for Simone in Nijmegen, where she could lead a fairly anonymous life. Only a few recognized her; most Nijmegen people did not know who she was. Slowly but surely her life started to improve, and she was even able to make money from
26280-753: The time she separated from Nemiroff, Hansberry contacted the Daughters of Bilitis , the San Francisco-based lesbian rights organization, contributing two letters to their magazine, The Ladder , both of which were published under her initials, first "L.H.N." and then "L.N." Pointing to these letters as evidence, some gay and lesbian writers credited Hansberry as having been involved in the homophile movement or as having been an activist for gay rights . According to Kevin J. Mumford, however, beyond reading homophile magazines and corresponding with their creators, "no evidence has surfaced" to support claims that Hansberry
26460-711: The title "the High Priestess of Soul". She was a pianist, singer and performer, "separately, and simultaneously". As a composer and arranger, Simone moved from gospel to blues, jazz, and folk , and to numbers with European classical styling. Besides using Bach -style counterpoint , she called upon the particular virtuosity of the 19th-century Romantic piano repertoire— Chopin , Liszt , Rachmaninoff , and others. Jazz trumpeter Miles Davis spoke highly of Simone, deeply impressed by her ability to play three-part counterpoint and incorporate it into pop songs and improvisation. Onstage, she incorporated monologues and dialogues with
26640-578: The total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then. By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the US population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900. At the time of the 2000 US census , 54.8% of African Americans lived in the South . In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the Northeast and 18.7% in the Midwest , while only 8.9% lived in
26820-402: The track "(You'll) Go to Hell" from her thirteenth album Silk & Soul (1967). The award went to " Respect " by Aretha Franklin . Simone garnered a second nomination in the category in 1971, for her Black Gold album, when she again lost to Franklin for " Don't Play That Song (You Lied) ". Franklin would again win for her cover of Simone's " Young, Gifted and Black " two years later in
27000-574: The unfinished play To Be Young, Gifted and Black by Lorraine Hansberry into a civil rights song of the same name . She credited her friend Hansberry with cultivating her social and political consciousness. She performed the song live on the album Black Gold (1970). A studio recording was released as a single, and renditions of the song have been recorded by Aretha Franklin (on her 1972 album Young, Gifted and Black ) and Donny Hathaway . When reflecting on this period, she wrote in her autobiography, "I felt more alive then than I feel now because I
27180-515: The west and north are migrating to the southern region of the US for economic and cultural reasons. The New York City , Chicago , and Los Angeles metropolitan areas have the highest decline in African Americans, while Atlanta , Dallas , and Houston have the highest increase respectively. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Despite recent declines, as of 2020,
27360-421: The white cop standing on that Negro woman's neck in Birmingham." In a Town Hall debate on June 15, 1964, Hansberry criticized white liberals who could not accept civil disobedience , expressing a need to "encourage the white liberal to stop being a liberal and become an American radical." At the same time, she said, "some of the first people who have died so far in this struggle have been white men." Hansberry
27540-503: The world today will remain an inspiration to generations yet unborn." The 15th was also Dr. King's birthday. She is buried at Asbury United Methodist Church Cemetery in Croton-on-Hudson, New York . Hansberry's ex-husband, Robert Nemiroff, became the executor for several unfinished manuscripts. He added minor changes to complete the play Les Blancs , which Julius Lester termed her best work, and he adapted many of her writings into
27720-431: Was "God Be With You, Till We Meet Again". Demonstrating a talent with the piano, she performed at her local church. Her concert debut, a classical recital , was given when she was 12. Simone later said that during this performance, her parents, who had taken seats in the front row, were forced to move to the back of the hall to make way for white people. She said that she refused to play until her parents were moved back to
27900-415: Was "one of the most gifted vocalists of her generation, and also one of the most eclectic". Creed Taylor , who wrote the liner notes for Simone's 1978 Baltimore album, said the singer possessed a "magnificent intensity" that "turns everything—even the most simple, mundane phrase or lyric—into a radiant, poetic message". Jim Fusilli, music critic for The Wall Street Journal , writes that Simone's music
28080-543: Was $ 5,600 (equivalent to $ 58,532 in 2023), compared with $ 2,900 (equivalent to $ 30,311 in 2023) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 29,005 in 2023) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black Americans. From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 26,285 in 2023)
28260-401: Was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as Duke Ellington ) allowed to perform, but to a White audience. Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of Jim Crow . By the 1950s, the civil rights movement was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of Emmett Till ,
28440-608: Was a critic of existentialism , which she considered too distant from the world's economic and geopolitical realities. Along these lines, she wrote a critical review of Richard Wright 's The Outsider and went on to style her final play Les Blancs as a foil to Jean Genet 's absurdist Les Nègres . However, Hansberry admired Simone de Beauvoir 's The Second Sex . In 1959, Hansberry commented that women who are "twice oppressed" may become "twice militant". She held out some hope for male allies of women, writing in an unpublished essay: "If by some miracle women should not ever utter
28620-723: Was a key moment in her path to Civil Rights activism. "Old Jim Crow", on the same album, addressed the Jim Crow laws . After "Mississippi Goddam," a civil rights message was the norm in Simone's recordings and became part of her concerts. As her political activism rose, the rate of release of her music slowed. Simone performed and spoke at civil rights meetings, such as at the Selma to Montgomery marches . Like Malcolm X , her neighbor in Mount Vernon, New York , she supported black nationalism and advocated violent revolution rather than Martin Luther King Jr. 's non-violent approach. She hoped that African Americans could use armed combat to form
28800-678: Was also a supporter of the Urban League and NAACP in Chicago. Both Hansberrys were active in the Chicago Republican Party . Carl died in 1946 when Lorraine was fifteen years old; "American racism helped kill him," she later said. The Hansberrys were routinely visited by prominent black people, including sociology professor W. E. B. Du Bois , poet Langston Hughes , singer, actor, and political activist Paul Robeson , musician Duke Ellington , and Olympic gold medalist Jesse Owens . Carl Hansberry's brother, William Leo Hansberry , founded
28980-426: Was an American singer, songwriter, pianist, composer, arranger, and civil rights activist . Her music spanned styles including classical , folk , gospel , blues , jazz , R&B , and pop . Her piano playing was strongly influenced by baroque and classical music, especially Johann Sebastian Bach , and accompanied expressive, jazz-like singing in her contralto voice. The sixth of eight children born into
29160-399: Was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million Black people moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s, that trend reversed , with more African Americans moving south to the Sun Belt than leaving it. The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of
29340-405: Was dedicated is more than enough to kill a man." Hansberry's funeral was held in Harlem on January 15, 1965. Paul Robeson and SNCC organizer James Forman gave eulogies. The presiding minister, Eugene Callender , recited a message from Baldwin, and also a message from the Reverend Martin Luther King Jr. that read: "Her creative ability and her profound grasp of the deep social issues confronting
29520-554: Was directly involved in the movement for gay and lesbian civil equality. Mumford stated that Hansberry's lesbianism left her feeling isolated while A Raisin in the Sun catapulted her to fame; still, while "her impulse to cover evidence of her lesbian desires sprang from other anxieties of respectability and conventions of marriage, Hansberry was well on her way to coming out." Near the end of her life, she declared herself "committed [to] this homosexuality thing" and vowed to "create my life—not just accept it". Before her death, she built
29700-410: Was featured in a 1986 Chanel No. 5 perfume commercial. A music video was also created by Aardman Studios . Well-known songs from her Philips albums include " Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood " on Broadway-Blues-Ballads (1964); "I Put a Spell on You", " Ne me quitte pas " (a rendition of a Jacques Brel song), and " Feeling Good " on I Put a Spell On You (1965); and " Lilac Wine " and " Wild Is
29880-473: Was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 2018. Two days before her death, Simone learned she would be awarded an honorary degree by the Curtis Institute of Music , the music school that had refused to admit her as a student at the beginning of her career. Simone has received four career Grammy Award nominations, two during her lifetime and two posthumously. In 1968 , she received her first nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance for
30060-400: Was kept out of public view until 2004 when a biography, Break Down and Let It All Out , written by Sylvia Hampton and David Nathan (of her UK fan club), was published posthumously. Singer-songwriter Janis Ian , a one-time friend of Simone's, related in her own autobiography, Society's Child: My Autobiography , two instances to illustrate Simone's volatility: one incident in which she forced
30240-412: Was made an honorary member. Hansberry's screenplay of A Raisin in the Sun was produced by Columbia Pictures and released in 1961. The film starred Sidney Poitier and Ruby Dee , and was directed by Daniel Petrie . In 1961, Hansberry was set to replace Vinnette Carroll as the director of the musical Kicks and Co , after its try-out at Chicago's McCormick Place . Written by Oscar Brown, Jr. ,
30420-480: Was made in the 1990s by French filmmakers and based on her autobiography I Put a Spell on You . It features live footage from different periods of her career, interviews with family, various interviews with Simone then living in the Netherlands, and while on a trip to her birthplace. A portion of footage from The Legend was taken from an earlier 26-minute biographical documentary by Peter Rodis, released in 1969 and entitled simply Nina . Her filmed 1976 performance at
30600-504: Was needed, and I could sing something to help my people". In an interview for Jet magazine, Simone stated that her controversial song "Mississippi Goddam" harmed her career. She claimed that the music industry punished her by boycotting her records. Hurt and disappointed, Simone left the US in September 1970, flying to Barbados and expecting her husband and manager Stroud to communicate with her when she had to perform again. However, Stroud interpreted Simone's sudden disappearance, and
30780-402: Was often credited for her ability to express an expansive emotional range in her music, from immeasurable rage to limitless joy. Simone was perceived as a sometimes difficult or unpredictable performer, occasionally hectoring the audience if she felt they were disrespectful. Schackman would try to calm Simone during these episodes, performing solo until she calmed offstage and returned to finish
30960-446: Was persuaded to go into the recording studio by CTI Records owner Creed Taylor . The result was the album Baltimore , which, while not a commercial success, was fairly well received critically and marked a quiet artistic renaissance in Simone's recording output. Her choice of material retained its eclecticism, ranging from spiritual songs to Hall & Oates ' " Rich Girl ". Four years later, Simone recorded Fodder on My Wings on
31140-430: Was posthumously inducted into the Chicago Gay and Lesbian Hall of Fame . In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante listed Hansberry in the biographical dictionary 100 Greatest African Americans . African-American African Americans , also known as Black Americans , formerly also called Afro-Americans , are an American racial or ethnic group consisting of Americans with partial or total ancestry from any of
31320-409: Was produced as a counterpoint to the unauthorized Cynthia Mort film ( Nina , 2016), and featured previously unreleased archival footage. It premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2015 and was distributed by Netflix on June 26, 2015. It was nominated on January 14, 2016, for a 2016 Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature . The second documentary in 2015, The Amazing Nina Simone
31500-477: Was released as a single, and it was boycotted in some southern states. Promotional copies were smashed by a Carolina radio station and returned to Philips. She later recalled how "Mississippi Goddam" was her "first civil rights song" and that the song came to her "in a rush of fury, hatred and determination". The song challenged the belief that race relations could change gradually and called for more immediate developments: "me and my people are just about due." It
31680-411: Was sampled by Kanye West for " Blood on the Leaves " on his album Yeezus . Simone's years at RCA spawned many singles and album tracks that were popular, particularly in Europe. In 1968, it was " Ain't Got No, I Got Life ", a medley from the musical Hair from the album 'Nuff Said! (1968) that became a surprise hit for Simone, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart and introducing her to
31860-486: Was sentenced to eight months in jail, which was suspended pending a psychiatric evaluation and treatment . According to a biographer, Simone took medication from the mid-1960s onward, although this was supposedly only known to a small group of intimates. After her death, the medication was confirmed as the anti-psychotic Trilafon , which Simone's friends and caretakers sometimes surreptitiously mixed into her food when she refused to follow her treatment plan. This fact
32040-413: Was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased, and they could be physically beaten for disobedience or attempting to running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or if their freedom was purchased. Their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and
32220-412: Was the godmother to Nina Simone 's daughter Lisa . Hansberry graduated from Betsy Ross Elementary in 1944 and from Englewood High School in 1948. She attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison , where she immediately became politically active with the Communist Party USA and integrated a dormitory. Hansberry's classmate Bob Teague remembered her as "the only girl I knew who could whip together
32400-414: Was unable to pass an Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves until 1807. Fugitive slave laws (derived from the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution— Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3 ) were passed by Congress in both 1793 and 1850 , guaranteeing the right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave anywhere within the US. Slave owners, who viewed enslaved people as property, ensured that it became
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